卷编章节条款项目的翻译
LC主要条款翻译

LC 主要条款翻译20 DOCUMENTARY CREDIT NUMBER(信用证号码)23 REFERENCE TO PRE-ADVICE(预先通知号码)如果信用证是采取预先通知的方式,该项目内应该填入"PREADV/",再加上预先通知的编号或日期。
27 SEQUENCE OF TOTAL(电文页次)31C DATE OF ISSUE(开证日期)如果这项没有填,则开证日期为电文的发送日期。
31D DATE AND PLACE OF EXPIRY(信用证有效期和有效地点)该日期为最后交单的日期。
32B CURRENCY CODE, AMOUNT(信用证结算的货币和金额)39A PERCENTAGE CREDIT AMOUNT TOLERANCE(信用证金额上下浮动允许的最大范围)该项目的表示方法较为特殊,数值表示百分比的数值,如:5/5,表示上下浮动最大为5%。
39B与39A不能同时出现。
39B MAXIMUM CREDIT AMOUNT(信用证最大限制金额)39B与39A不能同时出现。
39C ADDITIONAL AMOUNTS COVERED(额外金额)表示信用证所涉及的保险费、利息、运费等金额。
40A FORM OF DOCUMENTARY CREDIT(跟单信用证形式)跟单信用证有六种形式:(1) IRREVOCABLE(不可撤销跟单信用证)(2) REVOCABLE(可撤销跟单信用证)(3) IRREVOCABLE TRANSFERABLE(不可撤销可转让跟单信用证)(4) REVOCABLE TRANSFERABLE(可撤销可转让跟单信用证)(5) IRREVOCABLE STANDBY(不可撤销备用信用证)(6) REVOCABLE STANDBY(可撤销备用信用证)41a AVAILABLE WITH...BY...(指定的有关银行及信用证兑付的方式)(1)指定银行作为付款、承兑、议付。
章节条款项合同

竭诚为您提供优质文档/双击可除章节条款项合同篇一:卷编章节条款项目的翻译chApTeRsecTIonsubsecTIon的翻译一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article;section;subsection;paragraph;subparagraph;i tem;clause;rule;regulation;provision,以及stipulation等等(:章节条款项合同)(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(TheconsTITuTIonoFTheunITeDsTATesoFAmeRIcA,1789)共有“7条”(sevenarticles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(protocolontheAccessionofpeople’sRepublicofchina)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(black’sLawDictionary.garner,1999:106),Article:Aseparated istinctpart(asaclauseorstipulation)ofawriting,esp.i nacontract,statute,orconstitution.再如,美国《法律词典》(ADictionaryoftheLaw.clapp,2000:36),Article:subdivisionofawritteninstrument;particularl y①asubdivisionofastatuteorconstitution,usually subdividedintosections.②oneoftheitemsorclausesinacontract,treaty,orotheragr eement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全

推荐译法可接受的译法特定语境下的替代译法行政诉讼administrative litigation judicial review行政复议administrative reconsideration administrative review信访petition letters and visits// Xinfang法律law法规regulation规章rule规范性文件normative document行政机关administrative organ agency administrative authority行政执法人员administrative law enforcement officer administrative official// government official 行政相对人the concerned person citizens, legal persons and otherorganizationsthe party行政行为administrative action administrative act administrative decision具体行政行为specific administrative act concrete administrative act行政处罚administrative penalty administrative punishment行政许可administrative licensing administrative license行政强制administrative coercion行政强制措施administrative coercive measure行政强制执行administrative execution execution of administrative act行政裁决administrative adjudication administrative ruling行政责任administrative responsibility administrative accountability//administrative liability行政处分disciplinary sanction行政赔偿administrative compensation state compensation行政补偿administrative recuperation Buchang依法治国govern the country according to law govern the country in accordance with thelaw govern the country under rule of law //rule the country according to law依法行政administration according to law administration in accordance with the law law-based administration// administrationunder rule of law法治政府law-based government rule of law government government under rule of law案件受理费court acceptance fee案情重大、复杂important and complicated case案由cause of action案子case包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)被上诉人appellee被诉人respondent; defendant本案律师counsel prohac vice本地律师local counsel毕业证diploma; graduation certificate辩护词defense; pleadings辩护律师defense lawyer辩护要点point of defense辩护意见submission财产租赁property tenancy裁定书order; ruling; determination(指终审裁定)裁决书award(用于仲裁)裁决书verdict(用于陪审团)采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests查阅法条source legal provisions产权转让conveyancing出差go on errand; go on a business trip出国深造further study abroad出具律师意见书providing legal opinion出示的证据exhibit出庭appear in court传票summons; subpoena答辩状answer; reply代理词representation代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations代理仲裁agency for arbitration代写文书drafting of legal instruments待决案件pending case当事人陈述statement of the parties第三人third party吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license调查笔录investigative record调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence调解mediation调解书mediation二审案件case of trial of second instance发送电子邮件send e-mail法律顾问legal consultants法律意见书legal opinions法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal counseling法庭division; tribunal法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)法学会law society法学课程legal courses法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)法学系faculty of law; department of law法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)J.D ( juris doctor缩写,美国法学学士)法学院law school法院公告court announcement反诉状counterclaim房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer非合伙律师associate lawyer非诉讼业务non-litigation practice高级合伙人senior partner高级律师senior lawyer各类协议和合同agreements and contracts公安局Public Security Bureau公司上市company listing公诉案件public-prosecuting case公证书notarial certificate国办律师事务所state-run law office国际贸易international trade国际诉讼international litigation国内诉讼domestic litigation合伙律师partner lawyer合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice 合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision会见当事人interview a client会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect兼职律师part-time lawyer监狱prison; jail鉴定结论expert conclusion缴纳会费membership dues举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision勘验笔录record of request看守所detention house抗诉书protest控告人accuser; complainant跨国诉讼transnational litigation劳动争议labor disputes劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm利害关系人interested party; party in interest律管处处长director of lawyer control department律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law律师惩戒lawyer discipline律师法Lawyer Law律师费lawyer fee律师函lawyer’s letter律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness律师卷宗lawyer’s docile; file律师刊物lawyer’s journal律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer律师事务所law office; law firm律师收费billing by lawyer律师网站lawyer website律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition律师业务室lawyer’s office律师执业证lawyer license律师助理assistant lawyer律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate民事案件civil case民事调解civil mediation民事诉讼civil litigation派出所local police station; police substation判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);determination(用于终审);sentence(用于刑事案);verdict(由陪审团作出)旁证circumstantial evidence企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure起诉状information; indictment取消律师资格disbar全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default人民法院People’s Court人民检察院People’s Procuratorate认定事实determine facts上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters申请复议administrative reconsideration petition申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant申诉案件appeal case申诉人(仲裁)claimant; plaintiff申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer视听证据audio-visual reference material适用法律apply law to facts受害人victim书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法建议书judicial advise司法局Judicial Bureau司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau司法统一考试uniform judicial exam送达service of process诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party诉讼业务litigation practice诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim推销法律服务promote/market legal service外国律师事务所foreign law office委托代理合同authorized representation contract委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent委托授权书power of attorney物证material evidence嫌疑人criminal suspect项目融资project financing项目谈判project negotiating刑事案件criminal case刑事诉讼criminal litigation行政诉讼administrative litigation休庭adjourn the court; recess宣判pronounce judgement; determination宣誓书affidavit业务进修attendance in advanced studies一审案件case of trial of first instance与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff证券律师securities lawyer证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit执行笔录execution record执业登记registration for practice执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license仲裁arbitration仲裁案件arbitration case仲裁机构arbitration agency专门律师specialized lawyer专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer撰写法律文章write legal thesis资信调查credit standing investigation自诉案件private prosecuting case二、诉讼法律案件case案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)案件名称title of a case案卷材料materials in the case案情陈述书statement of case案外人person other than involved in the case案值total value involved in the case败诉方losing party办案人员personnel handling a case保全措施申请书application for protective measures报案report a case (to security authorities)被告defendant; the accused被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder被害人victim被害人的诉讼代理人vict im’s agent ad litem被上诉人respondent; the appellee被申请人respondent被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed被执行人person subject to enforcement本诉principal action必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation变通管辖jurisdiction by accord辩护defense辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer辩护人defender辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence辩论阶段stage of court debate驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling 驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit驳回通知书notice of dismissal驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case补充答辩supplementary answer补充判决supplementary judgement补充侦查supplementary investigation不公开审理trial in camera不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest不起诉nol pros不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)裁定管辖jurisdiction by order裁定书order; ruling裁决书award采信的证据admitted evidence查封seal up撤回上诉withdraw appeal撤诉withdraw a lawsuit撤销立案revoke a case placed on file撤销原判,发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial出示的证据exhibit除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)传唤summon; call传闻证据hearsay答辩answer; reply答辩陈述书statement of defence答辩状answer; reply大法官associate justices; justice大检察官deputy chief procurator代理控告agency for accusation代理申诉agency for appeal代理审判员acting judge代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure当事人陈述statement of the parties当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court地区管辖territorial jurisdiction地区检察分院inter-mediate People’s Procuratorate第三人third party调查笔录record of investigation定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence冻结freeze督促程序procedure of supervision and urge独任庭sole-judge bench独任仲裁员sole arbitrator对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action对席判决judgement inter parties二审trial of second instance二审案件case of trial of second insurance罚款impose a fine法定证据statutory legal evidence法定证据制度system of legal evidence法官judges法警bailiff; court police法律文书legal instruments/papers法律援助legal aid法律咨询legal consulting法庭辩论court debate法庭调查court investigation法庭审理笔录court record法庭审理方式mode of court trial法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal法院court法院公告court announcement反诉counterclaim反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim反诉状counterclaim犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect附带民事诉讼案件a collateral civil action附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action复查reexamination; recheck复验reinspect高级法官senior judge高级检察官senior procurator高级人民法院Higher People’s Court告诉案件case of complaint告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division工读学校work-study school for delinquent children公安部Ministry of Public Security公安分局public security sub-bureau公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government公开审理trial in public公开审判制度open trial system公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation公诉案件public-prosecuting case公诉词statement of public prosecution公证机关public notary office共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction管辖jurisdiction国际司法协助international judicial assistance海事法院maritime court合议庭collegial panel合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench和解composition; compromise核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties恢复执行resumption of execution回避withdrawal混合式诉讼mixed action基层人民法院basic People’s Court羁押期限term in custody级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels监视居住living at home under surveillance监狱prison检察官procurator检察权prosecutorial power检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee检察院procuratorate检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate简易程序summary procedure鉴定结论expert conclusion经济审判庭economic tribunal径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice 纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings拘传summon by force; summon by warrant拘留所detention house举报information/report of an offence举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi决定书decision军事法院military procuratorate开庭审理open a court session开庭通知notice of court session勘验笔录record of inquest看守所detention house可执行财产executable property控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings控诉证据incriminating evidence控诉职能accusation function扣押distrain on; attachment扣押物distress/distraint宽限期period of grace劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration劳改场reform-through-labor farm劳教所reeducation-through-labor office类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence累积证据cumulative evidence立案报告place a case on file立案管辖functional jurisdiction立案决定书written decision of case-filing立案侦查report of placing a case on file利害关系人interested party临时裁决书interim award律师见证书lawyer’s written attestation; lawyer’s written authentication律师事务所law office; law firm律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty民事案件civil case民事审判庭civil tribunal民事诉讼civil action民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police派出法庭detached tribunal派出所police station判决judgement; determination判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)旁证circumstantial evidence陪审员juror批准逮捕approval of arrest破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case破产bankruptcy; insolvency普通程序general/ordinary procedure普通管辖general jurisdiction企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation起诉filing of a lawsuit起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings起诉状indictment; information区县检察院grassroots People’s Procuratorate取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving缺席判决default judgement人民调解委员会People’s Mediation Committee认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity上诉appeal上诉人appellant上诉状petition for appeal少管所juvenile prison社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security涉外案件cases involving foreign interests涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings申请人applicant; petitioner申请书petition; application for arbitration申请执行人execution applicant申诉人宣誓书claimant’s affidavit of authenticity申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision神示证据制度system of divinity evidence神示制度ordeal system审查案件case review审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution审理通知书notice of hearing审判长presiding judge审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision审判委员会judicial committee审判员judge审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order胜诉方winning party省市自治区检察院higher People’s Procuratorate失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death实(质)体证据substantial evidence实物证据tangible evidence实在证据real evidence示意证据demonstrative evidence视听证据audio-visual evidence收容所collecting post; safe retreat首席大法官chief justice首席检察官chief procurator受害人的近亲属victim’s immediate family受理acceptance受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case 受送达人the addressee书记员court clerk书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules书证documentary evidence司法部Ministry of Justice司法机关judicial organizatons司法警察judicial police司法局judicial bureau司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government司法协助judicial assistance死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence送达service of process送达传票service of summons/subpoena送达诉状service of bill of complaint搜查search诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action诉讼保全attachment诉讼参加人litigious participants诉讼代理人agent ad litem诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim特别程序special procedures提起公诉institute a public prosecution铁路法院railway court铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate庭审程序procedure of court trial通缉wanted for arrest投案appearance退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation委托辩护entrusted defense未成年人法庭juvenile court无行政职务的法官associate judge无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause无罪判决acquittal, finding of “ not guilty ”物证material evidence先予执行申请书application for advanced execution先予执行advanced execution刑事案件criminal case刑事拘留criminal detention刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures刑事审判庭criminal tribunal刑事诉讼criminal proceedings刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint行政案件administrative case行政审判庭administrative tribunal行政诉讼administrative proceedings行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death 宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters询问证人inquire/question a witness训诫reprimand讯问笔录record of interrogation询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect言词证据verbal evidence要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding一审trial of first instance一审案件case of trial of first instance应诉通知书notice of respondence to action有罪判决sentence; finding of “guilty”予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial原告plaintiff院长court president阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)再审案件case of retrial再审申请书petition for retrial责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance债权人会议creditors’ meeting侦查阶段investigation stage侦查终结conclusion of investigation征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant证据evidence证据保全preserve evidence证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit支付令payment order/warrant知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal执行程序procedure execution执行逮捕execution of arrest执行和解conciliation of execution执行回转recovery of execution执行庭executive tribunal执行异议objection to execution执行员executor执行中止discontinuance of execution执行终结conclusion of execution指定辩护appointed defense指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator中级人民法院intermediate People’s Court中途退庭retreat during court session without permission仲裁arbitration仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant仲裁裁决award仲裁申请书arbitration仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff仲裁庭arbitration tribunal仲裁委员会arbitration committee仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration仲裁员arbitrator主诉检察官principal procurator助理检察官assistant procurator助理审判员assistant judge专门法院special court专门管辖specific jurisdiction专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility自首confession to justice自诉案件private-prosecuting case自行辩护self-defense自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case最高人民法院the Supreme People’s Court最高人民检察院the Supreme Peop le’s Procuratorate最后裁决书final award三、民事法律法律渊源source of law制定法statute判例法case law; precedent普通法common law特别法special law固有法native law; indigenous law继受法adopted law实体法substantial law程序法procedural law原则法fundamental law例外法exception law司法解释judicial interpretation习惯法customary law公序良俗public order and moral自然法natural law罗马法Roman Law私法private law公法public law市民法jus civile万民法jus gentium民法法系civil law system英美法系system of Anglo-American law大陆法系civil law system普通法common law大陆法continental law罗马法系Roman law system英吉利法English law衡平法equity; law of equity日尔曼法Germantic law教会法ecclesiastical law寺院法canon law伊斯兰法Islamic law民法法律规范norm of civil law授权规范authorization norm禁止规范forbidding norm义务性规范obligatory norm命令性规范commanding norm民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality自愿原则principle of free will公平原则principle of justice等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith行为act作为act不作为omission合法行为lawful act违法行为unlawful act民事权利权利能力civil right绝对权absolute right相对权relative right优先权right of priority先买权preemption原权antecedent right救济权right of relief支配权right of dominion请求权right of claim物上请求权right of claim for real thing形成权right of formation撤销权right of claiming cancellation否认权right of claiming cancellation解除权right of renouncement代位权subrogated right选择权right of choice承认权right of admission终止权right of termination抗辩权right of defense一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right期待权expectant right专属权exclusive right非专属权non-exclusive right人身权利personal right人权human right人格权right of personality生命健康权right of life and health姓名权right of name名称权right of name肖像权right of portraiture自由权right of freedom名誉权right reputation隐私权right of privacy私生活秘密权right of privacy贞操权virginity right身份权right of status亲权parental power; parental right亲属权right of relative探视权visitation right配偶权right of spouse荣誉权right of honor权利的保护protection of right公力救济public protection私力救济self-protection权利本位standard of right社会本位standard of society无责任行为irresponsible right正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence防卫行为act of defence自为行为self-conducting act紧急避险act of rescue; necessity自助行为act of self-help不可抗力force majeure意外事件accident行为能力capacity for act意思能力capacity of will民事行为civil act意思表示declaration of intention意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus完全行为能力perfect capacity for act限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person保佐protection自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity 无行为能力incapacity for act禁治产人interdicted person自然人natural person公民citizen住所domicile居所residence经常居住地frequently dwelling place户籍census register监护guardianship个体工商户individual business农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household合伙partnership合伙人partner合伙协议partnership agreement合伙财产property of partnership合伙债务debt of partnership入伙join partnership退伙withdrawal from partnership合伙企业partnership business establishment个人合伙partnership法人合伙partnership of legal person特别合伙special partnership普通合伙general partnership有限合伙limited partnership民事合伙civil partnership隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship法人legal person企业法人legal body of enterprise企业集团group of enterprise关联企业affiliate enterprise个人独资企业individual business establishment国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise社团法人legal body of mass organization财团法人legal body of financial group联营joint venture法人型联营association of legal persons合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management合作社cooperative民事法律行为civil legal act单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award 实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act主民事法律行为principal civil legal act从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act无效行为ineffective act可撤销民事行为revocable civil act违法行为illegal act; unlawful act侵权行为tort欺诈fraud胁迫duress乘人之危taking advantage of others’ precarious position以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention恶意串通malicious collaboration重大误解gross misunderstanding显失公平obvious unjust误传misrepresentation代理agency本人principal被代理人principal受托人trustee代理人agent本代理人original agent法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent委托代理人agent by mandate指定代理人designated agent复代理人subagent再代理人subagent转代理人subagent代理权right of agency授权行为act of authorization授权委托书power of attorney代理行为act of agency委托代理agency by mandate本代理original agency复代理subagency次代理subagency有权代理authorized agency表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency律师代理agency by lawyer普通代理general agency全权代理general agency全权代理委托书general power of attorney共同代理joint agency独家代理sole agency居间brokerage居间人broker行纪commission; broker house信托trust时效time limit; prescription; limitation时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription时效延长extension of limitation取得时效acquisitive prescription时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date期间term涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict准据法applicable law; governing law反致renvoi; remission转致transmission识别identification公共秩序保留reserve of public order法律规避evasion of law国籍nationality国有化nationalization法律责任legal liability民事责任civil liability/responsibility行政责任administrative liability/responsibility刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability无限责任unlimited liability按份责任shared/several liability连带责任joint and several liability过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability过错责任fault liability; liability for fault单独过错sole fault共同过错joint fault混合过错mixed fault被害人过错victim’s fault第三人过错third party’s fault推定过错presumptive fault恶意bad faith; malice故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness过失negligence重大过失gross negligence疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption损害事实facts of damage有形损失tangible damage/loss无形损失intangible damage/loss财产损失property damage/loss人身损失personal damage/loss精神损失spiritual damage/loss民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability停止侵害cease the infringing act排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle消除危险elimination of danger返还财产restitution of property恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss支付违约金payment of liquidated damage消除影响eliminate ill effects恢复名誉rehabilitate one’s reputation赔礼道歉extend a formal apology物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right物权制度real right system; right in rem system一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem 物权法jus rerem物property生产资料raw material for production生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce限制流通物limited merchantable thing禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset固定资产fixed asset流动资产current asset; floating asset动产movables; chattel不动产immovable; real estate特定物res certae; a certain thing种类物genus; indefinite thing可分物res divisibiles; divisible things不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things主物res capitalis; a principal thing从物res accessoria; an accessory thing原物original thing孳息fruits天然孳息natural fruits法定孳息legal fruits无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods遗失物lost property漂流物drifting object埋藏物fortuna; hidden property货币currency证券securities债券bond物权分类classification of right in rem/real right自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership所有权dominium; ownership; title所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership使用权right of use; right to use of收益权right to earnings; right to yields处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi善意占有possession in good faith。
雅思阅读核心词汇梳理

雅思阅读核心词汇梳理如何高效备考雅思,今天小编给大家带来了雅思阅读核心词汇,一起来学习吧,下面小编就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。
雅思阅读核心词汇梳理Sublist 1analyse 分析,观察approach 方法,接近area 区域assess 评估assume 假设authority 权利,当局available 可得的benefit 利益,有益的concept 概念consist 组成,在于established 已制定的estimate 估计,估价evidence 证据export 输出,出口factors 因素financial 金融的formula 公式,配方function 功能identified 被识别的income 收入occur 发生,出现percent 百分比period 时期,周期policy 政策,保险单principle 原则,本质procedure 程序,步骤process 加工,过程required 必需的research 研究,调查response 反应,回答constitutional 体制的context 环境,上下文contract 订约,合同create 创造data 数据,资料definition 定义derived 衍生的distribution 分布,分配economic 经济的environment 环境indicate 表明,指出individual 个人,个体interpretation 翻译involved 有关的issues 议题labour 劳动力,人工legal 法律的,合法的legislation 立法major 主要的,科目method 方法role 角色,任务section 部分,章节sector 部门significant 有效,有意义similar 相似的source 来源specific 特定的,明确的structure 结构,组织theory 理论,推测variable 可变的雅思阅读核心词汇梳理Sublist 2achieve 达成acquisition 获得administration 管理affect 影响,感动appropriate 适当的aspects 方面assistance 辅助categories 类别chapter 章回commission 委员会design 设计,构思distinction 区别elements 基础,原理equation 等式,反应式evaluation 评价,估价features 特点final 最终的focus 焦点,中心impact 影响,冲突injury 损伤potential 潜在的,电势previous 以前的primary 初级的,基本的purchase 购买的range 范围region 地区,范围regulations 规程relevant 有关的resident 居住的,居民resource 资源,办法community 社区,团体complex 复杂的computer 计算机conclusion 结论,推论conduct 带领,引导consequences 结果construction 建设,结构consumer 消费者,用户credit 信用cultural 文化的institute 制定,创立invest 投资,耗费items 所有物品,项目journal 杂志,日记maintain 维持,主张normal 正常的,标准的obtain 获得participate 参与perceive 察觉,理解positive 积极的,确定的restrict 限制,约束secure 保护,安全的seek 寻求select 挑选site 地点,设置strategy 战略,策略survey 调查text 文本,发短信tradition 惯例,传统transfer 转移,转让Sublist 3alternative 供选择的circumstance 环境,情况comment 评论compensate 补偿,赔偿component 组成的,成分consent 同意,一致considerable 相当大的constant 不变的contain 包含,容纳contribute 贡献,出力emphasis 重点,强调ensure 确保,保证exclude 排除,排斥framework 框架,结构fund 基金,投资illustrate 阐明,举例immigrate 移入imply 意味,暗示initial 最初的instance 实例,情况philosophy 哲学physical 物理的,身体的proportion 比例,面积publish 发表,公布react 反应,反抗register 注册,登记rely 依靠,信赖remove 移动,迁移scheme 计划,组织sequence 序列,顺序convene 召集,传唤coordinate 协调core 核心,要点corporate 公司的correspond 一致criteria 标准,条件deduce 推断demonstrate 展示,论证document 文件,证件dominate 支配,控制interact 相互影响justify 证明合法layer 层link 链接,关系locate 定位maximise 增至最大minor 次要的,较小的negate 否定outcome 结果,成果partner 合伙人sex 性别shift 转变,转换specify 详细说明,列举sufficient 充分的task 任务,作业technical 科技的,技术的technique 技巧,技术technology 技术,工艺valid 有效的volume 量,卷Sublist 4access 进入,接近adequate 充足的,适当的annual 年度的apparent 显然的,表面的approximate 近似,接近于attitude 态度,看法attribute 特质,把...归为civil 公民的code 密码,编码commit 犯罪,指派error 误差,错误ethnic 种族的,人种的goal 目标,得分grant 授予,允许hence 因此,以后hypothesis 假设implement 实施,执行implicate 暗示impose 强加,利用integrate 整合,结合parallel 平行线,对比parameter 参数,系数phase 阶段predict 预言principal 主要的,校长prior 优先的professional 专业的project 设计,计划promote 促进,提升regime 政权,社会制度communicate 交流,传达concentrate 集中,浓缩confer 授予,协商contrast 对比,对照cycle 循环,自行车debate 争论despite 尽管,轻视dimension 尺寸,纬度domestic 国内的,家庭的emerge 浮现,暴露internal 内部的,国内的investigate 调查,研究job 工作,职业label 标签,标注mechanism 机制,原理obvious 明显的occupy 占据,占领option 选项output 输出,产量overall 全部的resolve 解决,分解retain 保持,记住series 系列statistic 统计的,统计数值status 地位,情形stress 压力,强调subsequent 后来的sum 总数,总结summary 概要,总结undertake 从事,承担雅思阅读核心词汇梳理Sublist 5academy 学院,学会adjust 调整alter 改变,修改amend 修正,改善aware 意识到的capacity 能力,容量challenge 挑战,怀疑clause 条款compound 合成,混合conflict 冲突,矛盾evolve 发展,进化expand 膨胀,扩张expose 揭发,显示external 外部的,外部facilitate 促进,帮助fundamental 基本的generate 使形成,发生generation 一代,一代人image 形象,想象,描绘liberal 开明的,自由主义orient 使适应,东方的perspective 观点,远景precise 精确的,严格的prime 主要的,基本的psychology 心理学pursue 继续,追赶ratio 比率,比例reject 拒绝,排斥revenue 税收,收益stable 稳定的,牢固的consult 请教,咨询contact 解除,联系decline 下降,斜面discrete 不连续的,离散的draft 起草,草稿enable 使能够energy 能量,精力enforce 强迫,执行entity 实体,存在equivalent 等价的,相等的license 执照,许可证logic 逻辑,逻辑学margin 边缘,利润medical 医学的,医疗的mental 精神的,脑力的modify 修改,修饰monitor 监视器,班长network 网路,网状物notion 概念,见解objective 客观的,目标style 风格,类型substitute 代替,代用品sustain 保持,支撑symbol 符号,象征target 目标,把...作为目标transit 运输,经过trend 趋势,走向version 版本,译文welfare 福利,幸福whereas 而,反之雅思阅读核心词汇梳理Sublist 6abstract 摘要,抽象accurate 精确的acknowledge 承认,答谢aggregate 集合,合计allocate 分配,拨出assign 分配,指派attach 使依附,贴上author 作者,创始人bond 债券,约定brief 简洁的,短暂的exceed 超过,胜过expert 熟练的,内行的explicit 明确的,直率的federal 联邦的,同盟的fee 费用,小费flexible 灵活的,多变的furthermore 此外gender 性别ignorant 无知的,愚昧的incentive 动机,激励migrate 移动,移居minimum 最小值ministry (政府)部门motive 动机,目的neutral 中立的,中性的nevertheless 然而,不过overseas 海外,国外的precede 领先,优于presume 假定,推测rational 合理的,理性的capable 能干的,有才华的cite 引用,想起cooperate 合作,协力discriminate 歧视,区别display 显示,炫耀diverse 不同的,多变的domain 领域,产业edit 编辑,校订enhance 提高,加强estate 房地产,财产incidence 发生率,影响incorporate 包含,合并index 指数,索引inhibit 抑制,禁止initiate 开始,发起input 投入,输入instruct 指导,命令intelligence 智力,天分interval 间隔,间距lecture 演讲,讲稿recover 恢复,弥补reveal 显示,揭露scope 范围,视野subsidy 补贴,津贴tape 胶带,磁带trace 追溯,追踪transform 改变,转换transport 运输underlie 成为..的基础utilize 利用雅思阅读核心词汇梳理Sublist 7adapt 适应,改编adult 成年的,成年人advocate 提倡,主张aid 援助,帮助channel 频道,渠道chemical 化学的(制品) classic 经典的,古典的comprehensive 全面的comprise 包含,由...组成confirm 确认,批准empirical 经验主义的equip 装备,配备extract 提取,摘录file 文件,档案finite 有限的,限定的foundation 基础,地基globe 地球,球体grade 等级,成绩guarantee 保证,担保hierarchy 层级,等级制度phenomenon 现象priority 优先,优先权prohibit 阻止,禁止publication 出版,出版物quote 引述,举证release 释放,发射reverse 背面,相反simulate 模仿,假装sole 唯一的,仅有的somewhat 多少,有点contrary 相反的,对立的convert 使转换,转变couple 对,夫妇decade 十年definite 一定的,确切的deny 否认,拒绝differentiate 区分,区别dispose 处理,安排dynamic 动态,有活力的eliminate 消除,排除identical 完全相同的ideology 意识形态infer 推断,推论innovate 创新,革新insert 插入,嵌入intervene 干涉,调停isolate 隔离,使孤立media 媒体,媒质mode 模式,风格paradigm 范例submit 屈从,呈递successor 继承者survive 幸存,生还thesis 论文,论点topic 主题,题目transmit 传输,传播ultimate 最终的,根本的unique 独特的,稀罕的visible 明显的,可见的voluntary 自愿的,自发的Sublist 8abandon 放任,遗弃accompany 陪伴,伴随accumulate 积累ambiguous 模糊不清的append 附加,贴上appreciate 欣赏,感激arbitrary 任意的,武断的automate 自动化bias 偏见,偏爱chart 图表,图纸deviate 脱离,越轨displace 取代,置换drama 戏剧eventual 最后的,结果的exhibit 展览,显示exploit 开发,利用fluctuate 波动,动摇guideline 指导方针highlight 突出,强调implicit 含蓄的,暗示的plus 正的,加上practitioner 从业者predominant 主要的,卓越的prospect 前景,勘探radical 重大的,激进的random 随机的,胡乱的reinforce 加强,补充restore 恢复,归还revise 修正,复习schedule 安排,时间表clarify 澄清,阐明commodity 商品,货物complement 补足物conform 符合,遵照contemporary 当代的contradict 反驳,与...矛盾crucial 至关重要的currency 货币,通货denote 表示,指示detect 觉察,发现induce 诱导,引起inevitable 必然的infrastructure 基础设施inspect 检阅,视察intense 强烈的,紧张的manipulate 操纵,操作minimize 最小化nuclear 原子能的,细胞核offset 抵消,补偿paragraph 段落,分段tense 紧张的,拉紧的terminate 使终止,结束theme 主题,题目thereby 从而,因此uniform 统一的,制服vehicle 车辆,运输工具via 取道,经由virtual 虚拟的,事实上的visual 视觉的,栩栩如生的widespread 普遍的,广泛的。
标书翻译常用的中英对照

标书翻译常用的中英对照翻译界 - 翻译资源- 资料列表人才信息提示:×6年软件项目工作经验承接各类物流系统、人事系统、财务预算报账系统等软件项目。
网站首页●翻译职场●翻译学习●翻译人生●翻译资源●公示语区●美文赏析●译界动态●翻译笑话●翻译文化●翻译论坛今天日期: 2010年4月13日星期二晚上好您的位置:翻译界 >> 翻译资源 >> 篇章 >> 笔译类用户名密码标题内容Business Tender, Technical Tender, Tender List and Tender Quotation. The Quotation (all items in the Quotation shall befilled out except for the prices) and three copies (oneOriginal and two Duplicates) of the Instructions to Quotationsas well as the letter of guarantee from the bank of tenderersmust be sealed separately, and be submitted together with thetender documents.10.2在投标文件澄清后提交的附件6价格表部分正、副本应用信封单独密封,封面上注明项目名称、招标编号、投标人名址、“正本”“副本”字样及“分项价格”和“保密”字样。
同时提供单独密封的价格表电子版本一份(WORD格式)。
TheAttachment 6 to besubmitted after the tender documents have been clarified the Original and Duplicate copies of theQuotation must be sealed separately in different envelops, onwhich the item names, tender codes, tenderer addresses, wordsof ‘Original’, ‘Duplicate’and ‘Item Price’and ‘Confidential’must be written. An e-version of the Quotation (in WORDformat) that is separately sealed must be furnished at the same time.2. 投标报价Tender Offers 11.1 投标人应在投标报价汇总表和投标分项报价表上标明本合同拟提供货物的单价(如适用)和总价。
法律翻译中的条款项目

法律翻译中的条款项目(摘抄整理)2008-12-04 11:14:32New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. 再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: Subdivision of a written instrument; particularly①a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections.②one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
国际会议词汇

国际会议词汇A. 会议的类型 TYPES OF MEETINGS群众大会 Mass meeting大会Assembly全国代表大会(美) Convention (USA)大会General meeting会议,大会Conference外交代表会议 Diplomatic conference区域会议Regional conference大会、国会(美) Congress执行机构 Governing body理事院,行政院 Governing Body理事会 Board of governors干事会,理事会 Board of directors执行委员会,执行局(Executive) council or board理事会,董事会 Board of trustees委员会 Committee委员会(指比较大型有固定性的) Commission小组委员会 Sub-committee总务委员会(联合国) General committee大会将作为全体委员会开会The Assembly will sit as a committee of the (不另设部务委员会)whole, as a general committee代表团团长委员会Committee of heads of delegations提案处理委员会Selection committee提名委员会Nominations committee指导委员会Steering committee调查委员会Committee of enquiry法律(问题)委员会Committee of legal (juridical) questions财务委员会Finance committee预算委员会Budget committee(财务)审核委员会Auditing committee议事规则(内部条例)委员会Standing Orders committee, Rules committee(USA) 资格审查委员会Credentials committee决议委员会Resolutions committee起草委员会Drafting committee接待委员会Hospitality committee Reception committee女宾委员会Ladies’ committee专家委员会Committee of experts联络委员会Liaison committee工作人员委员会,职员委员会Staff committee协调委员会Coordination committee圆桌会议Round table meeting专家小组会议Panel meeting座谈会,学术报告会Symposium研究小组,讨论会Study group, Seminar(USA)讨论小组Discussion group, colloquium研究小组Study group工作组Working party仲裁法庭Arbitration Tribunal, Court of Arbitration法庭,法院Court (of justice)开会To meet, to sit, to hold a meeting定期开会To meet periodically每隔一定时间开会To meet at regular intervals休会期间Between sessions与别的会议重叠Overlapping with other meetings设立一个委员会To set up, to establish a committee指派一个委员会To appoint a committee将…委托给一个委员会,把一个任务To entrust a committee with (to assign a task交给一个委员会to) assign a task to) a committee大会全体会议Plenary assembly大会General assembly一次会议Sitting(UK), meeting(UK), session(USA)一届会议Session(UK), meeting(USA)公开会议Public meeting秘密会议Private meeting行政性会议(秘密会议)Meeting in camera, executive session(USA)正式会议Official meeting非正式会议Unofficial meeting预备会议Preparatory meeting开幕(式)会Opening sitting闭幕(式)会Final sitting咨询(顾问)委员会Advisory committee, consultative committee联合委员会Joint committee混合委员会Mixed committee联合委员会(根据对等原则组成)Joint committee主要委员会Main committee常设机构Standing body决策机构Policy-making body母体机构,上级机构Parent body高级机构Superior body附属机构Subsidiary body辅助机构Auxiliary body下属机构Subordinate body主管机构Appropriate body临时委员会Interim committee筹备委员会Preparatory committee组织委员会Organizing committee专门委员会Special committee特设委员会(暂设的),特别委员会Ad hoc committee调查机构Fact finding organ布置新闻发布的会议Briefing meeting有关组织Related organizationB. 会议的筹备工作PREPARATION OF THE MEETING1. 邀请和召集 1. Invitations and Convocations发出邀请参加会议的信件(邀请信) To address (to send, to send out)a (letter or)con vocation (an invitation)邀请派遣代表To invite to be represented召开(紧急地) To convene, to summon, to convoke, to call(urgently)召开非常(特别)会议To convene in extraordinary (special) session表示收到召开会议的函件To acknowledge the receipt of a letter ofconvocation同意派遣代表To accept to be represented向大会报到To register at the congress有条件的接受Conditional acceptance 委派…为代表(观察员) To appoint as delegate (observer)被指派为代表To be appointed (designated)奉命代表… To be instructed to represent…派遣一个重要的代表团To send an important delegation随带专家To bring (along*) experts只同意(接受)以观察员身份参加To agree (accept) to attend only as (in thecapacity of) observer本届会议(开始时,终了时)被替换(指代表) To be replaced for (at the beginning, the endof) the session…不能参加…… is unable to take part in (to attend to…)…拒绝参加会议To refuse (to decline) to take part in ameeting2. 会议进行的条件 2. Conditions under which the Meeting is held邀请委员会在(某地)…召开下届会议The committee is invited to hold its nextsession at …委员会接受…政府的邀请The committee accepts the invitation of the …Government下届会议的日期和地点将由负责人员The date and place of the next session will (局)同秘书处商洽决定be fixed by the Officers (the Bureau) inconsultation with the Secretariat东道国Host country邀请国Inviting country动议(提议)本届会议休会(延期) To mover (propose) the adjournment (thepostponement) of the session动议(提议)无限期休会To move (propose) the adjournment tine die请求增加委员会的成员To request an increase in the membership ofthe committee确定委员会的权限(规定委员会的职权范围) To define the competence (to specify the terms of reference) of the committee草拟工作日程To draw up the programme of work最晚在…(时间)以前将文件交到秘书处Documents must reach the Secretariat (be(发给各代表团) available to Delegations) at the latest on the …提交(议案)的最晚的日期(期限) The latest date (dead line) for the submission of …事前应有充分时间以便… In sufficient time in advance so that …在这个组织的总部At the seat (the headquarters) of the organization正式开幕式Formal opening sitting正式语言Official languages工作语言Working languages凡用他种语言的代表须自备翻译人员把Delegates speaking other languages shall be他们的发言译成任何一种工作语言required to supply their own interpreters for the translation or their speeches into one of the working languages 3. 聘用职员和雇员 3. Recruitment of Staff-Contracts委派…领导秘书处To put … in charge of the secretariat组织秘书处To organize the secretariat招聘临时工作人员To recruit temporary staff招聘会议期间的工作人员To recruit staff for the duration of theconference雇用当地工作人员To engage local staff就地雇用工作人员To engage staff on the spot解雇或裁减工作人员To second staff聘任的待遇和条件Terms and conditions of appointment临时合同Temporary contract通常工作日Normal working day加班Overtime包括星期日、例假日和旅程所需时日Including Sundays, official holidays, and travelling day一直到本届会议的最后一天Until the last day of the session inclusively(包括最后一天在内)一切费用可以报销All expenses paid一切包括在内All-inclusive按照一次总付的办法On a lump sum basis(费用)由会议负担At the expense of the conference按日(每天)Per diem生活津贴Subsistence allowance住房津贴Accommodation allowance偿付旅费Refunding of travel expenses免付会议所在地国家的所得税Free of income tax in the country in which theconference is held薪金预支Advance on salary以当地货币支付In local currency保留解除合同的权利To reserve the right to terminate the contract解除合同时的补偿费Compensation for termination of contractC. 文件DOCUM ENTS1. 基本文件 1.Basic Documents宪法,宪章,规章,组织法Constitution组织法,组织条例Constituent act最后决议,总结文件Final act宪章Charter 盟约,公约,约章Covenant条约Treaty 章程,组织法Statutes, constitution公约Convention宣言Declaration附加议定书Additional protocol 协定(双边,多边)Agreement (bilateral, multilateral)议定书Protocol法典,准则Code规则,法规Rules议事规则,内部条例Rules of procedure, internal regulations暂定条例Provisional regulations人事条例Staff regulations财务条例Financial regulations职权范围Terms of reference文件,凭证,状,书Instrument2. 议程,决议,日程等 2. Agenda, Resolutions, Programmes, etc.临时议程Provisional agenda(最后)审定(通过)的议程Approved agenda见于议程To appear on the agenda列入议程To include in the agenda议程项目Item on the agenda其他事项(Any) other business工作日程Programme of work 会议日程表Daily programme of meetings (sittings)时间表,日程表Time-table, schedule决议,提案Resolution (联合)决议草案Draft (joint) resolution草案初稿First draft, preliminary draft其他供选择的(反)建议Alternative (counter-) proposal建议Recommendation仲裁书Award3. 报告,备忘录等 3. Reports, Memoranda, etc.最后(总结)报告Final report初步报告Preliminary report临时报告Provisional report临时报告Interim report 总、月度、季度、半年、年度报告General, monthly, quarterly, six-monthly,annual report多数(少数)报告Majority, minority report行政工作报告Administrative report 财务报告Financial report关于工作活动的报告Report on the management, the activity情况报告Information report 事实报告Factual report专家报告Expert report工作进展情况报告Progress report附加的文字Addition 附加条款,附款Rider附件Appended documents表Ta ble一览表Synoptic table 图式,(大张)图表,图解Diagram, Chart, Graph统计Statistics在报告中说明、提到,列入报告之中To state, to mention, to include in a report备忘录Memorandum备忘录Aide-mémoire 工作文件Working paper照会,函Note概况Survey声明,发言Statement摘要Abstract 参考意见(咨询意见)Advisory opinion意见,评论Comment, commentary将文件编号To give a reference number to a document文件分类Classification of documents机密文件Confidential document私人文件Private document档案Archives4. 会议记录,公报,新闻稿,记录 4. Minuses, Bulletins, Press releases, Records做记录To keep, to draw up the minutes截(列)入记录,记录在案To place on record in the minutes经证明无误的抄本Certified true copy(每日)公报(Daily) Bulletin会议的正式会刊Official Journal of the Conference会议的正式记录Official records of the Conference新闻稿,公报Press release, communiqué通知,通函Circular letter通函(通知)各代表团To circularize delegations记录Record摘要记录(纪要)Summary record逐字记录Verbatim record5. 代表名单等 5. List of Delegates, etc.发言人名单List of speakers分发出席名单To circulate an attendance list拟具、确定、并列名单To draw up, to fix, to establish a list房间分配图Plan of the premises showing the allocation of rooms6. 文件的章节细目 6. Subdivision of a Document第一、二、…册(编、卷) Book I, II, etc.章Chapter节Section条Article, section段Sub-section, paragraph款Sub-paragraph项Sub-subparagraph小节Sub-section, sub-heading分述,分列Breakdown 序言Preamble动机说明Motivation(序言中)叙述理由部分Whereases, Recitals实效部分,实质条款Operative part, substantive provisions脚注Foot-note边注Marginal note交叉索引Cross-reference标题Heading小标题,副标题Sub-heading附录,附表,附件Appendix, schedule, exhibit附件Annex表格Form调查表,问题单Questionnaire抄本Copy原本Blue-print, master-copy副本Duplicate清稿Fair copy倒数第二Penultimate, last but one倒数第三Antepenultimate, last but two倒数三行 3 lines from the bottom正面Obverse, from side of the page反面Overleaf, back side of the page编号Reference number顺序编号Serial number约束性条款Mandatory provision任选条款(非约束性条款)Permissive provision条文范例Standard clause免费条款Escape clause7. 修正案,补遗,勘误7. Amendments, Addenda, Corrigenda修正案Amendment对修正案的修正案Amendment to an amendment相应修正案Consequential amendment改动Alteration增加,增加的部分Addition插进,插文Insertion删除,删文Deletion补遗Addendum, addenda改正笔误To correct a clerical mistake勘误表Corrigendum, corrigenda订正To rectify订正Rectification补充To supplement8. 草拟,复制,分发8. Preparation, Duplication, and Distribution草拟、起草文件、备忘录等To prepare, draw up, draft a document, a memorandum, etc.审议、研究、审查、仔细研究文件To consider, study, inspect scrutinize a document使几种文本取得一致To secure conformity between the texts修改报告使它符合于目前情况To bring a report up-to-date一篇草拟得很好的稿子 A piece of good draftsmanship全部或部分复制To reproduce in full or in part复制,打印Reproduction, duplication原文Original text校样,长条校样Proofs, galley proofs有限制分发,普遍分发Restricted, general distribution保证文件的分发To ensure the distribution of documents9. 国际约章9. The International Instrument缔约国,缔约各方The contracting parties为参加公约的一员To be a party to a Convention公约签字国Signatory to a Convention草签To initial立法行为Legislative action规则(条例,规章)Regulations条款的范围Scope of a provision加入公约To adhere to, to accede to a Convention加入(公约)Accession批准公约To ratify a Convention有(无)保留With (without) reservations接受书Instrument of acceptance交存批准书To deposit the instrument of ratification本(公约)继续开放,一切国家均可签字The … remains open to all States for 和表示接受signature and acceptance将条约登记To register a Treaty将正本送存档案库To deposit the authentic text in the archives开始生效To come into force, into operation适用、实施某一公约To apply, to put into effect a Convention实施公约的规定To implement the provisions of a Convention公约原定有效期间Initial term (of a Convention)违反规定To infringe the provisions违反行为InfringementD. 会议的组成COMPOSITION OF A CONFERENCE1. 参加者 1. Participants代表团团长Head (leader) of delegation(首席)代表(Chief) delegate全权代表Plenipotentiary常任代表,常驻代表Permanent delegate会员(国)Member当然会员Member as of right代表Representative终身会员Life-member全权会员,正式会员Full-fledged member有表决权With a right to vote无表决权Without a right to vote互选的会员Co-opted member副代表,代表人员Alternate, deputy, substitute(法律)顾问(Legal) adviser技术顾问Technical adviser专家Expert代表团专家Expert attached to a delegation观察员Observer审计员Auditor地位Status以官方身分In an official capacity以非官方身分In an unofficial capacity以私人身分In a private capacity以顾问身分In an advisory capacity, as a consultant当然(委员等等)Ex officio正式被指派,正式受权Duly authorized出席,到会To attend出席,到会Attendance会籍(会员资格)Membership (status of member)会议的组成Composition of the Conference缺席人员Absentee代表To represent代表权,代表Representation担任职务To occupy a post担任…To act as …同等数目的代表Balanced representation按比例代表Proportional representation按地域分配Geographical distribution三方面(制)Tri-partite三,四,五国3, 4, 5, Power …在(理事会)中担任理事To serve on (a Board)参加某委员会为委员To sit on a Committee代表证书Credentials全权证书(Full) powers指示,命令Instructions豁免Immunities特权Prerogatives优惠Privileges享受优惠To enjoy privileges特派新闻记者Accredited journalist2. 主持人 2. Officers赞助人,各誉委员会Patrons, Committee of Honor会议的主持人,主席团人员Officers of the Conference, Bureau职务Office负责人员Holder of an office名誉主席(会长)Honorary President年序最长的会员、委员The Senior Member资格最老的会员The Oldest Member会长,主席President, Chairman会长(职),主席(职)Presidency, Chairmanship主席(女)Madam Chairman主席(在会场称呼用)The Chair临时主席Interim Chairman副会长,副主席Vice-President, Vice-Chairmanship副会长(职),副主席(职)Vice-Presidency, Vice-Chairmanship报告人Rapporteur任期Term, term of office在职To be in office连任Renewal of term of office轮流担任Rotation inoffice卸任(主席等…)Retiring, outgoing (Chairman, etc…)前任(主席等)Past (US), former (GB) (Chairman, etc.)3. 秘书处 3. Secretariat总干事Director General (General Manager)副总干事Deputy director General秘书长Secretary General副秘书长Assistant Secretary General执行秘书Executive Secretary行政秘书Administrative Secretary名誉秘书Honorary Secretary司库,会计Treasurer司库(会计)办公室Treasurer’s office会议的秘书、文书Secretary, Clerk of the Conference高级职员Officials会议的职员Conference officer顾问Consultant(技术)顾问(Technical) adviser法律顾问Legal adviser行政处Administrative Services翻译处Language department负责文件人员Document officer新闻处Press department新闻官Press-officer报导处Reporting services摘要人员,记录Precis-writer会计室Accountant’s office速记人员Verbatim reporters打字组Typewriting service, pool油印组Mimeographing roneographing department分发Distribution招待员Ushers失物招领处Lost property department (office)问询处Information desk4. 会场布置 4. Equipment of the Hall会议厅,大厅,会场Hall, conference hall, main hall会场内部Body of the hall主席台Platform木槌Gavel铃Bell座位Seat讲台Rostrum扩音器Loudspeaker放大器Amplifier送话器,话筒,麦克风Microphone耳机Earphone表决指示牌Vote indicator票箱Ballot box贵宾席Distinguished strangers’ gallery新闻记者席Press gallery公众旁听席Public gallery小间,箱子Booths小会议室Committee room前厅,休息室Lobby公告栏Notice-board存物柜Locker分信箱Pigeon-hole衣帽间Cloak-roomE. 表决和选举VOTES AND ELECTIONS1. 表决或选举的目的和条件 1. Purpose and Conditions of a Vote or an Election 把问题交付表决、进行表决To put a question to the vote, to proceed to a vote 请表明态度Please signify宣布表决(投票)开始To declare that the voting has begun参加表决、投票、选举To take part in a vote, a ballot, a poll(我们)已足法定人数The quorum is reached, we have a quorum检查是否已足法定人数To ascertain that there is a quorum指派正式成员、代理人To appoint a regular member, a substitute补缺To fill a vacancy授命连任To renew the term of office, the appointment延长任期To extend the term of office接受连任To accept the renewal of one’s term of office提议分开(分别)表决To move that a separate vote be taken要求逐条表决To ask for a vote article by article表决整个动议To vote on the motion as a whole2. 表决的方式和方法,选举的程序 2. Forms and Methods of Voting, and Electoral Procedure表决,投票,参加选举To vote, to cast a vote, to take part in an election弃权To abstain赞成票Affirmative vote反对票Negative vote投反对(不同意)票To cast a dissenting vote一致同意Unanimous vote一致通过Carried unanimously不经辩论的表决Vote without debate鼓掌通过Approval by acclamation举手表决Vote by show of hands口头表决Vote by “yes” and “no”起立表决Vote by sitting and standing, rising vote (USA)无记名投票Secret ballot唱名表决Vote by roll call唱名表决(须登台表示意见) A vote by roll call at the rostrum代理投票Vote by proxy通信投票Vote by correspondence组成一个选举团To be constituted as an electoral college表决票,选票Voting slip, voting paper, ballot paper投票入票箱To deposit a voting paper in the ballot box必要的多数The requisite majority以特定的多数(四分之三,三分之二To elect by a qualified majority (three 多数)选出fourths, two thirds majority)以绝对(简单)多数选出To elect by an absolute (a simple) majority以相对的多数选出To elect by a relative majority(按特殊票权)分配(所得)多数Distributed majority出席并投票的会员的多数The majority of members present and voting大会会员的多数The majority of the members of the assembly就单个侯选人进行选举Voting (ballot) for a single candidate就整个侯选人名单进行选举Voting (ballot) for a list of candidates按比例的代表Proportional representation当选票额Electoral quotient一次投票Single ballot连续投票Successive ballots不投票的主席Non-voting Chairman有表决权,有权投票To be entitled to vote, to have the right to vote被取消表决(投票)权To be deprived of the right to vote行使表决(投票)权To exercise the right to vote对所投的票加以说明To explain one’s vote担任侯选人To stand for election提名To nominate …支持某一个提名,支持(某人)的侯选资格To support a nomination, a candidature 保持、撤销某人的侯选资格To maintain, to withdraw one’s candidature同意担任侯选人,接受提名To agree to be a candidate, to accept nomination送交提名名单To present a panel of nominees声明某一侯选提名是可以接受的,不可以To declare a candidature receivable,接受的(符合规则,不符合规则)irreceivable (in order, out of order)有被选权,有被连选权,无被选权Eligible, re-eligible, ineligibility有被选权,无被选权Eligibility, ineligibility与职务不相称Incompatibility of duties3. 表决或选举终了 3. Conclusion of the Vote or Election指派计票人To appoint tellers实行表决To go back upon a vote停止、延期、中断表决(投票)To defer, postpone, interrupt a vote (a ballot)宣布表决(投票)结束To declare the vote (ballot) closed改投他票To change one’s vote经声明的弃权也将计算在内Declared abstentions will be reckoned, taken into account未填写的选票(无效的选票)将不计算在内Voting papers left blank (null and void)will not be reckoned, taken into account点票,计算票数To count the votes检查表决结果To check the result of the voting否决,行使否决权To veto, to impose a veto4. 宣布结果 4. Announcement of the Result报到(登记)的会员Registered members投票的会员Members voting票数Number of votes已投的票votes cast有效票Valid ballot papers空白票Blank ballot papers, voting papers无效的票,废票Ballot papers null and void宣布当选To declare elected以年长当选Elected on grounds of seniority抽签To draw lots票选无结果The ballot is inconclusive票数相等Equality of votes, a draw, a tie无结果的表决Inconclusive vote投裁定票,投决定的一票To give a casting vote动议是以12票对9票通过,2票弃权The motion is adopted, carried, by 12 votes to 9 with 2 abstentions动议被否决The motion is rejected, lost获得多数The majority is obtained第一次投票表决First ballot第二次投票表决Second ballot再次投票表决Additional ballot宣布除两票外以一致同意当选To declare unanimously elected less two votes宣布以绝对(简单)多数当选To declare elected by an absolute (a simple) majority5. 表决(选举)的后果 5. Consequences of the Voting (the Election)接受当选To accept an election不接受委任、职务To refuse an appointment an office让给…To yield in favor of …请把你的票改投…Please transfer your votes to …质问表决结果To challenge a result取消所投的票To cancel a vote使有效,使无效To validate, to invalidate调查选举时的情况To investigate the circumstances of an election结果是最后的,不能改变的The result is final, definitive认定表决、投票、选举为有效To confirm a vote, a ballot, an election宣布某次表决、投票是最后的To declare a vote, a ballot, to be finalF. 辩论DEBATES1. 辩论开始1. Opening of the Debate现在开会了The sitting is open, is called to order委员会在开会The committee is in session, is holding a sitting, is sitting开会To be sitting in session开始讨论,进行讨论To take up, to come to the discussion, to initiate a discussion宣布讨论开始To declare the discussion open复会,继续开会To resume a sitting继续辩论To resume a debate2. 主席 2. Chairmanship担任主席To take, to occupy the Chair继续担任主席To resume the chairmanship让副主席担任主席To hand over the chairmanship (the Chair) to the Vice-chairman放弃、辞去主席的职务To give up, to renounce, the office of chairman请发言人不要离开本题To request the speaker to keep to the point under discussion请对主席讲话Please address the Chair可不可以请你要求某代表…May I through you ask the delegate of …请发言人简单扼要些To invite speakers to be brief征求与会者的意见To take the sense (the consensus of opinion) of the meeting 征求与会者的意见To consult the meeting请大会决定To ask the assembly to decide upon作出裁定To give a ruling作出最后裁定To give a final ruling行使斟酌行事的权力To exercise a discretionary power要求(主席)作出裁定To ask for a ruling使用主席的权力To invoke the chairman’s authority由主席处理,把事情交由主席决定To be in the hands of the chairman, to leave the matter to the chairman’s decision提请主席(注意,决定等)To appeal to the chairman接受主席的决定、裁定To accept the chairman’s decision, ruling尊重主席的决定To bow to the chairman’s decision对主席的裁定、决定提出异议To challenge the chairman’s ruling, decision驳回,宣布无效To overrule3. 项目的次序 3. Order of Items(暂时)通过议程To adopt (provisionally) the agenda列入议程To place on, to include in, the agenda从议程中删掉To delete, to remove from the agenda改变项目的次序To change the order of the items遵照议程To adhere, to stick to the agenda确定讨论项目的次序To establish an order of priority有优先权To have priority给以优先权To accord priority preference绝对优先项目First priority重要优先项目 A high priority更重要优先项目 A higher priority次重要优先项目 A lower priority要求把某事当作紧急事项处理To ask that a matter be treated as urgent一般辩论General debate对专门问题的辩论Debate on special question开始程序问题的辩论To open a debate on procedure开始讨论实质问题To come to the substance (the merits) of the matter进行讨论条款To proceed to the discussion of the articles其他事项Any other business把某一问题跟…分开来To separate a question from搁置To set aside排除、抛弃To exclude, to discard安排各次会议的时间表To fix the timetable of the sittings4. 给与和取消发言权 4. Granting and Withdrawal of the Right to Speak我请…(发言) I call upon, I give the floor to, I recognize (USA)我请发言人停止发言I direct the speaker to discontinue his speech我要求发言I ask to speak, I ask for the floor (USA)发言To take the floor (USA),to address the meeting我既然在发言…Since I am speaking, since I have the floor (USA)如果让我继续发言If I may be allowed to continue把自己的发言机会让给To give up one’s turn to speak in favor of, to yield to (USA)我放弃发言权I waive my right to speak参加辩论To intervene in a debate要求发言机会To ask to be heard登记发言To pu t one’s name on the list of speakers发言登记已经截止The list of speakers is closed限制发言时间To restrict, to limit, the time accorded to speakers保留以后再答复的权利To reserve one’s right to answer at a later stage在座席上发言To speak from one’s pla ce走到讲台上去To go up to the rostrum在讲台上To be at the rostrum从讲台上走下来To come down from the rostrum正对话筒讲话To speak into the microphone5. 执行议事规则,先例 5. Enforcement of the Rules of procedure, Precedents应用议事规则To apply the rules of procedure遵守议事规则(习惯,传统)To adhere to the rules of procedure (the custom, the tradition)服从有关…的规则To submit to the rules governing…合乎规则,符合规则的要求To conform to the rules, to comply with the requirements of the rules要求遵守规则Call to order提醒规则的条款To recall, remind of, the terms of the rules解释规则To interpret, to construe, the rules违犯规则To commit an infringement指出对规则的违犯、破坏To note an infringement, a violation of the rules暂停、放弃对规则的适用To suspend, to waive the rules除规则第…条不在此例外By exception (derogation) to article … of the rules在权限以外越权Ultra vires对权限提出疑问To challenge the competence自称有(无)权To declare oneself to be competent (incompetent)援引先例To invoke a precedent避免造成先例,惟恐造成先例To avoid creating a precedent, to fear that a precedent might be created依据(参照)法理学To refer to the jurisprudence参照现存有惯例To refer to existing traditions参照原文To refer to the text6. 辩论 6. The Debate委员会要讨论一个报告The committee has a report before it发表演说(讲话)To make, to deliver, a speech (an address)表示意见To make a remark我国政府指示我…My Government instructed me to …我国政府授权我…I am authorized by my Government to …以个人名义(身分)发表声明To make a personal statement (in a personal capacity)我以…身分发言I speak in my capacity of …表示同意前一位发言人的意见To express agreement with the previous speakers打断一个发言人的话(在发言中插话)To interrupt a speaker回答插话的人To reply to the interrupters离开本题To depart from the question一个试探性的(不成熟的)建议 A tentative suggestion关于(根据)…的建议On the proposal of …这样做合乎规则吗?Am I in order?我收回所说的话I withdraw what I said提出一个附带的问题To raise an incidental matter提出一个先决问题To raise a previous (preliminary) question提出一个在讨论继续进行前必须加以To raise a question which must be solved 解决的问题before the matter can be pursued further提出书面问题To put a written question考虑到To take into consideration考虑到(不考虑)所提出的反对的意见To take (not to take) into account the objection raised我建议把这件来信从记录中删掉I move that the communication struck (expunged) from the record我建议我们对这件来信置之不理I move that we take no cognizance of the communication不受理To refuse to entertain拒绝考虑(一个论点,等)To refuse to take into consideration (an argument, etc.) 提出原则性的反对意见,在原则上反对To raise an objection of principle, to object in principle否决、不理反对的意见To overrule, to disregard an objection采取主动,带头,倡议To take the initiative有倡议权To have the initiative拒绝带头To refuse to take the initiative认为某一条款(建议)已经失去时效To consider an article (a proposal) as obsolete援引某一条款To invoke an article认为某一建议根本无效To consider a proposal as null and void共同商量To consult together为澄清某一点On a point of clarification在技术(名词)问题上On a technical point (USA)征询法律意见To request a legal opinion一个法律问题 A legal issue发动调查To cause an investigation to be made下令调查To order an enquiry进行调查To make an enquiry下令进行专家检查(反检查)To cause an expert examination (counter-examination) to be made接受、同意专家们的意见To accept, to endorse the opinion of the experts对专家的资格(权限)提出疑问To challenge the qualifications (authority) of the experts对专家的结论提出异议,加以拒绝To contest, to dispute, to reject the findings of the experts通过某一个建议、草案、条款、报告、To adopt a proposal, a draft, an article,修正案 a report, an amendment修正(更改)一个建议、草案、条款、To amend (to alter) a proposal, a draft, an 报告、修正案article a report, an amendment提出书面修正案To present (submit) an amendment in writing反对一个建议To oppose a proposal由多数决定To leave it to the decision of the majority将一个声明载入记录To note a statement, to place a statement on record声明已经注意到To acknowledge a statement我要求把我的…记录在案I want to be on record as having …援引本人的话Reference was made to me载入记录,记入会议记录To place on record, to record in the minutes把未宣读的发言稿列入记录To read into the record (USA)注意到某一个辞呈To take note of a resignation沿用紧急程序To apply the emergency procedure7. 动议和决定7. Motions and Decisions提出提案、对案To make, to move, to table (UK) a proposal, a counterproposal 提出决议草案To submit a draft resolution实质性动议Substantive motion替代的决议Substitute resolution提出修正案、提案草案、对案To present an amendment, a draft proposal, a counter-proposal进行二读To proceed to a second reading提出程序问题To raise a point of order赞成(反对)提案To take a stand for (against) a proposal提出信任问题To put the question of confidence附议,支持一个提案To second, to support a proposal反对一个修正案、决议、提案To oppose an amendment, a resolution, a proposal 宣布接受(不接受)一修正案(动议)To declare an amendment (a motion) receivable (irreceivable)可接受性Receivability不可接受性Irreceivability延期决定,暂不决定To postpone, to adjourn, to put off a decision接受一个修正案(决议,提案)To accept an amendment (a resolution, a proposal) 把几个修正案(决议草案)合并起来To merge together several amendments (draft resolutions)撒回提案To withdraw a proposal无限期搁置动议To table a motion (USA)对动议作出决定To take a decision upon a motion暂时决定To decide provisionally不经辩论作出决定To decide without any debate立刻决定To decide forthwith取消决定To rescind a decision。
法律英语中典型句型的翻译[1]
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第10卷第6期2008年11月湖南医科大学学报(社会科学版)Journa l of Soc i a l Sc i ence of Hunan M ed i ca l Un i versityVol110 No16Nov.2008法律英语中典型句型的翻译朱敏冠,唐新萍(湖南第一师范学院外语系,湖南长沙,410205)[摘要] 撷取了法律英语中的一些典型句型,并就其在普通英语和法律英语中的用法进行了比较,探讨了其在法律英语中的翻译方法,力图保持目的语与原语在专业术语和句型结构方面的一致性。
[关键词] 法律英语;典型句型;翻译[中图分类号] H315.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1008-8229(2008)06-0179-04 法律与语言的关系密切,语言既是法律的载体又是法律的实质。
与其他类型的翻译相比,法律翻译有其独特的风格和技巧。
过去,中国大量借鉴和吸收外国法学的精粹,为中国法学注入了活力,造就了中国法学的日益繁盛,而这离不开法律英语的翻译。
如今,经济全球化的进程日益加快,在英语作为世界语言的大背景下,中国各行各业都会不同程度地参与国际交往。
如中国积极地参与W T O决策,解决相关的贸易争端,启动或应对外国的反倾销、反补贴调查等等。
而离开了法律英语翻译,或者不能高效准确地进行法律英语翻译,中方代表就难以及时恰当地表达自己的主张并实现自己的权利。
所以,法律英语的良好翻译,一方面能实现中华法系和英美普通法系之间的融合与互补,另一方面也是适应经济全球化的趋势,能更好地促进我国对外贸易的交流与合作。
法律英语作为一种具有规约性的语言分支,有其独特的语言风格,如文本意思艰深晦涩、用词准确严谨、句型结构复杂冗长等等,这使得法律翻译的难度大大高于其他类型的翻译。
然而,法律英语中一些句型重复使用的频率非常高,且法律翻译的一个重要原则就是保持目的语与原语在专业术语和句型结构方面的一致性和同一性。
所以,我们如果能总结法律英语中一些典型句型的特点,并找出翻译这些句型的技巧,则可以大大提高翻译工作的效率。
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CHAPTER SECTION SUBSECTION 的翻译一、英汉法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”一般意义上而言,在英文中能够表达法律中“条款”之类的词汇大概有:article; section; subsection; paragraph; subparagraph; item; clause; rule; regulation; provision,以及stipulation等等(1)关于“article”一词的翻译。
将article一词译为“条”,争议不大。
例如,《美利坚合众国宪法》(THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,1789)共有“7条”(seven articles)。
再如,世界贸易组织《中华人民共和国加入议定书》(Protocol on the Accession of People’s Republic of China)中文译本也将“article”译为“条”。
根据美国权威的《布莱克法律字典》(Black’s Law Dictionary. Garner, 1999:106),Article: A separate and distinct part (as a clause or stipulation) of a writing, esp. in a contract, statute, or constitution. 再如,美国《法律词典》(A Dictionary of the Law. Clapp, 2000:36),Article: Subdivision of a written instrument; particularly ① a subdivision of a statute or constitution, usually subdivided into sections. ② one of the items or clauses in a contract, treaty, or other agreement.从以上两本比较权威的工具书对Article的释义来看,“Article”是宪法、制定法、或合同中“单独的,显著的部分”。
所以,将之译为我国法律条文中的“条”是合适的。
“Article”与“Articles”的区别:“Articles”应译为“条例”。
例如,在《美国宪法》之前颁布的《邦联和永久联合条例》(Articles of Confederationand Perpetual Union),这一宪法性文件直接称自己为“Articles”,不过,我们仍将该“条例”中的具体的13个“Article”译为“条”。
(2)关于section一词的翻译主要有两种观点。
第一种观点:“section”应译为“条”或者“节”,而绝不可以译为“款”。
如陈忠诚先生在其力作《汉英-英汉法律用语辩证词典》中讲“以个人有限的认识而论,在英美有以‘article’称‘条’的,也有以‘section’称‘条’的。
以‘article’译‘条’为常,以‘section’译‘节’为常。
……而未见有以‘section’译‘款’的”(陈忠诚,2000:604)。
第二种观点:“section”可译为“款”。
本文作者认为,section一词在英汉法律英语翻译中,通常译为“节”,也可以译为“条”,极少数情形下可译为“款”。
把Section译为“节”,是因为“section”这一概念有时很大,它比“article”(条)还大,若译为“款”、“项”、“目”过小,译为“章”、“编”则又过大。
例如,在《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》(Agreement onTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,简称Trips协议)中,第二部分《关于知识产权效力、范围和使用的标准》(Standards Concerning the Availability,Scope and Use of Intellectual Property Rights)包括8个section,第三部分《知识产权的实施》(Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights)包括5个section,每个section又包括若干条article。
此时,译为“节”最好。
事实也如此,例如,第二部分中的“SECTION 1: COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS”,中文翻译便将之译为了“第一节:版权和相关权利”。
把section译为“条”,这点很好理解。
当section译为“条”时,subsection则译为“款”。
根据A Dictionary of the Law (Clapp, 2000:389),Section: a subdivision of a statute or document, represented by the symbol§(or §§for“section”). Most statutes and codes are divided into sections.另外,subsection: A part within a section of an act .Each section in a Statute may be further divided into subsections…A subsection is denoted as a number with brackets. For example, s.78(1)of the Trade Practices Act would read as section 78 subsection 1.(陈忠诚,2000:605),上述解释说明,section可译为“条,”subsection则可译为“款”。
由于人们常将上述《美国宪法》中第1-4条(article)中数目不等的“section”译为“款”,而很少有人将这里的“section”译为“节”,所以,将“section”译为“款”,已经是人们约定俗成的一种情形。
总之,英汉法律翻译中的“section”是个相对的词,翻译的时候,译者需发挥主观能动性,选择合适的对应词为好。
但是,同一篇法律条文中,必须遵循“译名同一律”,不可毫无规矩。
(3)关于paragraph, subparagraph的翻译。
本文作者认为,应将paragraph, subparagraph分别译为“条”、“款”。
以往的翻译中,人们也大都将paragraph,译为了“条”。
例如:Subparagraph 1 (b) and 1 (c) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994 shall not apply to the settlement of disputes under this Agreement for a period of five years from the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement.自《WTO协定》生效之日起5年内,GATT 1994第23条第1款(b)项和(c)项不得适用于本协定项下的争端解决。
(4)其他词的翻译。
“Item”一词译做“目”非常合适。
因为“Item”常常是subparagraph(项)下的一个部分。
参考Black’s Law Dictionary (Garner 1999: 837)中对此的解释,Item: In drafting, a subpart of a text that is next smaller than a subparagraph.关于clause一词的翻译,除了可以将其译为“目”之外,更多的情形下应将其译为泛指意义上的“条款”。
例如,《新英汉词典》(1985:208)中对“clause”这个词的解释就是“条款”、“款项”。
此外,不少工具书也均认可“条款”这一译法(费曼,2004:245;薛波,2003:233)。
比如,“clause of devolution”译为“义务承担条款”。
还有rule以及regulation的翻译。
虽然它们与“条款”有一定关系,但不应该有某些工具书中“条”的译法。
rule应该译为“规则”,例如,美国刑法中精神病(insanity)抗辩事由中的“The M’ Naghten Rule”(麦那顿规则)、“The Durham Rule”(德赫姆规则),都可以译为“规则”。
再如,Federal Rules ofCivil Procedure, 译作《联邦民事诉讼规则》,Rules of Evidence译作“证据规则”等等。
regulation则应译为“条例”、“规章”。
依据Black’s Law Dictionary, Regulation一词在美国指“A rule or order, having legal force, issued by an administrative agency or a local government”(Garner, 1999: 1289)。
所以,它是指行政机构颁发的法规,在我国行政机关颁布的法规一般称为“条例”或“规章”。
最后是关于provision以及stipulation的翻译。
有人常将provision与stipulation混用。
实则万万不可。
Stipulation指“契约或协定中的实质性条款”(薛波,2003:1294)。
它只指契约的而不指法律的规定,因此陈忠诚先生主张将其译为“(以契)约(规)定”。
依据Black’s Law Dictionary,stipulation 1.A material condition or requirement in an agreement. 2. A voluntary agreement between opposing parties concerning some relevant point(Garner, 1999: 1427)。
如,stipulated damages (约定损害赔偿金),因此,stipulation应译为“(契约)规定”;而provision则多指“(法律)规定”。
二、汉英法律翻译中的“条”、“款”、“项”、“目”事实上,在英汉法律翻译中,经我们分析到最后,只有六个词即:article, section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, item与法律条文翻译中的条、款、项、目有关。