新闻英语语言特征
新闻英语的特点及翻译技巧
新闻英语的特点及翻译技巧【摘要】News English is a specialized form of English that is crucial in today's fast-paced world. This article explores the importance and characteristics of news English, highlighting its simplicity, objectivity, and timeliness. Additionally, it delves into the key skills required for accurate and fluent news translation. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of improving one's news English proficiency through dedicated methods and underscores the importance of precise news translation. This article serves as a comprehensive guide for understanding the intricacies of news English and the essential techniques for effective news translation.【关键词】新闻英语、特点、简洁性、客观性、及时性、翻译技巧、准确性、流畅性、提高水平、重要性。
1. 引言1.1 新闻英语的重要性News English is a vital tool in today's fast-paced world, serving as a primary source of information for people all aroundthe globe. The importance of news English lies in its ability to deliver timely and accurate news to its audience, enabling them to stay informed about current events, trends, and developments both locally and globally. News English allows individuals to access a wide range of topics and perspectives, helping them to form their own opinions and make informed decisions.1.2 新闻英语的特点1. 简洁性：新闻英语追求简明扼要，用词精准，句式简洁，以便读者能迅速了解事件的要点。
英语新闻特点范文
英语新闻特点范文英语新闻是指使用英语进行报道和传播的新闻内容。
它具有以下几个特点：1.国际化：英语是全球使用最广泛的语言之一，英语新闻可以迅速传播到世界各地。
不同国家和地区的媒体机构都会使用英语报道重要的国际新闻事件，因此英语新闻可以帮助读者了解全球的动态。
2.快速性：随着现代科技的发展，新闻报道的速度越来越快。
英语新闻在报道速度上更快，几乎可以实时更新，因此读者可以及时了解最新的新闻动态。
3.全面性：英语新闻报道涉及的领域广泛，包括政治、经济、文化、体育、娱乐等各个方面。
无论是国际新闻还是国内新闻，英语新闻都能提供全面的报道。
4.客观性：新闻应该是客观、公正的，英语新闻同样追求客观性和公正性。
它不仅提供事实，还提供各方观点和意见，读者可以根据自己的判断形成自己的意见。
5.渠道多样化：英语新闻不仅可以通过传统媒体如报纸、广播、电视进行传播，还可以通过互联网、社交媒体等多种渠道传播。
读者可以通过手机、平板电脑、电脑等设备随时随地阅读英语新闻。
6.吸引力：英语新闻采用简洁明了的语言，注重标题和摘要的吸引力，使读者能够对新闻内容产生兴趣，增加阅读的欲望。
7.流畅性：英语新闻的语言通常流畅自然，遵循英语的语法规则和表达方式。
这使得读者在阅读英语新闻时能够顺畅理解内容，不会因语言障碍而影响理解。
8.多元化：英语新闻不仅关注国际大事和政治经济领域，还关注社会人文、科技创新、环境保护等多领域的消息。
它涵盖了各个方面的新闻内容，满足不同读者的需求。
总之，英语新闻具有国际化、快速性、全面性、客观性、多样化、吸引力、流畅性和多元化等特点。
它是了解全球动态的重要途径，也是提高英语水平和拓宽知识面的有效方式。
【文献综述】An Analysis of Language Features of English News Headlines
文献综述英语An Analysis of Language Features of English NewsHeadlines1. Situation of the ResearchA news headline is the “soul” of an article which gives an immediate revelation of its essence. A good headline can not only attract the readers’ attention, trigger their desire to read but also help them to grasp the main points of the news. Since the special function of news story in our society currently, many scholars from all over the world have paid their focus on the study of news. Through their hardworking, there have been a lot of valuable investigation, theories and approaches applied for further study in future. Moreover, the study of news headline has been a tradition and trend in the realm of news research, which is because news headline is playing a unique role in the whole article (Reah, D. 2002: 13-19). Now, researches on news headlines abroad and at home have made continuous achievements in various aspects.For a longtime, the discussion of news has been the central part of mass media study, which has penetrated into the study of mass communication. In mass communication, there are three basic elements: the sender expresses and edits a message by the means of media; medium is the device of passing the information through time and space; and the receiver is the individual to whom the message is directed (Bell. A. 1991:78). According to these theoretical basics, news headlines are the essence of message that the sender wants to tell the readers. From this point, the special importance of news headlines is obvious to be seen. The best and most comprehensive work is accounted to Van Dijk’s News analysis. In this book, Van Dijk analyzed over 400 million headlines in the Dutch press reporting about an occasion of radical tension between the Dutch and immigrant groups. Under the context of discourse analysis, he pointed out, the complex ideological implication of headlines. Meanwhile, Van Dijk has advanced that “Undoubtedly, the most prominent feature of news discourse is the headlines（1988: 34）. They subjectively express the most important information of the text,that is, the main topic of the semantic macrostructure. They define the situation and, thus, program the reader with a preferred reading and interpretation plan.”Meanwhile, some studies can be seen in some journalists. In 1994, Huang Weihe, published “An Exploration to Types and Linguistic Features of English Headlines” (1999:23). In 1995, Guo Ke carried on the comparative study of features between English and Chinese headlines. In 2001, Shang Yuanyuan compared the impact of variables of context on both generic structure potential and specific language expression from a functional approach by analyzing news headlines (2001:28).2. Existing Problems in the ResearchWith all efforts in the all around research, the thesis achieved some points. But it is really necessary to state that there indeed exist inevitable limitations. It only refers to some most basic issues of the researches of news headline, which ignored some important explorations or developments. Secondly, although this thesis cited some specific news headlines, but the amount is not enough, so it cannot avoid some doubt on the representativeness. Besides, the selected headlines were chosen randomly from the different sections in newspapers including news about world, region, politics, business, education and so on. But the distribution of every section is not so uniform.In the process of writing this paper, maybe it is hard for me to get the useful English materials; I think I can get it from network. During the process of my research, I encountered various problems beyond my ability. In these circumstances, I consulted the teachers; and with their help, I referred to the reference books and materials in library; additionally, discussions with my classmates were also of great value during my research.Experts from both abroad and home have researched the topic deeply, there still leaves much space for improvement in future research. First, a contrastive study in English and Chinese news headlines is untouched. The contrastive study of relevance and presupposition can be studied as a further project. Second, a deep and comprehensive investigation based on a large range o data deserves further study. The research can take a variety of topics ranging from politics, education, sports, entertainment to business. Third, a particular comparative study can be made between different headline sections in newspapers to examine the possible discrepancy in the application n pragmatic theories. It is hoped that this thesis can shed some light on the study of English new headlines from the perspective of pragmatics.3. Orientation of the ResearchIn view of the limitations stated above, it is certain that the present study makes no claim to completeness and leaves much space for improvement in future research. First, a contrastive study in English and Chinese news headlines is untouched. The contrastive study of relevance and presupposition can be studied as a further project. Second, a deep and comprehensive investigation based on a large range o data deserves further study. The research can take a variety of topics ranging from politics, education, sports, entertainment to business. Third, a particular comparative study can be made between different headline sections in newspapers to examine the possible discrepancy in the application n pragmatic theories. It is hoped that this thesis can shed some light on the study of English new headlines from the perspective of pragmatics. Meanwhile, apart from new headlines, there are other types of titles for discourses. More or less, they have some features in common. Therefore, understanding the features of news headline will help us to understand other types of titles, too.The translation of journalistic English including English news headline plays a crucial role in the public affairs of our country as well as in our daily work and life, for it can bring us a great deal of latest information of the world, almost including every field of life. Because of this, we can learn and understand the advanced and advantageous information in the world. Though the translation of news reporting is very valuable, it is really a hard task to fulfill. It requires special translation strategies because journalistic English is quite different from English of other styles. Therefore, the author introduces some strategies for translating English news headlines and gives some examples. On the whole, we can understand better, knowing the features of the English news headline. What’s more, we could translate the headline in a proper way form learning it. The strategies of translation are based on the headline features. Through using some techniques, we could translate the headline better.A headline is the fundamental part of any news. Its language features are so different from those of news that it is often seen as a special kind of style and discussed separately. Generally speaking, a good headline is characterized by conciseness, originality and attractiveness. It is probably for this reason that beginners to journalistic English have no ideaof what the report says at the first sight of its headlines and feel it difficult to comprehend and translate the headlines. But if they get into a full knowledge of the features of English news headlines, it will not be a big problem to understand and translate English news headlines. 4. Process of the ResearchOwing to the increasingly frequent international communication, English newspaper becomes more and more prevalent. News headlines, the condensed essence of news, are helpful for people to get news in formation. Thus, the study of it is not only necessary but also urgent.First phase( -- )：Actively collect, gather and analyze relevant academic materials, carefully read the materials on hands and choose the most useful essays to finally makea preliminary summery toward this topic of An Analytic Study on the LanguageFeatures of English News HeadlinesSecond phase（- ）：Further comb the related academic materials and essays, find out the focuses of this topic to form opinions and collect all the arguments for this essay, form the basic frame of this essay and create the first draft.Third phase（- ）：Carefully correct, fulfill, perfect and improve the essay under the guidance of the tutor to form the second draft. Hand this draft to the tutor for a checkout. Fourth phase（）：Checking and finding out the mistakes, adding what is still needed and to be prepared for the final draft.5. Works Cited[1] Bell. A. The Language of News Media [M]. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1991:78.[2] Crowell, Alfred A. Creative News Editing[M]. Dubuque: Brown Company Publishers,1975: 112.[3] Danuta R. The Language of Newspapers [M]. London: Routledge, 2002: 57.[4] Merriam Webster, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary [M]. Washington:Merriam Webster Inc, 1976: 243.[5] New York time [N]. New York: New York Press, 2007.[6] Reah, D. Newspapers [M]. London: Routledge, 2002: 13-19.[7] Thompson, G. Introducing Functional Grammar [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language andResearch Press, 2001.[8] Twenty-first century [J]. Beijing: China Daily Press, 2007.。
新闻英语翻译特点与技巧分析
新闻英语翻译特点与技巧分析
1. 简洁明了：新闻英语翻译需要尽量保持简洁明了的特点。
新闻通常以简练、精确、直接的形式传递信息，因此翻译时应避免过多的修饰和冗长的句子，力求传达核心消息。
2. 准确传达信息：新闻翻译要准确传达原文中的信息和意思，避免歧义和误解。
在
选择词语和表达方式时，要结合上下文和原文的语气、目的等因素进行准确翻译。
3. 保持语言风格一致：新闻英语翻译要保持语言风格的一致性，和原文一样具有新
闻的特点。
新闻英语通常使用简单句和主动语态，避免过多的从句和被动语态。
同时注意
使用适当的新闻词汇和表达习惯，如“报道”、“消息”等。
4. 处理速度和准确度的平衡：由于新闻的紧迫性和时效性，新闻英语翻译需要在速
度和准确度之间寻找平衡。
在处理新闻时，译者需要尽快完成翻译，同时确保准确传达信息，避免错误。
5. 注意文化差异和敏感性：新闻翻译涉及到不同的文化背景和敏感话题，译者需要
注意文化差异和敏感性。
在处理地名、人名等时，要尊重不同国家和地区的表达习惯。
对
于敏感话题，译者需要根据实际情况进行适当调整和处理。
6. 参考权威资料和行业术语：新闻翻译时可以参考权威资料和专业术语，尤其是在
处理政治、经济、科技等领域的新闻时，需要了解相关行业术语和概念，避免翻译错误和
不准确。
新闻英语翻译需要注意简洁明了、准确传达信息、保持语言风格一致、处理速度和准
确度的平衡、注意文化差异和敏感性，以及参考权威资料和行业术语等技巧。
通过有效的
翻译，能够保持新闻的信息价值和传播效果。
新闻英语翻译特点与技巧分析
新闻英语翻译特点与技巧分析新闻英语翻译是一种特殊的翻译形式，其特点和技巧可以在以下几个方面进行分析。
1. 精准传达信息：新闻英语翻译要求准确传达新闻的实质内容和关键信息，避免增加或省略重要信息。
翻译时要注重准确理解原文，并利用合适的翻译词汇和表达方式传达新闻的要点。
2. 时效性：新闻翻译通常需要在短时间内完成，以保持新闻的时效性。
译者需要快速准确地翻译并传达新闻内容，尽快发布到目标语言的读者中。
3. 简洁明了：新闻英语翻译要求简洁明了，以便读者能够迅速理解。
译者需要精简句子结构、使用简明扼要的表达方式，避免繁琐的修饰或文学性的描写，使得新闻的信息能够更直接地传达给读者。
4. 阅读流畅：新闻英语翻译要求保持良好的阅读流畅性，避免使用生硬的翻译词汇和句子结构，使读者能够顺利阅读并理解新闻内容。
译者需要熟悉目标语言的表达习惯和惯用语，以确保翻译的自然流畅。
在新闻英语翻译中，有一些技巧可以帮助译者更好地完成翻译任务：1. 提前准备：在翻译工作开始之前，译者应该提前收集相关背景知识和术语，了解新闻的内容和背景，以便更好地理解和传达。
2. 注意语言风格：新闻有其特有的语言风格和特点，译者需要理解并准确运用，如简洁明了、利用通俗易懂的词汇、运用文学修辞手法等。
在翻译过程中，译者应尽量保持新闻原文的语言风格和特点。
3. 研究语境：除了理解新闻的内容，译者还需要了解新闻出版媒体的背景和读者群体的需求，以便进行有针对性的翻译。
不同的读者会有不同的认知和阅读习惯，译者需要根据实际情况来适应和调整翻译策略。
4. 短时间内完成：新闻翻译通常需要在短时间内完成，译者需要有高效的工作方式和组织能力，以保证质量和时效性。
翻译过程中可以采用分段翻译、利用在线资源等方法，以加快翻译速度。
新闻英语翻译需要译者具备准确传达信息、保持时效性、简洁明了和阅读流畅等特点和技巧。
掌握这些技巧可以帮助译者更好地完成新闻翻译任务。
新闻英语标题的语言特点
英 文 ： ｕ ｎ ｓ ｉ ｓ“ ｌ ｅ ０ｄ ａ ｏ ｅ ｈＩ ａ Ｂ ｅ ｏ ｒ ｃ ｓ ”ｔ ｅ ｎｆ ｓ Ａ ｅ ｏ ｌ ｒ ＭＦ ｌ ｎ ｏ
Ａ ｇ ｎ ｎ ｅｉｖ ｓ ｉ ｉ ｃｏ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｌ ｇ ａ ｎ ｗ ａ ｒ ｅ ｎ ｒ ｅ ｔ ａ ｂ ｌ ｅ ｔ ｓ ｌｓ ｏ ｓ ａｉ ｅ ｇ ｅ ｍｅ ｔ ｉ ｅ ｎ ｗｉ ｈ ｎｅ ａ ｉｎ ｎ ｔｒ ｕ ｄ，ｄ ｓ ｉ ａ ｔ— ｍｉ ｕ ｅ ｔ ｔｅ Ｉ ｔｒ ｔ ａ Ｍｏ ｅａ ｙ Ｆ ｎ ｈ ｎ ｏｌ ｅ ｐｔ ａ ｌｓ ｅ ｎ ｔ
新闻标题 的定义和功能 三、 新闻标题 的句法特征——省略 在新闻英语 标 题 的句法 特征 中， 略是 最 为 明显 的特 省
一
、
“ 标题 是用来说 明消 息 内容 ， 并通 常 以醒 目的文字 和字 号 出现在消息之上 的简短文 字。标题 的重要 功能 在于 以最
征。因为标题需要在 有 限的版面 中尽可 能清楚地 说明新 闻 的内容 ， 同时还要抓住读者的注意力 ， 因而 ， 闻标题通常采 新 用省略 的办法进行“ 瘦身” 。以下 是英语新 闻标题 常用 的省
２ ， ０ ０ ７ ２０ ）
美 国 国会 通 过 医改 法 案
Ｅｕ ｏ ｏ ￣ ｅ ｓｏ ｂ ｉｏ ｔｐａ ｏ ｅ ｃ ｒ ｚ ｎｅ ａ ｅ ｎ ａｌ ｕ ｌ ｆ ｒＧｒｅ ｅ ｎ
译文 ： 布宜诺斯 艾利斯与 国际货 币基金 组织就新一笔 贷
款 协 议 “ 近 ” 交 接 成 英 文 ： Ｉ ａ ｎ Ｉ ｎａ — ｌ Ｓ Ｃ Ａ ｗ ｒ ｏ ａｉｎＮ ａ ｎ ｙ ｒ Ｔ
与阅读对象的情感距 离 ， 这种时态在新 闻学 中叫做 ｊｕ ｌ － ｏｍａｓ ｉ
ｉ ｐｅｅｔｅ ｅ 新 ｔ ｒｓｎ ｔ ｓ （ 闻现在时 ） 【 。虽 然有 时为 了强 调事 ｃ ｎ ” 】 情的过去 ， 或是正在进行中或者 即将 发生 ， 会使用其它 时态 ， 但是多数英语新 闻标题会使用现在时 ， 以下 的新 闻标题 就可 以证明这 一点 。
英语新闻文体
2、 富于弹性是新闻文体句式的另 一特点。句子长短不一，时松时紧。作 者常使用紧凑句式浓缩信息，具体表现 为省略句式的普遍使用和高度浓缩的前 置修饰。新闻报道中有时也会出现一些 较为庞杂的句式，其目的是提供丰富的 背景材料，反映相关人员的观点看法。 表现形式为定语、状语结构的充分展开 和插入语的适当镶嵌。
（二）、句式多样，富有弹性
英美报刊的句法结构灵活多变，不 拘一格。表现在富于变化和富有弹性两 个方面。 1、 报刊文字中的句式富于变化。在新 闻报道中有倒装句，有省略形式，有借 助副词、动词变化的句式等。形式多样， 变化横生的句式使新闻语言生动活泼， 趣味盎然。
例1 Bucking the trends are much of the middle East and Sub-Sahara Africa. 撒哈拉南部非洲和中东许多地区的情 况与这些趋势正相反。 例2 Already, the presence of large number of Third World immigrants produced chronic racial tension in Great Britain. 大批第三世界移民的涌入，已经造成 了英国国内种族间紧张的关系。
2）Nippon Steel to hold down production 日铁将降低产量 3）Yugoslav pianist stirring music world 斯拉夫钢琴家震动乐坛 除了标题中时态形式比较独特以外， 在新闻报道的正文中也有不按传统规则 使用时态的现象。传统的英语语法规定， 时态应保持一致或呼应。但在新闻英语 中有时却不受这个规则的约束，有较大 的灵活形。
（三）、巧用时态，不拘呼应
时态的运用在新闻文体中有其独特 之处，在标题中尤其突出。为生动简短 起见，标题中常用一般现在时，不定式 和现在分词分别表示过去、将来或正在 进行的动作。例： 1）US Journalism suffers rough year in credibility 一年来美国新闻界信誉下降
新闻英语的特点及翻译
新闻英语的特点及翻译abstract：news as journalism is a genre of publicizing latest events. it informs us of what is going on in the world at large. in the media it is an important commodity as well as a way of attracting audience keen to be informed of the events taking place in the world in which they live.the thesis firstly introduces the concept of journalistic english, its vocabulary and translation; then, the thesis analyzes the language features of journalistic english in the following aspects: glossary, writing, rhetoric and style; the thesis finally introduces the translation of journalistic english so as to further embody its features. a translator should follow the principles of faithfulness and acceptability in translating journalistic neologisms. by mastering the features of journalistic english, we can make our writing, more vivid and interesting, strength the expression of subject, and embroiders the atmosphere.key words：journalistic english; features; translation摘要：新闻是最新事实的报道，它是大众媒体中扮演着一个很重要的角色即吸引观众的注意并向之传送正在发生的时间的信息。
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• 3. 省去宾语从句连接词。 • Pepsi announced (that) it would use Sunett sweetner in a new drink. • 4.省去大城市后的州名。 • An army of bikers wearing black leatherand-denim(皮革-牛仔装) rumbled（发出隆隆声） through the streets of Milwaukee ( Wisconsin), (on) Saturday. • 5. 使用省略句。 • He said (that) he intended to keep fighting if (he is)elected.
6.复合词
• 复合法是把两个或两个以上的词结合在一起构 成新词的方法。复合法可以起到使语句精炼生 动的作用。 • 复合词按词性分类有复合名词，复合形容词， 复合动词，复合介词，复合副词，复合代词， 复合数词，但数量较多的是前三种。 • 1.复合名词：hot line(热线), soft line(温和路 线), identity crisis(性格认同危机), cruise missile(巡航导弹), website(网址), checkbook participation(支票参战；出钱不 出兵的参战), human shield(人肉盾牌)
• 其他形式： • 1.借助说意动词。例如：State Department Spokesman John Hughes issued a polite and justified scolding:”The tradition has been not to criticize the U.S. from foreign platforms– particularly from countries hostile to the U.S.”. • 2. 借助表示说话态度的形容词。例如：Post Executive Editor Ben Bradles was more upbeat:”We are delighted our reporting was vindicated（证明…正确）. It is great day for newspaper. ”
常见的说意动词
• Acknowledge,add,admit, affirm, allege （断言）, agree, announce, argue, ask, assert, boast, claim, complain, challenge （提出异议）, conclude, contend（争论）, declare, elaborate（详述）, emphasize, explain, imply, enquire, insist, joke, maintain（断言）, object, observe（评述）, promise, pledge, reply, refute（反驳）, retort（反诘）, reveal, state, stress, suggest
• 3. 借助介词短语“according to”。例如： But according to a top White House official,”Until Jim Baker and his legislative group took the thing over, we didn’t have a very good idea of whether or how we could win.”
3.引语的使用
• 引语的使用使语言“具有强烈的真实感和直接 感，同时可以增加结构的变化和趣味性”。三 种基本形式： • (1).“说”意动词连接直接引语：“The world signs of hope,”James said. • (2) 间接引语：He added that China supported the WTO’s plan„ • (3) 间接引语中混用直接引语：„Shi Guangsheng said his country will “abide （遵守 ）by WTO rules and honor its commitments while enjoying his rights.”
• 由web-构成的词:webcasting 网络播放, webpage 网页, web TV, webzine 网络杂志, webmaster 网站管理员, website • 由net-构成的词:netwriter 发送电子函件的人, netfiles 网络文件, netgroup 网络用户组, nethead 网虫, net-surf 网上冲浪
• • • • •
3. 联系动词 例1：Cops under Fire(Cops Are under Fire) 例2：Bankers Silent (Bankers Keep Silent ) 4.被动语态或进行时的助动词 例1：Pensioner raped, Criminal jailed(A pensioner was raped, the criminal is jailed) • 例2：Bulls closing in on sixth title(Bulls is closing in on sixth title)
4.词义的升降
• 词义的升格指词从原先表示中性意义或贬义转 为表示褒义，如：nimble(偷东西手脚敏捷的 →巧的，敏捷的),shrewd(邪恶的→机灵 的), craftsman(骗术高明的人→名匠), paradise(花园→天堂), cool(凉爽感的→时 髦的，酷), crazy(疯狂的→极好的), natural(天然的→无污染的，有益健康的), green(绿色的→有益环境保护的).
新闻英语语言特征
新闻英语五大特色
• 大众性：要适合广大听众的水平，语言必须通 俗易懂 • 节俭性：力求在短的时间内尽可能提供多的信 息，语言要简洁 • 趣味性：生动有趣，才能吸引听众注意力 • 时新性：新闻的价值 • 客观性：新闻报道应遵循的准则，文字应准确 具体
1.句式精炼
新闻报道中常常使用省略手段来精炼句式。较为 常见的省略现象有： 1.省去冗词赘语，下划线部分均为多余，通常略 去。 如gather together; at the present time; cancel out; necessary requirement; copperate together;small in size; true facts 2.省去可以略去的冠词。 Single mum Mechell Brinham is at (the) center of public opinions .
• 例如： • SEOUL---Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi’s visit to the Yasukuni war shrine （神殿） on Monday sparked anger and outrage throughtout Asia. • Who: Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi • What: （His）visit to the Yasukuni war shrine sparked anger and outrage • When: on Monday • where： throughtout Asia.
8.网络新词
• 科技的迅猛发展和因特网的出现为语言带来大 量新的词汇。在众多的心词汇当中，首字母缩 略词（Acronyms）所占的比例较大。常用的 有： • BBS:bulletin board system公告牌系统 • DN:domain name域名 • FAQ:frequently asked question常见问题 • FTP:file transfer protocol文件传送协议 • HTML: hyper text makeup language超文本 标记语言
5.标题句式
• 英语新闻标题语言高度凝练，经常采用省略手 段。很多人由于不了解标题省略的方式，往往 感到理解困难。新闻标题通常省略下列成分： • 1.冠词 • 例1：Actor in Crash(an actor in a crash) • 例2：U.S. set for missile attack on Iraq(The U.S. is set for a missile attack on Iraq) • 2.人称代词 • 例1：Man quizzed after wife is knifed in sports store(A man is quizzed after his wife is knifed in a sport store) • 例2：Anne and Baby Are Well.(Anne and her baby are well.)
2.倒金字塔结构
• 典型的纯新闻报道，篇章结构采用的是比较常 见的“倒金字塔模式”（ Inverted Pyramid Form ）。这种模式是按新闻事实重要性梯降 式进行布局。最重要的新闻事实安排在文章的 开头（也称新闻导语），较为次要的内容紧接 导语之后，一般是导语中的新闻要素的说明和 扩展，最为次要的内容放在末尾。这样所组合 的文章便形成顶部大，底部小的倒三角形状， 西方新闻学称此为“倒金字塔结构” （Inverted Pyramid Form）。
• 与词义升格相反的语言现象是词义降格。词义 降格指词从原先表示中性意义或者褒义转为表 示贬义，如：peasant(农民→粗野无知的 人), vulgar(普通人的→庸俗的), propaganda(宣传→宣传伎俩), gay(高兴的 →男同性恋的), hussy(家庭妇女→轻佻的 女人), villain(村民→坏人)。
• 标题除采用省略手段精炼句式外，还使用名词 定语，省去前置词： • 例1：Bread Price Rise(A Rise in the Price of Bread) • 例2：Nuke Protesters Convicted (Protesters against Nuclear Weapons Are Convicted )