American economic

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chapter 2 business english(商务英语)

chapter 2 business english(商务英语)

Notes
• Corporate bond • a bond or security issued by corporations • 公司债券
• 公司债券亦为公司债,是私人公司 或公众公司举借债务时使用的工具。 由发行人根据发行契约发行,为债 券持有人的债权凭证,由发行人承 担还本付息的义务。公司债期限可 短至几天或长达百年。发行人在债 券契约中必须说明资金用途、财务 状况。另外公司债还具有不免税、 有固定发行面值、在交易所上市等 特征。债券的发行通常由评信机构 给予信用评定。
Chapter 2
American Economy 美国经济
What do you know about America?
Can you describe the economic base and industrial structure of America?
What is the current situation of the American economy?
23. Edge
缓慢地移动;挪动;优势
He edged closer to the telephone, ready to grab it. 他慢慢挪向电话机,准备抓起听筒。 He is edging ahead in the opinion polls. 他在民意测验中的支持率正一点点攀升。 Through superior production techniques they were able to gain the competitive edge. 凭借先进的生产技术,他们得以占据竞争优势。
Economic Terms
• 1 retail sales零售额(... the sales volumes and revenue for the retailers including retail shops) • 2 corporate fleets旗舰式公司;大公司

american economy review格式

american economy review格式

american economy review格式American Economy ReviewIntroduction:The American economy plays a critical role not only in the United States but also in the global market. This article will provide a comprehensive review of the American economy, focusing on its trends, challenges, and future prospects.I. Overview of the American EconomyThe American economy is the largest in the world and exhibits resilience despite periodic economic downturns. Its key features include a highly diverse labor force, advanced technology, and a strong entrepreneurship culture. The country boasts a mixed economic system, where both private and government sectors play significant roles.II. Current Economic Trends1. GDP Growth: Over the past decade, the American economy has experienced moderate GDP growth. However, the global pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 significantly impacted the economic growth, resulting in a contraction of GDP. The subsequent recovery has shown promising signs, with a projected GDP growth rate of 6.5 in 2021.2. Unemployment Rate: Prior to the pandemic, theAmerican economy had notably low unemployment rates. However, the outbreak led to a surge in job losses, raising the unemployment rate to unprecedented levels. Post-pandemic recovery efforts and vaccination campaigns have aided in reducing the unemployment rate, which is expected to decline steadily in the coming years.3. Inflation: Inflation has been relatively stable in recent years, with an average annual rate of approximately 2. However, the pandemic-induced disruptions in supply chains and increased government spending have raised concerns about potential inflationary pressures.III. Key Challenges Facing the American Economy1. Income Inequality: The American economy grapples with a widening income gap. Despite overall economic growth, a significant portion of the population experiences stagnant wage growth and limited upward mobility. Addressing income inequality has become a critical challenge for policymakers.2. Fiscal Deficit: The United States has been grappling witha consistent fiscal deficit, fueled by increased government spending and tax policies. While deficit spending can boost economic growth in the short term, it raises concerns about the long-term impact on the national debt and economicsustainability.3. Automation and Job Displacement: Advancements in technology, such as automation and artificial intelligence, pose a threat to job security for many workers. The American economy must adapt by upskilling and investing in new sectors to minimize the impact of job displacement.IV. Future Prospects and Policy Recommendations1. Infrastructure Investment: The American economy can benefit from substantial investments in infrastructure projects. This would not only create jobs but also enhance productivity and improve the country's global competitiveness.2. Renewable Energy Transition: Transitioning to renewable energy sources can lead to job creation, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance energy security. Policymakers should prioritize policies and incentives that support and accelerate the renewable energy transition.3. Education and Workforce Development: Investing in education and workforce development programs is crucial to equip American workers with the skills needed for the jobs of the future. Promoting STEM education, vocational training, and apprenticeship programs can ensure a skilled workforce and enhance economic growth.4. Addressing Income Inequality: Policies such as increasing the minimum wage, expanding access to affordable housing, and improving social safety nets can contribute to reducing income inequality and promoting economic stability.Conclusion: The American economy faces both opportunities and challenges as it strives to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic and ensure long-term sustainable growth. By addressing income inequality, addressing fiscal deficits, adapting to technological advancements, and implementing strategic policies, the United States can navigate a path towards a resilient and prosperous economy.。

american economic review投稿经验

american economic review投稿经验

american economic review投稿经验
American Economic Review是世界上最著名、最具权威性的经济学学术期刊之一,其影响因子非常高。

它是美国经济学会(AEA)的官方出版物,该会是全球规模最大、最重要的经济学组织之一,拥有着众多著名的经济学家和学者。

1. 投稿方式:AER使用在线投稿系统,所有的稿件都必须通过该系统进行提交。

2. 投稿要求:AER接受原创的经济学研究论文,并且要求在投稿前将论文未公开的版本上传至SSRN或其他类似网站。

同时,作者需遵守AER的编写规范和引用格式,确保论文符合期刊的要求和标准。

3. 投稿流程:在提交论文后,AER将自动将论文分派给两名匿名审稿人进行评审。

审稿人的反馈将被发送给作者,作者需要根据反馈意见修改和完善论文。

如果论文被接受发表,则会进入编辑和排版的阶段。

4. 投稿成功率:AER是世界上最著名的经济学期刊之一,因此竞争非常激烈。

相对于其他经济学期刊,它的接受率较低,大约为10%左右。

5. 发表时间:一般来说,从投稿到发表需要6-12个月的时间,但也有可能更长。

American_economy美国经济

American_economy美国经济
ture
• Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs.
American Agriculture
1. The importance of agriculture and the extolling ( 赞美 ) comments to American farmers 1) agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic life, accounting for a larger portion of the U.S.A's GNP 2. United States agriculture dominated by family farms accounted for 87% of the total number of farms, farms accounted for 10% of partnership, corporate farms in 3%
Problems
• While the high productivity of American agriculture has kept food prices low for consumers, farmers have been perhaps too successful. Crop surpluses and low prices have made it too hard for many farmers to make a profit. • A period of economic difficulty began in the early 1980s. Agricultural exports declined, partly due to the high value of the United States dollar (which raised the cost of American products to foreign buyers). Crops prices fell and interest rates rose.

american economic reviews的文章格式 -回复

american economic reviews的文章格式 -回复

american economic reviews的文章格式-回复美国经济评论(American Economic Review,简称AER)是世界上最具影响力和最顶尖的经济学术期刊之一。

该期刊的文章格式非常严谨和规范,以下将一步一步回答关于AER文章格式的问题。

1. 标题页(Title Page):每篇AER文章都需要包含一个标题页。

标题页通常包括文章的题目、作者姓名、作者所在机构的名称和地址、摘要、关键词等信息。

在标题页上,摘要的长度通常不超过150个字。

此外,标题页还可以包括文章的JEL分类号(Journal of Economic Literature,即经济学文献分类号码)。

2. 引言部分(Introduction):在AER文章的引言部分,作者通常会介绍研究的背景和动机,并提出研究问题和目的。

引言部分还可以包括相关文献综述,评述前人研究的工作,同时强调自己研究的创新点。

3. 文献综述(Literature Review):在文章的研究方法或分析部分之前,作者通常会进行文献综述。

在综述中,作者会回顾相关文献,包括前人的研究和理论框架。

这有助于读者了解当前研究的位置和背景。

4. 研究方法或分析(Methods or Analysis):在AER文章的这一部分,作者会详细描述自己研究的方法或者分析框架。

例如,如果涉及经济实证研究,作者可能会描述自己的数据来源、样本选择、变量选择以及模型设定等。

如果是理论研究,作者可能会描述自己的模型建立的假设和证明方法。

5. 实证结果(Empirical Results):对于实证研究,AER文章通常包含对研究结果的详细描述和分析。

作者可能会提供统计结果的表格或图表,并对这些结果进行解读和讨论。

此部分应当严格遵循科学的数据分析原则,确保结果的可靠性。

6. 讨论和结论(Discussion and Conclusion):在讨论和结论部分,作者会回顾自己的研究目的和发现,并进行进一步的讨论。

american economic review格式 -回复

american economic review格式 -回复

american economic review格式-回复American Economic Review (AER) 是世界上最重要的经济学期刊之一,其论文以其严谨的研究方法和深刻的经济洞察力而闻名。

在本文中,我们将一步一步回答关于American Economic Review 格式的问题,并提供一些重要的注意事项和示例,以帮助您更好地了解如何准备一篇AER 论文。

一、标题页首先,在撰写AER 论文时,您需要提供一个标题页。

标题页应包括论文的标题,作者姓名和所属机构的详细信息。

通常还包括日期和作者联系方式。

标题页应按照以下格式排版:[标题][作者姓名][所属机构][日期][作者联系方式]例如:Title: The Impact of Fiscal Policy on Economic GrowthAuthor: John SmithAffiliation: Department of Economics, XYZ UniversityDate: January 1, 2022Email: johnsmithexample二、摘要接下来,在标题页之后,您需要提供一段简短的摘要。

AER 的摘要通常不超过200个单词,并总结论文的主要目的、方法、结果和结论。

摘要应简明扼要,引人入胜,以吸引读者的兴趣。

例如:Abstract: This paper examines the impact of fiscal policy on economic growth using a panel data analysis. The results indicate that expansionary fiscal policies have a positive effect onshort-term economic growth, but their long-term impact is limited. These findings have important implications for policymakers seeking to stimulate economic growth through fiscal measures.三、引言在摘要之后,您需要提供一个引言部分,该部分阐述论文的背景和动机,并明确研究问题和目的。

美国经济未来发展趋势英语作文

美国经济未来发展趋势英语作文

美国经济未来发展趋势英语作文The future development trend of the American economy is a topic that has been widely discussed and debated by economists, policymakers, and the general public. As the world's largest economy, the United States plays a crucial role in shaping the global economic landscape. In recent years, there have been various factors and trends that have influenced the trajectory of the American economy, and it is important to examine these developments from multiple perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding of the future prospects.One of the key factors that will shape the future development of the American economy is technological innovation. The United States has long been a global leader in technological advancement, and this trend is expected to continue in the coming years. The rapid pace of technological innovation has the potential to drive economic growth, create new industries and job opportunities, and enhance productivity. However, it also poses challenges such as job displacement due to automation and the need for workers to adapt to new skills and knowledge. As such, the American economy's ability to harness technological innovation whilemitigating its negative effects will be crucial in determining its future development.Another important aspect to consider is the impact of globalization on the American economy. The United States has been deeply integrated into the global economy, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. Globalization has brought about both opportunities and challenges for the American economy. On one hand, it has opened up new markets for American goods and services, facilitated the flow of capital and talent, and promoted economic growth. On the other hand, it has also led to increased competition from foreign firms, outsourcing of jobs, and trade imbalances. The future development of the American economy will depend on its ability to navigate the complexities of globalization and leverage its benefits while addressing its downsides.Furthermore, the demographic trends in the United States will also have a significant impact on its future economic development. The country is experiencing an aging population, with the baby boomer generation reaching retirement age and a declining birth rate. This demographic shift has far-reaching implications for the labor force, consumer demand, healthcare and social security systems, and overall economic growth. As such, the American economy will need to adapt to these demographic changes by promoting workforce participation, addressing healthcare and retirement challenges, and fostering innovation to drive productivity gains.In addition, the role of government policy in shaping the future development of the American economy cannot be overlooked. The government's decisions on fiscal policy, monetary policy, trade policy, and regulatory framework will have a profound impact on the overall economic trajectory. For instance, tax reforms, infrastructure investment, trade agreements, and measures to address income inequality will all shape the future prospects of the American economy. It is essential for policymakers to strike a balance between promoting economic growth, ensuring social equity, and maintaining financial stability to create a conducive environment for sustainable development.Moreover, the resilience and adaptability of the American business sector will play a crucial role in determining the future development trend of the economy. The United States is home to a diverse range of industries, from technology and finance to manufacturing and agriculture. The ability of American businesses to innovate, compete in the global market, and adapt to changing consumer preferences will be vital for driving economic growth and creating job opportunities. Furthermore, the entrepreneurship and small business sector will also play a significant role in fostering innovation, job creation, and economic dynamism.Lastly, the social and environmental sustainability of the American economy will be a critical factor in shaping its future development trend. As the world grapples with climate change, resource depletion, and social inequality, the American economy will need to transition towards a more sustainable and inclusive model. This will require efforts to promote clean energy, environmentalconservation, social welfare, and inclusive economic growth. The ability of the American society to address these challenges and embrace sustainable practiceswill be essential for ensuring the long-term prosperity and well-being of the economy.In conclusion, the future development trend of the American economy is influenced by a multitude of factors, including technological innovation, globalization, demographic shifts, government policy, business resilience, and social and environmental sustainability. These factors interact in complex ways to shape the trajectory of the economy, and it is important to consider them from multiple perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding. By addressing these challenges and opportunities, the United States can chart a path towards sustainable and inclusive economic development in the years to come.。

american economic review和management science

american economic review和management science

american economic review和managementscienceAmerican Economic Review和Management Science是两种非常重要的经济学刊物,它们在学术界中享有很高的声望,对于经济学领域的研究和发展有着举足轻重的作用。

American Economic Review(《美国经济评论》)是由美国经济学会出版的一本专业学术期刊,被广泛认为是世界上最受尊敬和最具有影响力的经济学期刊。

此刊物始创于1911年,每年出版4期,发表内容涉及经济学、政治学、社会学、统计学等多个学科领域。

AEAR 在全球经济学研究领域拥有很高的学术刊物排名,学者们纷纷努力向该刊物投稿,有幸出版在内的文章,可以积极展示其研究成果,在学术圈中提升自己的知名度。

Management Science(《管理科学》)则是由美国管理科学学会出版的一本学术期刊。

此刊物始创于1954年,每年出版12期。

其发表领域包括管理科学、管理工程、运筹学、人工智能、数据科学、策略管理等领域,作为管理类期刊中最具影响力之一,此刊物尤其在管理科学领域令人瞩目。

MScience的影响因子很高,它还设立了OR(运筹学)和IS(信息系统)两个特刊,专注于运筹学与信息系统领域研究。

AEAR和MScience的影响力之所以强大,一方面是因为它们编辑团队的严谨,另一方面是因为它们发表的文章深入分析了各种复杂的经济学问题,具有重大的实际和学术价值。

此外,AEAR和MScience 在严谨性、学术水平、论文质量等方面都具有很高的标准和要求,因此,从这两个刊物发表文章的学者在学术界中也具有相当的声望。

总之,American Economic Review和Management Science在推动经济学和管理科学研究方面起到非常重要的作用。

此外,它们所发表的高质量文章也为相关行业提供了有益的参考和指导,深刻展现了其在学术界和实际应用方面的重要性。

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American EconomyThe united states is one of the biggest developed country . This increase in globalization is a result of grouth in U.S. and foreign multination industries since the 1961s .Multinational corporations increasingly participate in varions international business arrangements.The U.S. mutinational corparations have entered into a management contract through a joint venture to produce appliances. The multinational corporation provides production ,technical ,and marketing management for a period of time for a fixed fee.The economy of the United States is based upon fee enterprise. Private businesses compete against one another with relatively little interference from the government . Since the depression of the 1930s,when the economy essentially collapsed ,laws have been made gicing the government a more active role in economic and other matters . Business are directly or indirectly owned and opeated by private individuals in order to make a profit .In such a system, individual people and companies in order to make profits. The federal government is involved in the system by regulating busniess in certain ways. For instance, it setablishes antitrust laws to prevent one companyfrom controlling an entire industry,and laws to prevent environment pollution. In contrast to these privately owned,forprofit businesses, there are public government-owned and operated institutions as well as nonprofitinstitutions such as churches and nonprofitcharitable oranizations. These organizations and instiyutions are not tobe confused with business.Until the second half of the last century,the United States was a mainly agricultural nation. The Civil War helped stimulate industry. In the years that followed ,industrialization transformed the country ,although many areas,especially the South, remained mainly agricultural and rural. In the 1950s and 1960s,the U.S. economy grew rapidly. Many companies moced to the South and Soutjwest, and these areas experienced change and growth. Then,in themid1970,economis growth began to slow down.Just as there had been a shift from agriculture to industry ,thertw is now a shift from industry to services ,which are provided by hospitals ,banks ,law firms, hotels and restanrants ,and so on. In recent years, mosr new jobs have been service jobs.Today business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. One reason is that Amerixans view business as bing more firmlybased on the ideal of competition than other institutions in sociaty. Competion is not only good in itself ;it is the means by which other basaic American values such as individual freedom,equality of opportunity ,and hard work. However,Americans are awear that business institution often do not live up to the idears of competition and the support of freedom,equlity of opportunity, and hard work. Americans sometimes distrust the motives ofbusiness people ,believing that they are capable of putting profit before product safety ,or a cleaner environment. There ,most Americans believe business need some government regulation,although they may disagree on how much. There is another reason why business institutions receive respect in the United States. One aspect of the great American dream is to rise from poverty to great weath. This has usually been accomplished through successful business careers. All of the great private fortunes in the nation were built by people who were successful in business, many of them started life with very little. Not only is business seen as the best opportunity for the a,bitious individual to become weathy, it is also seen as benefiting the entire nation.The United Ststes is a large country and is rich in natural resources. It is a leading producer of fuel;fuEl for energy such as coal ,petroleum,and natural gas ; rich soil for agriculture ;water for agriculture;forests which provide wood for building and paper;freshwater and ocean fish. It is a leading producer of many other minerals. The United Ststes grows wheat,corn,and other crops and raises many cows and chickens. Manufacturing is the most important ecinomic activity in the country. The leading products are ;non-electric machinery,transportation equipment,ment products, printed materials,paper,rubber and plastic products.Amercian economy is very important in global marletplace. Americanbusiness has become a part os a much larger global economy. The United States is one of the largest markets in the world ;a consumer society looking for goods from all over the world. Major imports include machiney and tele-communications equipment,oil cars, metal,and chemicals. Not suprisingly ,internationsl trade is important to the U.S. major esports include machinery and high-technology equipment,chemical, cars ,aircrafe,and grains. Much attention is being given to competing successfully in the global market of 21st century.However ,United States can’t compere wit the abudant supply of cheap labor that exits in the countries of the the Pacific and Latin America;there fore,many companies in the United States are moving their manufacturing operations to Asia or Latin American. In the 1990s the North American Free Trade Agreement treaty joined Canada ,the United States,and Mexicao as tradingpartners and craeted new opportunities and new markets. The auto industry has revived and is flourishing. Old giranit corporations laid off thousands of workers, downsizing to become more effecient and competitive. American business now understand that must be highly efficient if it is compete successfully in the global marketplace.Today ,the U.S. ,faces some major economic challenges. One important challenge is increasing its productivity,the efficiency of the labor forces in order increas the rate of economic growth. Another challenge,as the country shifts from manufacturing to services ,is trainpeople to fill new kinds of job.In the United States ,the manager is a cultural hero.the are some essential business protocol in the United States. The United States of America, is now the only superpower in the world, both economically and militarily. Today, the American economic situation is not particularly good, compared to the previous heyday, the period slightly tired. Today, the United States of America, the problem of high unemployment rate has great influence on the recovery of American economy. In general, the United States economy is relatively stable, believe that the United States of America's economic stimulus plan will make the United States economy more stable, more energetic, still maintain a strong momentum, maintain economic dominance.As the saying goes, starve than camels, we still believe that the United States of America, economic stability, the United States of America economic dominance is still unable to shake. The United States has a very developed market economy, current situation of the United States economy is still the world's largest economic power. American industry is very developed, the Midwest is the United States of America's heavy industry and manufacturing center, and Detroit Auto City, city of Pittsburgh steel and so on also shows the eastern industrial developed, while the western new industries, such as aerospace, aircraft manufacturing and so on, so that the United States of America Industryhas been developing constantly, which is why the United States of America today is still why the industrial economic supremacy. In addition, the United States of America's foreign economy and trade is very powerful, and adjacent to the United States, Canada, Japan, China and Asia, have thousands of products abroad every day, such as industrial products, automobile, aircraft, electronic products and so on, trade is very large. America remains the world's largest economy and is the most important, we admittedly.The United States of America service industry is very developed, not only is the advanced facilities, but also because of the number of jobs in the service sector, the three fourths of labor force engaged in the service industry. The United States of America tourism accounted for third of the world, and through the integration of various services, formed a complete set of service mechanism. This also makes the United States through the services to earn a lot of foreign exchange. Because the United States geographical conditions superiority, makes the United States the highly developed agriculture. Therefore, the United States of America is the world's most populous country exports of agricultural products, one of the sources of the most stable. Mineral resources are also very rich, can say, the United States economy should have the development of any conditions. Of course, the United States of America is the world financial center. The Wall Street in New York, a street fluctuations can affect theworld, enough to see the United States economy accounts for the component in the world economy. The American economy is highly developed, many countries around the world are linked to the dollar, therefore, also makes the dollar is relatively stable, the United States of America securities market is a barometer of the world economic situation.Perhaps, today's dominant superpower surface, only, the American economy is faced with many problems, such as unemployment, medical and other social welfare is not perfect, but we still believe, now in government policy, the United States of America's economy will continue to maintain rapid development, economic status is still dominant. The United States is typical of highly developed commodity economy; is also typical of the private monopoly capitalism highly developed; the typical and the development of national monopoly capitalism. It can be said that, as a capitalist industrialized countries, the United States is coming, as a modern capitalist monopoly organization of the country, the United States is established. It is the history of the development of a typical commercial economy and monopoly capitalism.Phase synchronization of American modernization and modern mode of production and organization of the United States of America, that the development of the commodity economy is the nature of capitalism which need to be excluded, clearly the nature of the development process of modernization and the confused, but that this development without theUnited States features, does not conform to the interests of the United States of America capitalism is wrong.The United States is a typical open country. From the North American colonial times, the United States of America and the opening to the outside world forges the indissoluble bound. Do not open, the North American continent in seventeenth Century can not be early capitalism; not open neither have the birth of the United States of America, also won't have formed the United nations. The development of American capitalism and America country is formed and the United States to open to the outside world, to engage in agile without. In modern history, not open there will be no development of the United States of America in the twentieth Century.The United States is not only an immigration country, but also is the frequent movement of a domestic residents kingdom. It is the product of the high development of commodity economy and the United States of America continuous immigration tide, is also an important reason to promote the economic development of the United States of america. Flow of the North American continent performance changing for the residents of migration and distribution, as well as the urbanization and the rapid development of city, rural resident population distribution changes sharply. It reflects the transfer of the United States population redistribution rate.Highly developed commodity economy provides the objective economic condition of high mobility; westward movement and continental expansion is a powerful force for high mobility; modern industrialization and modernization and greatly promote the development of high mobility; pilot transportation and communications business and high migration rate and create favorable environment; the capitalist market economy system and the United Nations and the spirit of innovation is the high mobility of the push factors. The United States of America benign the frequent movement of the population in favor of the United States of America economic modernization; conducive to the United States the development of social and cultural diversity; is conducive to the rational distribution and the overall development of the United States; is conducive to improving the quality of the population.From the founding of trade as the superpower's foreign trade, foreign trade has not established without the United States of America; there can be no rapid development of American modernization; there is no formation of a superpower. Trading nation in the process, the United States adopted a policy of free trade and protective trade balance and turn. As an important manifestation of the open type of the United States of America, since twentieth Century, the United States basically the implementation of open-door policy. From the China open door to open global door policy, it shows that the global economic modernization andpolitical democratization process, far-reaching impact of this policy for international relations have.As for the ongoing reform and policy adjustment, we will elaborate the following a few lecture. Tell us the United States the road of the reform and open policy, the United States of America in less than 400 years, from the wilderness to the world's number one superpower, thanks to the reform and opening up; no reform and opening up have the United States characteristics. In the modern capitalist countries, the United States of America's reform and opening-up occupy a leading position in Western world.。

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