投票器设计说明书

合集下载

电子投票机指导手册说明书

A guide for the VotersControl unit and Balloting UnitofElectronic Voting Machine1. Why should you vote?India is the largest democracy in the world. The right to vote and more importantly the exercise of franchise by the eligible citizens is at the heart of every democracy. We, the people, through this exercise of our right to vote have the ultimate power to shape the destiny of country by electing our representatives who run the Government and take decisions for the growth, development and benefit of all the citizens.2. Who can vote?All citizens of India who are 18 years of age as on 1st January of the year for which the electoral roll is prepared are entitled to be registered as a voter in the constituency where he or she ordinarily resides. Only persons who are of unsound mind and have been declared so by a competent court or disqualified due to ‘Corrupt Practices’ or offences relating to elections are not entitled to be registered in the electoral rolls.3. What is an electoral roll?3.1 An electoral roll is a list of all eligible citizens who are entitled to cast their vote in an election. The electoral rolls are prepared Assembly Constituency wise. An electoral roll for any Assembly Constituency is sub-divided into parts corresponding with the polling booths. The Election Commission of India has decided to generally have a maximum of 1200 electors per booth. The polling booths are so set up that no voter should ordinarily travel more than 2 kms. to reach the polling booth. Normally, one part will correspond with one polling booth.3.2 To exercise your franchise, the first and foremost requirement is that your name should be in the electoral roll. Without your name registered in the relevant part for the area where you ordinarily reside in the Assembly Constituency, you will not be allowed to exercise your franchise. Therefore, it is your duty to find out whether your name has been registered or not.4. How to register?4.1 The Election Commission prepares the electoral rolls through a process of intensive revision where house-to-house enumeration is done and electors residing in each house are registered by official enumerators who go physically from door-to-door to collect the information about electors. This process is done normally once in five years. Between two Intensive revisions, summary revisions are done every year during a specified period when persons who are left out of the electoral rolls are given an opportunity to register themselves by applying in Form-6. It is also expected from you to get your name deleted from the place where you earlier resided, and get it included at new place in case you have shifted. For this, on your part, it is sufficient that you file claim application in Form 6 before the Electoral Registration Officer of the new place and in that application give the full address of your earlier place of residence. Short absence from place of residence does not debar one to continue his/her name in electoral roll. Similarly, deletions are carried out of electors who have died or who have shifted residence from one area to another outside the prescribed part of the electoral roll. You should note that you can be registered only at one place. Registration in more than one place is an offence.4.2 During Intensive Revision of electoral rolls which normally takes place once in five years, a draft roll is prepared after house to house enumeration and published at every polling booth location for inviting claims and objections. Any eligible person can file claim in Form No. 6 for inclusion of his name in the roll or raise an objection to somebody’s name or for deletion of his or any other person's name in Form No. 7. Similarly if any particulars in the electoral roll are to be modified such as name, house number, middle name, last name, age, sex, epic number etc. a claim in Form No. 8 can be filed. In case any elector has changed his house from the polling area of one booth to other booth in the same Assembly Constituency he can file application in Form No. 8A for change/transposition from one electoral part to other part.4.3 During Summary revision of electoral rolls which takes place every year, the existing electoral rolls are published at each polling booth locations to invite claims and objections for inclusion, deletion, modification andtransposition. After due enquiry all the claims and objections are decided anda supplementary electoral roll is prepared and published.4.4 Even after the final publication of electoral rolls the process of continuous updation of electoral rolls goes on and the citizens are free to file any application for the addition, deletion, modification and transposition with the Electoral Registration Officer.4.5 As per the law, your name can be registered upto the last date of filing nominations by candidates that has been notified by the Election Commission for any general election or bye-election to an Assembly or Parliament. To enable the Electoral Registration Officer to take action on your application, you must apply at least ten days before the last date of making nominations as he has to mandatorily invite objections by giving a seven clear days notice before including your name in the roll. If you apply later than ten clear days before the last date for nominations your name may not be included for the purposes of that particular election.5. How to check your name in the electoral rolls and to find the polling station where you have to go to vote?As an elector you should immediately check whether your name has been included in the electoral roll of the constituency where you reside or not. You can find out this information from the Electoral Registration Officer of your area. Electoral rolls in all major cities have now been displayed on official websites also.6. Do you have an Electors’ Photo Identity Card (EPIC)?The Election Commission of India has made voter identification mandatory at the time of poll. The electors have to identify themselves with either Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) issued by the Commission or any other documentary proof as prescribed by the Commission.7. Will possession of an EPIC alone entitle you to vote?7.1 You should note that mere possession of an EPIC issued to you does not guarantee you your vote, because it is mandatory that your name should appear in the electoral roll.Once you have found out that your name is there in the electoral roll and you also possess an identification document prescribed by the Election Commission (EPIC or others), you are entitled to vote.7.2 Before you come to the polling booth, there are some other important aspects that you need to know as an elector and a conscientious citizen of the country.8. What is the Disclosure by Candidates?8.1 Recently the Election Commission of India has made it mandatory consequent upon a Judgment of Hon’ble Supreme Court that all candidates must file an affidavit along with their nomination form with details such as:-i. his/her criminal antecedents,ii. his/her assets and liabilities and those of his/her spouse and dependents, andiii. his/her educational background.This has been done with a view that every citizen has a right to know about the candidates contesting an election and make an informed choice.8.2 The Election Commission has directed all Returning Officers to display the copies of nomination papers and accompanying affidavits received during any day on his notice board immediately on receipt and make copies of these for distribution to the press and any members of public who want this information, free of cost. Any citizen of the country can obtain copies of the nomination form and the affidavit filed by any candidate from the Returning Officer and it shall not be refused. As a voter you have every right to seek this information and get it.8.3 The details of the dues owed by the candidates to the Government are published by giving an advertisement in the leading newspapers by the Returning Officer for the benefit of electors.8.4 Above measures help the electors make an informed choice about the candidate they are going to vote for.9. What are the basic do’s and don’t’s as polling day approaches?9.1 As a voter you should also know the aspects that are considered as corrupt practices or electoral offences:(i) Offering or accepting money or any other gratification either to vote foror not to vote for a particular candidate.(ii) Inducement by way of liquor, feast, gifts, etc. to vote for or not to vote for a particular candidate.(iii) Inducement to vote or not to vote for a particular candidate on the grounds of religion, caste, community, sectarian beliefs or place of birth.(iv) Threat to an elector of ex-communication if he votes for or against a particular candidate.(v) Offer of free conveyance to any elector to go to or from any polling station.10. What is the process of voting? How do you go about it?10.1 The poll date and hours are fixed by the Election Commission India and they are well publicized before all elections.10.2 When you reach the polling station, entry will be regulated by queues. There will be separate queues for men and women voters and the physically handicapped persons. The persons who enforce the queues will allow 3-4 voters into the polling station at a time. Physically handicapped voters and women voters with babies in arm will be given precedence over the other voters in the queue.10.3 Stage 1:When you enter the polling station, you will go to the First Polling Officer who is in-charge of the marked copy of the electoral roll and responsible for identification of electors. You should keep your identity document ready to show to the First Polling Officer. You can also show to him the unofficial identity slip giving your particulars. However, you should note that unofficial identity slip only helps in locating your name in the electoral roll but is not a guarantee of your identification. The First Polling Officer will then call out your name and serial number so that the polling agents become aware of your presence and your identity is not challenged.10.4 Stage 2: Thereafter, if your identity is not challenged, you will proceed to the Second Polling Officer who will mark your left forefinger with the indelible ink. Thereafter, he will proceed to record your serial number in the electoral roll in the Register of Voters. Once this is recorded, you are to sign in the appropriate column in the Register of Voters. If a voter cannot sign, his/her thumb impression will be obtained. The Second Polling Officer will then give you a signed voter’s slip which will record your serial number in the register of voters and your serial number in the electoral roll.10.5 Stage 3:You will then proceed to the Third Polling Officer who will take the voter’s slip issued to you by the Second Polling Officer. The Third Polling Officer will press the "Ballot" button on the Control Unit of voting machine and direct you to the voting compartment where you will record your vote on the balloting unit of the voting machine. Please note that each voter will proceed to the voting compartment in exactly the same sequence in which his/her serial number is recorded in the voters’ register.10.6 Stage 4:Voting Procedure.•Inside the voting compartment, you are to press the blue candidate button on the Balloting Unit against the name and symbol of the candidate of your choice.•Press the button only once.•On the candidate button being pressed, the red lamp will glow against the name and symbol of that candidate.•There will also be a beep sound heard to indicate that your vote has been recorded and the Busy lamp goes off in the Control Unit.•This process is repeated for other voters till end of the poll.10.7 You must remember that secrecy of voting is important.Every elector is expected to maintain the secrecy of voting and in case of failure to maintain secrecy the elector may not be permitted to vote. Any person who violates the secrecy, will be booked for an offence under Section 128 of Representation of People Act, 1951. You should, therefore, not disclose to any person who you have voted for. Similarly, if any election official attempts to obtain information on who you have voted for, it will amount to an offence committed by that official. Photography of a voter casting vote is prohibited. It may also be noted that no polling official or agent can come inside the voting compartment underthe pretext of helping you to vote. You can, however, be permitted to take a companion of not less than 18 years with you for recording your vote, if for any physical infirmity you require such assistance.11. Can you decline to cast your vote at the last stage?11.1 The law enables a voter to decline casting his vote at the last stage. If you decide not to cast your vote after having signed on the Register of Voters and after having received the voters’ slip from the Second Polling Officer, you must inform the Presiding Officer immediately. He will then take back the voters’ slip from you and proceed to record in the remarks column of the Register of Voters that you have declined to exercise your franchise and you will be required to put your signature under such entry. After this is done, you can leave the polling station without proceeding to the Voting Compartment. 12. What happens when your vote is challenged?In case your identity as a voter is challenged by a polling agent of any candidate, on the ground that you are not the person whose name is listed on the rolls, the Presiding Officer will ask the challenger to give evidence in proof, of his challenge. Similarly, he will ask you for proof of your identity. You can use your EPIC or any other supporting document like Passport, Ration card etc. for this purpose. If the challenge is not established, you will be allowed to vote. However, if challenge is established, you will be debarred from voting and handed over to the police with a written complaint by the Presiding Officer.13. What happens if someone else has cast the vote in your name?13.1 If the First Polling Officer tells you on arrival inside the polling station that your vote has already been cast, bring this to the attention of the Presiding Officer immediately. The law allows you to cast a Tendered Vote. A Tendered Ballot Paper, as per Rule 49P of the Conduct of Elections Rules, will be given to you and you will be required to sign your name on the list of tendered votes. A tendered ballot paper is the same as the ballot paper displayed on the balloting unit, except that it shall be endorsed on the back, with the words, “Tendered Ballot Paper” either stamped by the Returning or written by the Presiding Officer at the time of issuing it.13.2. After marking your choice of candidate with the help of Arrow Cross Mark rubber stamp you should hand over the tendered ballot paper to the Presiding Officer, who will keep it in a separate cover. Please note that in such case, you will not cast your vote on the EVM.14. What are the grievance redressal mechanisms available to you?14.1 If you have any grievance in regard to electoral roll, Electors Photo Identity Card or any other election related matter you may approach following Officers:-Chief Electoral Officer---------------- At the State LevelDistrict Election Officer---------------At the District LevelReturning Officer-----------------------At the Constituency LevelAssistant Returning Officer-----------At Taluka/Tahsil LevelElectoral Registration Officer---------- At the Constituency LevelPresiding Officer-----------------------At Polling StationZonal Officer ------------------------For a group of Poling stations(Detailed addresses etc. to be provided by the CEO)14.2 During every election, the Commission appoints Observers who are senior civil service officers from outside the state. If you have any grievances or problems, you should approach them.。

投票系统需求说明书

网站投票需求说明书1.前言 ...................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

编写目的................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

背景说明................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

系统应用范围............................................ 错误!未定义书签。

任务概述................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

系统功能................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

开发环境................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

2. 应对方案 ................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

项目建设原则............................................ 错误!未定义书签。

实用性原则........................................... 错误!未定义书签。

|可靠性原则........................................... 错误!未定义书签。

安全性原则........................................... 错误!未定义书签。

兼容性原则........................................... 错误!未定义书签。

信息服务动态模型原则................................. 错误!未定义书签。

投票器设计说明书word版本

投票器设计说明书单片机课程设计说明书课题：班级投票显示器班级：机电101-4班姓名：刘洋指导老师：姜凤国同组成员：王仁、刘胜、赵强波、林巍烟台大学机电汽车工程学院目录前言 (3)第一章绪论 (4)1.1 概述 (4)1.2 设计目的 (4)1.3 设计任务和内容 (4)第二章总体设计及核心器件简介 (6)2.1 总体设计 (6)2.2 MCS-51单片机 (6)2.3 LED数码显示器 (10)2.4 发光二级管 (13)第三章投票显示系统电路设计与仿真 (14)3.1 投票显示系统总体功能实现 (14)3.2 系统流程图 (15)3.3 程序编写 (17)3.4 仿真与调试 (19)前言单片机技术是现代电子工程领域一门迅速发展的技术，它的应用已渗透到各种嵌入式系统中。

毫不夸张地说：掌握单片机技术信息类学生就业的一个重要条件。

同时单片机技术又是一门实践性很强的学科。

课程设计教学环节的设计和实施，在很大程度上决定了我们对单片机的掌握程度。

为了更好的完成课程设计这一重要教学环节，我们采用Proteus软件与Keil软件整合构建单片机虚拟实验平台。

首先在PC上利用Proteus软件自己搭建硬件电路，并利用系统提供的功能完成电路分析，系统调试和输出现实的硬件设计部分，同时在Keil软件中编制程序，进行相应的编译和仿真，完成系统的软件设计部分。

当系统的设计工作完成后，就可以在PC上看到最终的运行效果。

最后在通过Proteus设计PCB，在完成真正硬件的调试。

采用以上方案具有以下优势:有利于促进课程和教育改革，更有利于人才的培养；从经济性、可移植性、可推广性角度讲，建立这样的课程设计平台是非常有意义的，利用仿真系统，可以节约开发时间和开发成本，利用仿真系统具有很大的灵活性和可扩展性。

第一章绪论1.1 概述目前投票显示系统电路的应用可以说非常广泛，班级投票，公司竞选，文娱节目等许多不记名投票活动都经常会用到各式各样的投票器，虽然这些投票器外观和样式都有所不同，功能可能也有多有少，但他们的原理都大同小异。

五人投票机系统设计

《可编程逻辑控制器》课程设计任务书——供10级电气工程及其自动化、电气工程与自动化、自动化专业学生用引言：《可编程逻辑控制器》课程设计是该课程的一个重要教学环节，既有别于毕业设计，又不同于课堂教学。

它需要学生统筹运用所学基本理论、基本方法对现实生活中的实际系统进行设计和调试。

一、设计题目二：五人投票机系统设计本设计要求熟练使用西门子公司的S7-200系列产品的指令系统，根据控制要求进行PLC梯形图编程，设计一个六人投票机系统。

二、系统工作过程说明如下图所示，为一个设计五人投票机系统模拟图，即五人对对象进行投票，开关接通，表示赞成，开关打开表示反对，若反对人数较多，则表示没通过；若赞成人数较多，则表示通过。

图1 五人投票机设计要求：1、按下“启动”开关，开始计时，必须在5s的时间内完成投票，赞成则按下投票按钮，指示灯亮，表示投票成功；不赞成则不按投票按钮。

2、5s后投票停止后，存储器中的结果为最终结果。

将结果进行比较，并显示投票结果。

投票结果用三个灯（Y0,Y1）显示，Y0表示通过，Y0闪烁表示全票通过，Y1表示没通过。

3、当投票结果显示后，就不再接受任何信息，即使再投票，仍然不会改变其结果。

4、按下复位开关，所有的投票等立即熄灭，结果清零，可进行再次开始投票。

5、主持人按下停止按钮，系统停止工作。

三、设计步骤：（1）对系统进行需求分析，确定I/O点数，分配I/O地址；（2）画出PLC硬件接线图；（3）绘制PLC梯形图；（4）系统上机调试。

目录《可编程逻辑控制器》课程设计任务书 (1)一、设计题目二：五人投票机系统设计 (1)二、系统工作过程说明 (1)三、设计步骤： (2)摘要 (4)一、绪论 (5)1、设计目的 (5)2、设计内容 (5)3、要实现的目标 (5)二、系统分析及硬件设计 (5)1、系统工作说明 (6)2、系统I/O分配 (6)3、PLC外围接线 (7)三、系统软件设计 (8)1、系统流程图 (8)2、系统程序设计 (9)四、系统调试 (11)五、总结 (14)六、参考文献 (15)七、附录 (16)1、语句表 (16)2、其他图表 (18)摘要本设计需要统筹运用所学基本理论、基本方法对现实生活中的实际系统进行设计和调试。

在线投票系统说明书

长沙学院课程设计说明书题目在线投票系统系(部) 数学与计算机科学系专业(班级) 信息与计算科学（2013级1班）姓名王波学号**********指导教师刘欣、杨刚起止日期2015.12.7—2015.12.25摘要在线投票系统是本学期学习了JSP程序设计教程之后编写出来的一个基于jsp技术的小的投票网站，在这个系统中我应用了jsp技术中的servlet技术、javabean技术、以及HTMLDOM等编程相关的内容。

目录摘要.............................................................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

第1章设计内容与要求.............................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

1.1课程名称........................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

1.2设计要求........................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

第2章需求分析.......................................................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。

10人投票机课程设计

10人投票机课程设计一、课程目标知识目标：1. 学生能够理解投票机的原理和功能，掌握其操作步骤。

2. 学生能够运用所学编程知识，设计并实现一个简易的10人投票系统。

3. 学生了解数据统计和结果显示的基本方法，并能运用到投票系统中。

技能目标：1. 学生能够运用所学编程语言，独立完成投票系统的代码编写和调试。

2. 学生能够通过小组合作，进行投票系统的设计与实施，提高团队协作能力。

3. 学生能够运用信息技术手段，解决实际问题，提高解决问题的能力。

情感态度价值观目标：1. 学生对编程产生兴趣，培养自主学习计算机技术的积极性。

2. 学生在投票过程中，培养公平、公正、公开的价值观。

3. 学生通过小组合作，学会尊重他人意见，提高沟通表达能力。

4. 学生在课程实践中，体会科技对社会发展的作用，增强社会责任感。

课程性质：本课程为信息技术课程，结合编程、数据统计和团队协作等知识点，以实践操作为主，培养学生的动手能力和创新能力。

学生特点：本课程面向五年级学生，学生已具备一定的编程基础和信息技术素养，对新鲜事物充满好奇，喜欢动手实践。

教学要求：教师应关注学生的个体差异，提供有针对性的指导，鼓励学生主动参与，充分调动学生的积极性和创造性，确保课程目标的实现。

同时，注重分解课程目标为具体的学习成果，以便进行有效的教学设计和评估。

二、教学内容本课程教学内容主要包括以下三个方面：1. 投票机原理与操作：- 投票机的功能与作用- 投票机的操作步骤与注意事项- 投票数据的统计与展示方法教学大纲：第1课时，介绍投票机原理与功能；第2课时，实操练习投票机的操作步骤。

2. 编程设计：- 编程语言基础（如Scratch、Python等）- 编程实现投票系统的功能- 编程调试与优化教学大纲：第3课时，复习编程语言基础；第4课时，编写投票系统代码；第5课时，调试与优化代码。

3. 团队协作与项目实施：- 小组分工与合作- 投票系统的设计与实施- 项目展示与评价教学大纲：第6课时，分组并讨论项目设计；第7课时，实施投票系统项目；第8课时，展示项目成果并进行评价。

基于单片机控制的投票器(分机)设计毕业设计(论文)word格式

单片机投票器(分机)设计摘要：近年来随着科技的飞速发展，单片机的应用正在不断地走向深入，同时带动传统控制检测日新月益更新。

在实时检测和自动控制的单片机应用系统中，单片机往往是作为一个核心部件来使用，仅单片机方面知识是不够的，还应根据具体硬件结构，以及针对具体应用对象特点的软件结合，以作完善。

基于单片机串行通讯技术的投票器（分机）的设计制作过程，以MCS-51系列单片机为控制核心设计投票系统的分机控制器。

投票器（分机）由单片机、三个按键、两个指示灯和串行通信接口等组成.三个键分别表示赞成、反对和弃权，可由多台分机与一台主机构成一个投票系统，投票前由主持人按主机复位键对整个系统所有分机进行复位初始化，接着进行投票，到投票结果被主机接收完成投票。

本系统功率较小，操作简单，有较强的实用性等特点。

关键词:单片机；投票器：分机；接口电路：多机通讯原理目录1 选题意义、方案论证................................................... (3)2 系统组成原理与主要功能.................................................. . (3)3 硬件电路设计 (5)3.1 MCS-51单片机的选择及芯片参数 (5)3.2 RS-485芯片选择及其参数 (7)3.3 时钟电路及复位电路 (9)3.4 按键及指示灯设计 (9)3.5 串行通讯接口的电路设计........................................ ........... (9)4 软件程序设计 (9)4．1 基本原理........................................................ . (9)4．2 通讯协议 (10)5 软、硬件调试及性能分析......................................................... (13)6 结论 (13)课程设计体会................................................... (13)参考文献 (15)附录 (16)附录1 电路原理图 (16)附录2 程序清单 (17)1 选题意义、方案论证本设计要求利用MCS-51系列单片机为控制核心，设计投票系统的分机控制器，用于表决活动。

课程设计投票器设计说明书

·XTAL1 片内振荡器反向放大器和时钟发生线路的输入端。
·XTAL2 片内振荡器反相放大器和时钟发生线路的输出端。
2.2.3时钟电路
51系列单片机的时钟信号产生通常有两种方式，内部时钟方式和外部时钟方式
我们采用内部时钟方式，如图，引脚 XTAL是片内振荡器反向放大器和时钟发生线路的输入端。XTAL2是片内振荡器反相放大器的输出端。当使用片内振荡器时，外接石英晶体和微调电容。
2.2
·P0口 8位、漏极开路的双向I/O口。
当使用片外存储器及外扩I/O口时，P0口作为低字节地址/数据复用线。在编程时，P0口可用于接收指令代码字节；程序校验时，可输出指令字节。P0口也可做通用I/O口使用，但需加上拉电阻。作为普通输入时，应输出锁存器配置1。
·P1口 8位、准双向I/O口，具有内部上拉电阻。
（1）编写项目功能说明书，确定应用系统的功能和具体参数；
（2）设计电路原理图；
（3）编写C语言源程序，程序中加注必要的注解说明；
(4)实物制作与调试；
（5）编写设计说明书。
第二章电路设计
2.1
整个设计以AT89C51单片机为核心，点触开关控制信号通过单片机I/O口，单片机处理信号并将结果通过LED数码管显示，最终按键复位单片机。总体设计如下图。
51系列单片机通常有上电复位和按键复位两种方式。我们采用了最简单的一种上电复位及按键复位电路如图所示，上电后，由于电容充电，使RESET持续一段时间的高电平，完成复位操作；当单片机处于运行中或死锁时，按下“复位”按钮，也可使单片机进入复位状态。通常选择C=10~30uF, R=100~1000Ω。
2.2.5数码管显示电路
{if(!P11) /*判断总控开关，按下则执行以下程序*/

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

单片机课程设计说明书课题：班级投票显示器班级：机电081-7指导老师：刘鹏同组成员：赵庆栋、赵泽峰、张涛、钟伟宝、郭宁、吕义超、吴建科烟台大学机电汽车工程学院前言 (3)第一章绪论 (4)1.1 概述 (4)1.2 设计目的 (4)1.3 设计任务和内容 (4)第二章总体设计及核心器件简介 (6)2.1 总体设计 (6)2.2 MCS-51单片机 (6)2.3 LED数码显示器 (10)2.4 发光二级管 (13)第三章投票显示系统电路设计与仿真 (14)3.1 投票显示系统总体功能实现 (14)3.2 系统流程图 (15)3.3 程序编写 (17)3.4 仿真与调试 (19)单片机技术是现代电子工程领域一门迅速发展的技术，它的应用已渗透到各种嵌入式系统中。

毫不夸张地说：掌握单片机技术信息类学生就业的一个重要条件。

同时单片机技术又是一门实践性很强的学科。

课程设计教学环节的设计和实施，在很大程度上决定了我们对单片机的掌握程度。

为了更好的完成课程设计这一重要教学环节，我们采用Proteus软件与Keil软件整合构建单片机虚拟实验平台。

当系统的设计工作完成后，就可以在PC上看到最终的运行效果。

最后在通过Proteus设计PCB，在完成真正硬件的调试。

因此现将基本原理熟练掌握，以后再进行功能扩展就简单易行了。

本文论述了利用单片机制作投票系统的全过程，包括阐述该系统的基本工作原理，利用WAVE软件进行程序编与调试和Proteus ISIS仿真软件进行电路模拟仿真，实物制作与调试。

1.2 设计目的（1）加强对单片机和C51语言的认识，充分掌握和理解设计各部分的工作原理、设计过程、选择芯片器件、模块化编程等多项知识。

（2）用单片机模拟实现具体应用，使个人设计能够真正应用。

（3）把理论知识好实践相结合，充分发挥个人能力，并在实践中锻炼。

（4）提高利用已学知识分析和解决问题的能力。

（5）提高实践动手能力。

1.3 设计任务和内容1.3.1 设计任务分组按照选定题目的设计任务，设计各种单片机应用系统，设计工作量至少要包含：（1）用MCS-51单片机，12MHz时钟，常规的上电和手动复位电路；（2） 3个以上的按键；（3） LED或/和数码管或/和LCD显示及其接口；（4）至少2路输入信号，可以是模拟量或数字量。

1.3.2 设计要求（1）设计一个投票系统，具有计票显示功能；（2）可实现6人同时进行投票，累计票数在显示器上显示；（3）主持人使用一个按键开关控制开始投票，终止投票和清零；（4）投票开始后每人能且仅能投一次票，多投无效；创新：（1）增加发光二极管显示有效性；（2）增加LED显示器显示投票轮数；1.3.3 设计内容（1）编写项目功能说明书，确定应用系统的功能和具体参数；（2）设计电路原理图；（3）编写汇编语言或C语言源程序，程序中加注必要的注解说明；（4）编写设计说明书。

第二章总体设计及核心器件简介2.1 总体设计整个设计以AT89C51单片机为核心，点触开关控制信号通过单片机I/O 口，单片机处理信号并将结果通过LED 数码管显示。

以发光二极管显示信号输入的有效性，最终上电复位单片机。

总体设计如下图。

2.2 MCS-51单片机2.2.1 AT89C51单片机内部结构AT89C51是一种低电压,高性能CMOS 8位单片机,采用ATMEL 公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产,兼容标准MCS-51指令系统,片内置通用8位中央处理器(CPU)和4K 字节FLASH （FPEROM —Flash Programmable and Erasable Read OnlyMemory ）存储单元,功能强大AT89C51单片机可为您提供许多高性能比的应用场合,可灵活应用在各种控制领域。

单片机的可擦除只读存储器可以反复擦除1000次。

该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造，与工业标准的MCS-51指令集和输出管脚相兼容。

由于将多功能8位CPU 和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中，ATMEL的AT89C51是一种高效微控制器，AT89C51是它的一种精简版本。

AT89C51复位电路 I/O 口8051 单片机 LED 数码管显示信号源时钟电路单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了一种灵活性高且价廉的方案。

AT89C51单片机的主要工作特性：·内含4KB 的FLASH 存储器，擦写次数1000次；·内含28字节的RAM ；·具有32根可编程I/O 线；·具有2个16位可编程定时器；·具有6个中断源、5个中断矢量、2级优先权的中断结构；·具有1个全双工的可编程串行通信接口；·具有一个数据指针DPTR;·两种低功耗工作模式，即空闲模式和掉电模式；·具有可编程的3级程序锁定定位；AT89C51的工作电源电压为5（1±0.2）V 且典型值为5V,最高工作频率为24MHz.AT89C51各部分的组成及功能：图2-1还有，AT89C51可降至0Hz 的静态逻辑操作,并支持两种软件可选的节电工作模式。

空闲方式停止CPU 的工作,但允许RAM,定时/计数器,串行通信口及中断振荡器和时钟电路数据存储器 128字节程序存储器14KBCPU两个16位定时器计数器中断控制总线扩展控制器并行可编程 I/O 口可编程串行口内部总线外部中断扩展控制 P0 P1 P2 P3 RXD TXD系统继续工作。

掉电方式保存RAM中的内容,但振荡器停止工作并禁止其它所有部件工作直到出现下一个硬件复位。

2.2.2 AT89C51单片机的引脚说明1.引脚排列及功能AT89C51的封装形式有PDIP,TQFP,PLCC等，现以PDIP为例。

（1）I/O口线·P0口 8位、漏极开路的双向I/O口。

当使用片外存储器及外扩I/O口时，P0口作为低字节地址/数据复用线。

在编程时，P0口可用于接收指令代码字节；程序校验时，可输出指令字节。

P0口也可做通用I/O口使用，但需加上拉电阻。

作为普通输入时，应输出锁存器配置1。

P0口可驱动8个TTL负载。

·P1口 8位、准双向I/O口，具有内部上拉电阻。

P1口是为用户准备的I/O双向口。

在编程和校验时，可用作输入低8位地址。

用作输入时，应先将输出锁存器置1。

P1口可驱动4个TTL负载。

·P2口 8位、准双向I/O口，具有内部上拉电阻。

当使用外存储器或外扩I/O口时，P2口输出高8位地址。

在编程和校验时，P2口接收高字节地址和某些控制信号。

·P3口 8位、准双向I/O口，具有内部上拉电阻。

P3口可作为普通I/O口。

用作输入时，应先将输出锁存器置1。

在编程/校验时，P3口接收某些控制信号。

它可驱动4个TTL负载。

图2-2 引脚位置（2）控制信号线·RST 复位输入信号，高电平有效。

在振荡器稳定工作时，在RST脚施加两个机器周期以上的高电平，将器件复位。

·EA/VPP 外部程序存储器访问允许信号EA.当EA信号接地时，对ROM的读操作限定在外部程序存储器，地址为0000H-FFFFH;当EA接VCC时，对ROM的读操作从内部程序存储器开始，并可延续至外部程序存储器。

在编程时，该引脚可接编程电压5V或12V。

在编程校验时，该引脚可接VCC。

·PSEN 片外程序存储器读选通信号PSEN，低电平有效。

在片外程序存储器取指期间，当PSEN有效时，程序存储器的内容被送至P0口；在访问外部RAM 时，PSEN 无效。

·ALE/PROG 低字节锁存信号ALE.在系统扩展时，ALE的下降沿将P0口输出的低8位地址锁存在外接的地址锁存器中，以实现低字节地址和数据的分时传送。

此外，ALE端连续输出正脉冲，频率为晶振频率的1/6，可做外部定时脉冲使用。

（3）外部晶振引线·XTAL1 片内振荡器反向放大器和时钟发生线路的输入端。

使用片内振荡器时，连接外部石英晶体和微调电容。

·XTAL2 片内振荡器反相放大器的输出端。

当使用片内振荡器时，外接石英晶体和微调电容。

2.2.3 AT89C51单片机复位方式8051的复位方式可以是自动复位（左图），也可以是手动复位（右图），见下图。

此外，RESET/Vpd还是一复用脚，Vcc掉电期间，此脚可接上备用电源，以保证单片机内部RAM的数据部丢失。

图2-2 图2-3 此投票器使用自动复位如图2-22.3 数码管LED数码管（LED Segment Displays）是由多个发光二极管封装在一起组成“8”字型的器件，引线已在内部连接完成，只需引出它们的各个笔划，公共电极。

LED数码管常用段数一般为7段有的另加一个小数点，还有一种是类似于3位“+1”型。

位数有半位，1，2，3，4，5，6，8，10位等等....，LED数码管根据LED的接法不同分为共阴和共阳两类，LED数码管有共阳极和共阴极两种结构。

如下图了解LED的这些特性，对编程是很重要的，因为不同类型的数码管，除了它们的硬件电路有差异外，编程方法也是不同的。

共阴和共阳极数码管的内部电路发光原理是一样的，只是它们的电源极性不同而已。

颜色有红，绿，蓝，黄等几种。

LED数码管广泛用于仪表，时钟，车站，家电等场合。

选用时要注意产品尺寸颜色，功耗，亮度，波长等。

下面将介绍常用LED数码管内部引脚图。

图2-3-1 这是一个7段两位带小数点 10引脚的LED数码管图2-3-1引脚定义每一笔划都是对应一个字母表示DP是小数点.图2-3-2 共阴极LED数码管的内部结构原理图LED数码管要正常显示，就要用驱动电路来驱动数码管的各个段码，从而显示出我们要的数位，因此根据LED数码管的驱动方式的不同，可以分为静态式和动态式两类。

表1.1 显示数字对应的二进制电平信号显a b c d e f g示数字011111101011000021101101311110014011001151011011600111117111000081111111900011012.4 发光二级管发光二极管正向导通，反向截止，当通入正向电时发光。