欧洲规范部分

合集下载

欧洲岩土规范清单

EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design1.Part 1: General rules2.Part 2: Ground investigation and testing注：黑字部分为EN 1997直接引用规范，灰字为EN 1997未引用的规范土壤鉴定与分类EN ISO 14688,1.Geotechnical investigation and testing - dentification and classification of soil - Part 1: Identification and description2.Geotechnical investigation and testing - dentification and classification of soil - Part 2: Principles for a classification岩石鉴定与分类EN ISO 14689,1.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Identification and classification of rock - Part 1: Identification and description土工试验EN ISO 17892,1.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 1: Determination of water content2.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 2: Determination of density of fine-grained soil3.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 3: Determination of particle density - Pycnometer method4.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 4: Determination of particle size distribution5.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 5: Incremental loading oedometer test6.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 6: Fall cone test7.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 7: Unconfined compression test on fine-grained soils8.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 8: Unconsolidated undrained triaxial test9.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 9: Consolidated trail compression tests on water-saturated soils10.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 10: Direct shear tests11.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 11: Determination of permeability by constant and falling head12.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 12: Determination of Atterberg limits取样方法与地下水测量EN ISO 22475,Sampling methods and groundwater measurements - Part 1: Technical principles for execution原位测试EN ISO 22476,1.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 1: Electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests2.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 2: Dynamic probing3.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 3: Standard penetration test4.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test5.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test6.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 6: Self Boring pressuremeter test7.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 7: Borehole jack test8.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 8: Full displacement pressuremeter test9.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 9: Field vane test10.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 10: Weight sounding test11.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 11: Flat dilatometer test12.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)13.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Field testing -- Part 13: Plate loading test.水文地质测试EN ISO 22282,1.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 1: General rules2.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing Part 2: Water permeability tests in a borehole without packer3.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 3: Water pressure test in rock4.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 4: Pumping test5.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 5: Infiltrometer test6.Geotechnical investigation and testing - Geohydraulic testing - Part 6: Water permeability tests in a borehole with packer and pulse-litre stimulation岩土结构物检测EN ISO 224771.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures -- Part 1:Pile load test by static axially loaded compression2.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures – Part 2:Pile load test by static axially loaded tension test3.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures – Part 3:Pile load test by static transversely loaded tension test4.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures – Part 4:Pile load test by dynamic axially loaded compression test5.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures -- Part 5: Testing of anchorages6.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures -- Part 6: Testing of nailing7.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures -- Part 7: Testing of reinforced fill8.Geotechnical investigation and testing -- Testing of geotechnical structures -- Part 8: Pile testing - Statnamic testing特殊岩土工程的实施：1.EN 1536, Execution of special geotechnical work – Bored piles2.EN 1537, Execution of special geotechnical work– Ground anchors3.EN 1538, Execution of special geotechnical works – Diaphragm walls4.EN 12063, Execution of special geotechnical work – Sheet pile walls5.EN 12715, Execution of special geotechnical work – Grouting6.EN 12716, Execution of special geotechnical works – Jet grouting7.EN 12699, Execution of special geotechnical work – Displacement piles8.EN 14199, Execution of special geotechnical works – Micropiles9.EN 14475, Execution of special geotechnical works – Reinforced fill10.EN 14490, Execution of special geotechnical works – Soil nailing11.EN 14679, Execution of special geotechnical works – Deep mixing12.EN 14731, Execution of special geotechnical works – Ground treatment by deep vibration13.EN 15237, Execution of special geotechnical works – V ertical drainage建筑物的热性能Thermal performance of buildingsEN ISO 13793 Thermal design of foundations to avoid frost heave 1Part集合料Aggregates– EN 932 Tests for general properties of aggregates 6 parts– EN 933 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates 11 parts– EN 1097 Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates 10 parts– EN 1367 Tests for thermal and weathering properties of aggregates 6 parts– EN 1744 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates 6 parts– EN 13242 Aggregates for unbound and hydraulically bound materials for use in civil engineering work and road construction 1 part – EN 13383 Armourstone 2 part道路材料Road Materials– EN 13285 Unbound mixtures – specification 1 part– EN 13286 Unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures 20 partsPart 1: Test methods for laboratory reference density and water content –Introduction, general requirements and samplingPart 2: Test methods for the determination of the laboratory reference density and water content – Proctor compactionPart 46: Test method for the determination of the Moisture Condition V alue。

欧洲岩土设计规范_(第1部分_基本原则)

目录前言 (4)1总则 (6)1.1适用范围 (6)1.1.1 EN1997的适用范围 (6)1.1.2 EN1997-1的适用范围 (6)1.1.3 EN 1997的其他部分 (7)1.2参考 (7)1.3假设条件 (8)1.4原理及其应用细则之间的区别 (8)1.5定义 (8)1.5.1通用于所有欧洲规范的定义 (8)1.5.2对于EN1997-1的特定定义 (9)1.6符号 (9)2岩土工程设计基础 (14)2.1设计要求 (14)2.2设计情况 (16)2.3耐久性 (16)2.4通过计算岩土工程设计 (17)2.4.1一般 (17)2.4.2操作 (18)2.4.3基础性能 (19)2.4.4几何数据 (20)2.4.5特征值 (20)2.4.6设计值 (21)2.4.7极限状态 (22)2.4.8正常使用极限状态 (26)2.4.9极限值为基础的运动 (26)2.5规范措施设计 (27)2.6载荷测试和试验测试模型 (27)2.7观测方法 (27)3岩土工程数据 (28)3.1总则 (28)3.2岩土勘察 (29)3.2.1 概述 (29)3.2.2 初步调查 (29)3.2.3 设计调查 (29)3.3岩土参数评价 (30)3.3.1 概述 (30)3.3.2 土壤和岩石类型的表征 (30)3.3.3 比重 (31)3.3.4 密度指数 (31)3.3.5 压实度 (31)3.3.6 抗剪强度 (31)3.3.7 土的刚度 (31)3.3.8 岩石和岩体的质量和性质 (32)3.3.9 土壤和岩石的渗透性和加固参数 (33)3.3.10 现场得到的岩石参数 (34)3.4岩土勘察报告 (35)3.4.1 要求 (35)3.4.3 岩土信息评价 (36)4施工、监测和维护的监督 (37)4.1总则 (37)4.2监督 (37)4.2.1监督计划 (37)4.2.2检验和控制 (38)4.2.3设计评估 (38)4.3地面情况检查 (38)4.3.1土壤和岩石 (38)4.3.2地下水 (39)4.4施工检查 (39)4.5监测 (40)4.6维护 (40)5回填，降水，地基处理及加固 (41)5.1总则 (41)5.2基本要求 (41)5.3回填施工 (41)5.3.1原则 (41)5.3.2回填材料选择 (41)5.3.3填料放置和压实过程（方法）的选择 (43)5.3.4填料检查 (43)5.4排水 (44)5.5地基处理及加固 (45)6扩展基础 (45)6.1总则 (45)6.2极限状态 (45)6.3操作和设计情况 (45)6.4设计和建造考虑 (45)6.5极限状态设计 (45)6.6正常使用极限状态设计 (45)6.7岩石上的基础额外的设计考虑 (45)6.8扩展基础的结构设计 (45)6.9基土的配置 (45)7桩基础 (45)7.1总则 (45)7.2极限状态 (45)7.3操作和设计情况 (46)7.3.1 通用 (46)7.3.2由于地面位移产生的影响 (46)7.4设计方法和设计注意事项 (47)7.4.1设计方法 (47)7.4.2设计注意事项 (47)7.5桩荷载试验 (48)7.5.1一般 (48)7.5.2静力载荷测试 (49)7.5.3动态载荷测试 (50)7.5.4负载测试报告 (50)7.6轴向加载桩 (50)7.6.1总则 (50)7.6.2地面压缩抵抗力 (51)7.7横向加载桩 (58)7.7.1一般 (58)7.7.2横向负载阻抗 (58)7.7.3横向负载阻抗 (59)7.7.4横向位移 (59)7.8桩基结构设计 (59)7.9施工监督 (59)8锚杆 (61)8.1总则 (61)8.2极限状态 (61)8.3操作和设计情况 (61)8.4设计和建造考虑 (61)8.5极限状态设计 (61)8.6正常使用极限状态设计 (61)8.7适用性试验 (61)8.8验收测试 (61)8.9监督和监测 (61)9 挡土墙结构 (61)9.1总则 (61)9.2极限状态 (61)9.3施工、几何数据和设计情况 (61)9.4设计和建造考虑 (61)9.5土压力测定 (61)9.6水压力 (61)9.7极限状态设计 (61)9.8正常使用极限状态设计 (61)10液压事故 (61)10.1通用 (61)10.2抬升事故 (61)10.3起伏事故 (61)10.4内部侵蚀 (61)10.5管道故障 (61)11整体稳定 (61)11.1总则 (61)11.2极限状态 (62)11.3操作和设计情况 (62)11.4设计和建造考虑 (62)11.5极限状态设计 (62)11.6正常使用极限状态设计 (62)11.7监控 (62)12路堤 (62)12.1概述 (62)12.2极限状态 (62)12.3操作和设计情况 (62)12.4设计和建造考虑 (62)12.5极限状态设计 (62)12.6正常使用极限状态设计 (62)12.7监督和监测 (62)前言本文件（EN1997-1：2003）已经由技术委员会CEN/ TC250“欧洲规范结构”准备，其秘书处由BSI持有。

朝花夕拾2-7 欧洲规范的荷载组合

欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) Preface对于任何国家和地区的建筑结构规范体系而言，可靠度指标及其荷载规范（指荷载组合的规定）是整个规范体系的“总纲”，要想全面了解该规范体系，须首先研究其荷载规范，这正是我做此读书笔记之原因。

欧洲的规范的可靠度也是采用半系数（半概率极限状态）来描述，即partial factor。

本文所指的“欧洲规范”均指BS EN，即欧洲规范的英国版本。

所谓的“欧洲规范”实际不存在，它只是一个范本，在各个国家都有具体的本地化欧洲规范，方法和公式是统一的，各国可能会用不同的系数，还会增加一些附录。

为展现规范原貌，读书笔记都直接摘录英语原文，不作翻译。

感觉欧洲规范体系严谨，但条文繁琐（相比英国规范和美国规范）。

Index1. Introduction (2)1.1 Serviceability Limit States (2)1.2 Ultimate Limit States (2)2. Situations and Actions (3)3. Fundamental combinations of actions (4)3.1 Values of ψ factors (4)3.2 Serviceability Limit States (4)3.2.1 General (4)3.2.2 Combinations (5)3.3 Ultimate Limit States (6)3.3.1 General (6)3.3.2 Combinations – main method (6)3.3.3 Combinations – simplified method (7)3.4 For Non-Linear Analysis (7)3.5 Application for Buildings (8)3.5.1 Combination Table - Ultimate Limit States (8)3.5.2 Combination Table - Serviceability Limit States (11)3.6 Examples (11)4. Deflection in serviceability limit states (14)4.1 Vertical deflection (14)4.1.1 Definition (14)4.1.2 Limit (15)4.2 Horizontal deflection (15)4.2.1 Definition (15)4.2.2 Limit (16)5. Discussion (16)欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) 1. IntroductionThe basis requirement of EN 1990 state that a structure shall have adequate structural resistance (ultimate limit states), serviceability (serviceability limit states), durability, fire resistance and robustness.1.1 Serviceability Limit StatesFor serviceability limit states, which are defined in clause 3.4 of EN 1990 as those that concern:The functionality of the structure or structural members under normal use.The comfort of the people.The appearance of the structure.For buildings, the primary concerns are horizontal and vertical deflections and vibrations. Three categories of combinations of loads (actions) are specified in EN 1990 for serviceability checks: characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent.1.2 Ultimate Limit StatesFor ultimate limit states, checks should be carried out for the following, as relevant:EQU – loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of the structure.STR –internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members.GEO –failure or excessive deformation of the ground.FAT –fatigue failure of the structure or structural members.欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)2. Situations and ActionsIn EuroCodes, design situations for limit states are classified as follows:Persistent design situations, which refer to conditions of normal use.Transient situations, which refer to temporary conditions, such as during execution or repair.Accidental design situations, which refer to exceptional conditions such as fire, explosion or impact.Seismic design situation, which refer to conditions where the structure is subjected to seismic events.Actions are classified as follows:(1) By their variation in time:Permanent actions (G), (e.g. dead loads such as self-weight. Fittings etc.).Variable actions (Q), (e.g. live loads including imposed floor loads, wind loads and snow loads).Accidental actions (A), (e.g. hazards such as explosions, vehicular impact and fire).(2) By their variation in space:Fixed actions (e.g. self-weight).Free actions (e.g. wind, snow and moveable imposed loads).Types of action:G – permanent actions;Q – variable actions;A – accidental actions.欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)3. Fundamental combinations of actions3.1 Values of ψ factorsValues of ψ factors should be specified, see blow copied from table A1.1 of EN 1990.3.2 Serviceability Limit States3.2.1 GeneralAccording to clause 3.4 of EN 1990, a distinction should be made between reversible and irreversible serviceability limit states. Reversible serviceability limit states are those that would be infringed on a non-permanent basis, such as excessive vibration or high elastic deflections under temporary (variable) loading. Irreversible serviceability limit states are those that would remain infringed even when the cause欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)of infringement was removed (e.g. permanent local damage or deformations).3.2.2 CombinationsThree categories of combinations of loads (actions) are specified in EN 1990 for serviceability checks: characteristic, frequent and quasi-permanent.1, characteristic combination:(6.14a of EN1990)E E G , ;P;Q , ;ψ , ,Q , j 1;i iIn which the combinations of actions in brackets { } (called the characteristic combination), can be expressed as(6.14b of EN1990) :G , P Q , ψ ,Q ,Note: the characteristic combination is normally used for irreversible limit states.2, frequent combination:(6.15a of EN1990)E E G , ;P;ψ , ,Q , ;ψ , ,Q , j 1;i iIn which the combinations of actions in brackets { } (called the frequent combination), can be expressed as(6.15b of EN1990):G , P ψ , Q , ψ ,Q ,Note: the frequent combination is normally used for reversible limit states.3, quasi-permanent combination:(6.16a of EN1990)E E G , ;P;ψ , ,Q , j 1;i iIn which the combinations of actions in brackets { } (called the quasi-permanent combination), can be expressed as(6.16b of EN1990):G , P ψ ,Q ,Note: the quasi-permanent combination is normally used for long-term effects and the appearance of the structure.For serviceability limit states the partial factors for actions should be taken as 1.0 except if differently specified in EN 1991 to EN 1999. Check Annex A1 of EN 1990 for欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) detailing of combinations, which is also a appendix of this article.3.3 Ultimate Limit States3.3.1 General“Fundamental” refers to the persistent or transient design situations, rather than accidental or seismic design situations. There are two options for the fundamental combination of actions at ultimate limit states: main method and s implified method.3.3.2 Combinations – main method1, (Fundamental Combinations) Combinations of actions for persistent or transient design situations:(6.10 - EN 1990)γG, G , γ P γQ, Q K, γQ,ψ , Q ,Or, alternatively for STR and GEO limit states, by less favorable of the two following expressions:(6.10a - EN 1990)γG, G , γ P γQ, ψ , Q K, γQ,ψ , Q ,(6.10b - EN 1990)ξ γG, G k,j γ P γQ, Q K, γQ,ψ , Q ,ψ0：combination factorξ: reduction factor for unfavorable permanent actions G.γG: partial factor for permanent actions.γQ: partial factor variable actions.P: represent actions due to prestressing.2, Combinations of actions for accidental design situations: (6.11b - EN 1990)G k,j P A ψ , or ψ , Q K, ψ , Q ,A d: accidental actionNotes:(1) The choices between ψ1,1Q k,1 or ψ2,1Q k,1 should be related to the relevant欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)accidental design situation (impact, fire or survival after the accidental event or situation).(2) Combinations of actions for accidental design situations should either- involve an explicit accidental action A (fire or impact), or-refer to a situation after an accidental event (A=0).3, Combinations of actions for seismic design situations:(6.12b - EN 1990)G k,j P A E ψ , Q ,A Ed: seismic action3.3.3 Combinations – simplified methodThe second method is a simplified alternative for building structures, which calls for two checks as examples in 3.6, see below. The first check combines one variableaction at a time along with the permanent actions, using the standard value of γQ..The second check combines all variable actions at one time with the permanent actions, using a reduced value 0.9γQ.Note: I find this method in <<Interim Guidance on the use of Eurocode 3: Part 1.1 for European Design of Steel Building Structures>>, but I can’t find similar clauses in the formal Guidance and BS EN 1990.3.4 For Non-Linear AnalysisFor non-linear analysis (i.e. when the relationship between actions and their effects is not linear), expressions (6.9a) or (6.9b) should be applied directly, depending upon the relative increase of effects of actions compared to the increase in the magnitude of actions. The following simplified rules may be considered in the case of a single predominant action :a) When the action effect increases more than the action, the partial factor γF shouldbe applied to the representative value of the action.b) When the action effect increases less than the action, the partial factor γF shouldbe applied to the action effect of the representative value of the action.欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) NOTE: Except for rope, cable and membrane structures, most structures or structural elements are in category a).3.5 Application for BuildingsMethods for establishing combinations of actions for buildings are given in Annex A1 of EN 1990. The combination guidance tables are copied as follow.3.5.1 Combination Table - Ultimate Limit States欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)To simplify building design, note 1 to clause A1.2.1(1) of EN 1990 allows the combination of actions to be based on not more than two variable actions. This simplification is intended to only to apply common cases of building structures. The following is clause of Note 1: Depending on its uses and the form and the location of a building, the combinations of actions may be based on not more than two variable actions.欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) 3.5.2 Combination Table - Serviceability Limit States3.6 ExamplesExamples from the interim guidance:欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)Examples from the formal guidance:欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions)4. Deflection in serviceability limit states4.1 Vertical deflection4.1.1 Definition欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) 4.1.2 Limit4.2 Horizontal deflection4.2.1 Definition欧洲规范的荷载组合(Actions and combinations of actions) 4.2.2 LimitNote: All the clauses in section 4 are just for EN 1993-1.5. Discussion1)可能是由于欧洲处于新旧规范更替时代，我发现许多(senior)欧洲结构工程师对欧洲规范条文也是一知半解。

欧洲规范2

Licensee=Universita Di Padova/5935522007 Not for Resale, 07/30/2008 03:31:14 MDT
DS/EN 1992-3
København DS projekt: M213884 ICS: 91.080.40
Første del af denne publikations betegnelse er: DS/EN, hvilket betyder, at det er en europæisk standard, der har status som dansk standard. Denne publikations overensstemmelse er: IDT med: EN 1992-3:2006. DS-publikationen er på engelsk. Denne publikation erstatter: DS/ENV 1992-4:1999.
DS-publikationstyper Dansk Standard udgiver forskellige publikationstyper. Typen på denne publikation fremgår af forsiden.
Der kan være tale om: Dansk standard • standard, der er udarbejdet på nationalt niveau, eller som er baseret på et andet lands nationale standard, eller • standard, der er udarbejdet på internationalt og/eller europæisk niveau, og som har fået status som dansk standard DS-information • publikation, der er udarbejdet på nationalt niveau, og som ikke har opnået status som standard, eller • publikation, der er udarbejdet på internationalt og/eller europæisk niveau, og som ikke har fået status som standard, fx en teknisk rapport, eller • europæisk præstandard DS-håndbog • samling af standarder, eventuelt suppleret med informativt materiale DS-hæfte • publikation med informativt materiale Til disse publikationstyper kan endvidere udgives • tillæg og rettelsesblade DS-publikationsform Publikationstyperne udgives i forskellig form som henholdsvis • fuldtekstpublikation (publikationen er trykt i sin helhed) • godkendelsesblad (publikationen leveres i kopi med et trykt DS-omslag) • elektronisk (publikationen leveres på et elektronisk medie) DS-betegnelse Alle DS-publikationers betegnelse begynder med DS efterfulgt af et eller flere præfikser og et nr., fx DS 383, DS/EN 5414 osv. Hvis der efter nr. er angivet et A eller Cor, betyder det, enten at det er et tillæg eller et rettelsesblad til hovedstandarden, eller at det er indført i hovedstandarden. DS-betegnelse angives på forsiden. Overensstemmelse med anden publikation: Overensstemmelse kan enten være IDT, EQV, NEQ eller MOD • IDT: Når publikationen er identisk med en given publikation. • EQV: Når publikationen teknisk er i overensstemmelse med en given publikation, men præsentationen er ændret. • NEQ: Når publikationen teknisk eller præsentationsmæssigt ikke er i overensstemmelse med en given standard, men udarbejdet på baggrund af denne. • MOD: Når publikationen er modificeret i forhold til en given publikation.

欧美部分土木工程标准目录

欧美部分现行土木工程标准目录欧洲结构规范（Eurocode）美国土木工程师学会标准（ASCE）美国混凝土学会标准（ACI）美国垦务局设计标准及工程手册2016.10欧洲结构规范(Eurocodes)欧洲经济共同体委员会(EEC)编制了一套适用于欧洲的建筑和土木工程的标准，简称欧洲标准(Eurocodes),成为在工程建设领域中具有较大影响力的一套区域性国际标准。

欧洲结构标准共包括ENI990至EN1999的10个规范(含58个分册)。

其中，EN1990是结构设计基本原理，是欧洲结构规范纲领性的文件；EN1991是结构作用；与材料有关的规范为EN1992到EN1996以及EN1999；EN1997是岩土工程设计规范；EN1998是抗震设计规范。

美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）现行标准目录（2016）目前，美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）共发布有61个标准，这些标准是由各领域专家编写，通过ASCE标准委员会的程序，最终由美国国家标准学会批准。

ASCE的很多标准都是与其他学会共同制定的（如：EWRI -美国环境与水资源协会、SEI -美国科学工程学学会）。

ASCE标准均是按规定程序定期更新或重新确认的。

欧洲规范体系简介

欧洲规范体系简介整理：cqucivilEurocode 0 - Basis of structural designEN1990 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural designEurocode 1 - Actions on structuresEN 1991-1-1 Part 1-1: General actions. Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildingsEN 1991-1-2 Part 1-2: General actions. Actions on structures exposed to fireEN 1991-1-3 Part 1-3: General actions. Snow loadsEN 1991-1-4 Part 1-4: General actions. Wind actionsEN 1991-1-5 Part 1-5: General actions. Thermal actionsEN 1991-1-6 Part 1-6: General actions. Actions during executionEN 1991-1-7 Part 1-7: General actions. Accidental actionsEN 1991-2 Part 2: Traffic loads on bridgesEN 1991-3 Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machineryEN 1991-4 Part 4: Actions on silos and tanksEurocode 2 - Design of concrete structureEN 1992-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1992-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1992-2 Part 2: Concrete bridges. Design and detailing rulesEN 1992-3 Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structuresEurocode 3 - Design of steel structuresEN 1993-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1993-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1993-1-3 Part 1-3: General rules. Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting EN 1993-1-4 Part 1-4: General rules. Supplementary rules for stainless steelsEN 1993-1-5 Part 1-5: General rules. Supplementary rules for planar plated structures without transverse loading EN 1993-1-6 Part 1-6: General rules. Supplementary rules for the shell structuresEN 1993-1-7 Part 1-7: General rules. Supplementary rules for planar plated structural elements with out of plane loadingEN 1993-1-8 Part 1-8: Design of jointsEN 1993-1-9 Part 1-9: FatigueEN 1993-1-10 Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness propertiesEN 1993-1-11 Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension componentsEN 1993-1-12 Part 1-12: Supplementary rules for high strength steelsEN 1993-2 Part 2: Steel bridgesEN 1993-3-1 Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys. Towers and mastsEN 1993-3-2 Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys. ChimneysEN 1993-4-1 Part 4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines. SilosEN 1993-4-2 Part 4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines. TanksEN 1993-4-3 Part 4-3: Silos, tanks and pipelines. PipelinesEN 1993-5 Part 5: PilingEN 1993-6 Part 6: Crane supporting structuresEurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structuresEN 1994-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1994-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1994-2 Part 2: Composite bridgesEurocode 5 - Design of timber structuresEN 1995-1-1 Part 1-1: General. Common rules and rules for buildingsEN 1995-1-2 Part 1-2: General. Structural fire designEN 1995-2 Part 2: BridgesEurocode 6 - Design of masonry structuresEN 1996-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules for buildings. Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonryEN 1996-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1996-1-3 Part 1-3: General rules for buildings. Detailed rules on lateral loadingEN 1996-2 Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonryEN 1996-3 Part 3: Simplified calculation methods and simple rules for masonry structures Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical designEN 1997-1 Part 1: General rulesEN 1997-2 Part 2: Part 2: Ground investigation and testingEurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistanceEN 1998-1 Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildingsEN 1998-2 Part 2: BridgesEN 1998-3 Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildingsEN 1998-4 Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelinesEN 1998-5 Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspectsEN 1998-6 Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneysEurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structuresEN 1999-1-1 Part 1-1: General rules. General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1999-1-2 Part 1-2: General rules. Structural fire designEN 1999-1-3 Part 1-3: Additional rules for structures susceptible to fatigueEN 1999-1-4 Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for trapezoidal sheetingEN 1999-1-5 Part 1-5: Supplementary rules for shell structuresEurocode 0 - Basis of structural designEN 1990 'Eurocode: Basis of structural design' is the head document in the Eurocode suite. It describes the basis and general principles for the structural design and verification of buildings and civil engineering works including geotechnical aspects, the principles and requirements for safety and serviceability of structures and guidelines for related aspects of structural reliability in all circumstances in which a structure is required to give adequate performance, including fire and seismic events. Consisting of only one part, it is used with all the other Eurocodes (1 to 9) for design. A revised national annex, amended with Annex A2 for bridges, is due out in February 2009.Eurocode 1 - Actions on structuresEurocode 1 Part 1-1: General actions, Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings EN 1991-1-1 gives guidance and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects for the following subjects: - densities of construction materials and stored materials; - self-weight of construction elements; - imposed loads.Eurocode 1 Part 1-2: General actions, Actions on structures exposed to fireThis standard is concerned with thermal and mechanical actions on structures exposed to fire. It is intended for use in conjunction with the fire design Parts of EN 1992 to 1996 and EN 1999 which give rules for designing structures for fire resistance.Eurocode 1 Part 1-3: General actions, Snow loadsThis part of EN 1991-1 gives guidance to determine the values of loads to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering worksEurocode 1 Part 1-4: General actions, Wind actionsEN 1991-1-4 gives guidance on the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes the whole structure or parts of the structure or elements attached to the structure, e. g. components, cladding units and their fixings, safety and noise barriers.Eurocode 1 Part 1-5: General actions, Thermal actionsEN 1991-1-5 gives principles and methods for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural components. It describes the changes in the temperature of structural elements. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.Eurocode 1 Part 1-6: General actions, Actions during executionEN 1991-1-6 provides principles and general rules for the determination of actions which should be taken into account during execution of buildings and civil engineering works.Eurocode 1 Part 1-7: General actions, Accidental actionsEN 1991 provides general principles and actions for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with Ens 1992-1999Eurocode 1 Part 2: Traffic loads on bridgesEN 1991-2 defines imposed loads associated with road traffic, pedestrian actions and rail traffic which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and centrifugal, braking, and acceleration and accidental forcesEurocode 1 Part 3: Actions induced by cranes and machineryPart 3 of EN 1991 specifies imposed loads associated with cranes on runway beams, stationary machines and transport vehicles which include, when relevant, dynamic effects and braking, acceleration and accidental forces.Eurocode 1 Part 4: Actions on silos and tanksThis part provides general principles and actions for the structural design of tanks and silos including some geotechnical aspects and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1991-1: Basis of Design, other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992. This part may also be used as a basis for the design of structures not covered in EN 1992 and where other materials or other structural design actions are involved.Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structureEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsThe standard gives a general basis for the design of buildings and civil engineering works in reinforced and prestressed concrete made with normal weight aggregates. In addition, Part 1 gives detailed rules which are mainly applicable to ordinary buildingsEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 1-2: General rulesEN 1992-1-2 deals with the design of concrete structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1992-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. It provides additions to and identifies differences from the design of structures at normal temperaturesEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 2: Concrete bridgesComplementary to Part 1. Varied general rules and additional detailed rules for the structural design of road, rail and footbridges using reinforced and/or prestressed concreteEurocode 2 - Concrete structure - Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structuresPart 3 of Eurocode 2 covers the design of structures constructed from plain or lightly reinforced concrete, reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete for the containment of liquids or granular solids and other liquid retaining structuresEurocode 3 - Design of steel structuresSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsEurocode 3-1-1 gives basic design rules for steel structures with material thicknesses t > 3 mm. It also gives supplementary provisions for structural design of steel buildings.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis Part 1.2 of Eurocode 3 deals with the design of steel structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part 1.2 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-3: General rules - Supplementary rules for cold formed thin gauge members and sheetingThis part 1.3 of Eurocode 3 deals with the design of steel structures comprising cold formed thin gauge members and sheeting. It is intended to be used for design of buildings and civil engineering works in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-4: General rules - Supplementary rules for stainless steelsThis Part 1.4 of Eurocode 3 gives supplementary provisions for the design of buildings and civil engineering works that extend the application of ENV 1993-1-1 and Eurocode 3-1-3 to austenitic and austenitic-ferritic stainless steels.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-5: General rules - Supplementary rules for planar plated structures without transverse loadingThis Part 1-5 of Eurocode 3 gives supplementary provisions for the design of plated structures, with or without stiffeners, for use in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and other parts of Eurocode 3 that refer to it. Methods are given for determining the effects of plate buckling and shear lag in I-section plate girders and box girders.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-6: General rules - Supplementary rules for the shell structuresThis Part 1.6 of Eurocode 3 applies to the structural design of plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution. It is intended for use in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1, Eurocode 3-1-3, Eurocode 3-1-4 and the relevant application parts of Eurocode 3, which include: - Part 3.1 for towers and masts; - Part 3.2 for chimneys; - Part 4.1 for silos; - Part 4.2 for tanks; - Part 4.3 for pipelines.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-7: General rules - Supplementary rules for planar plated structural elements with out of plane loadingPart 1-7 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of unstiffened and stiffened plates which are loaded by out of plane actions. It is to be used in conjunction with Eurocode 3-1-1 and the relevant application standards.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-8: Design of jointsThis part of Eurocode 3 gives design methods for the design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using steel grades S235, S275, S355 and S460.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-9: FatigueEurocode 3-1-9 gives methods for assessment of fatigue resistance of members, connections and joints subjected to fatigue loading.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness propertiesEurocode 3-1-10 contains design guidance for the selection of steel for fracture toughness and for through thickness properties of welded elements where there is a significant risk of lamellar tearing during fabrication.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-11: Design of structures with tension componentsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 1-12: Supplementary rules for high strength steelsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 2: Steel bridgesThis Part 2 of Eurocode 3 gives a general basis for the structural design of steel bridges, steel parts of composite bridges and also steel temporary works in bridges. It gives provisions that supplement, modify or supersede the equivalent provisions given in Eurocode 3-1-1, to which reference shall also be made.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys - Towers and mastsThis Part 3.1 of Eurocode 3 applies to the design of lattice towers and guyed masts. Provisions for the shafts of self-supporting and guyed cylindrical towers are given in Part 3.2 of Eurocode 3. Provisions for the guys of guyed structures are given in this Part. The provisions in this Part either supplement or modify those given in Part 1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 3-2: Towers, masts and chimneys - ChimneysThis Part 3.2 of Eurocode 3 applies to the structural design of vertical steel chimneys of circular or conical section. It covers chimneys that are cantilevered, supported at intermediate levels or guyed. The provisions in this Part either supplement or modify those given in Part 1.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-1: Silos, tanks and pipelines - SilosPart 4-1 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free standing or supported. This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-2: Silos, tanks and pipelines - TanksPart 4.2 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of vertical cylindrical above ground steel tanks for the storage of liquid products with the following characteristics: a) characteristic internal pressures not les than -100 mbar and not more than 500 mbar; b) design metal temperature in the range of -196°C to +300 °C; c) maximum design liquid level not higher than the top of the cylindrical shell.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 4-3: Silos, tanks and pipelines - PipelinesPart 4.3 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of cylindrical steel pipelines for the transport of liquids or gases or mixtures of liquids and gases at ambient temperatures, that are not treated by other European standards covering particular applicationsSteel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 5: PilingThis Part 5 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of bearing piles and sheet piles made of steel. It also provides detailing for foundation and retaining wall structures.Steel structures - Eurocode 3 Part 6: Crane supporting structuresPart 6 of Eurocode 3 provides principles and application rules for the structural design of crane runway beams and other crane supporting structures, including columns and other members made of steel.Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structuresEN 1994-1-1 Eurocode 4 - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildingsDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. Eurocode 4 applies to a design of composite structures and members for buildings and civil engineering works. It complies with the principles and requirements for the safety and serviceability of structures, the basis of their design and verification that are given in EN 1990.EN 1994-1-2 Eurocode 4 - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. This Part 1-2 of Eurocode 4 deals with design of composite steel and concrete structures for accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1994-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part 1-2 only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.EN 1994-2 Eurocode 4 - Part 2: Composite bridgesDesign of composite steel and concrete structures. EN 1994-2 gives a general basis for the design of composite bridges. In addition EN 1994-2 gives a specific basis for the design of composite structures and members for bridges such as road, railway, and pedestrian bridges, and detailed rules for composite bridge structures such as beam and slab bridge decks, box girders, trusses and columns that support bridge decks.Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structuresEN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 1-1: General - Common rules and rules for buildingsEN 1995-1-1 gives general design rules for timber structures together with specific design rules for building. Some of the subjects which are dealt with are: general, basis of design, material properties, durability.EN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 1-2: General - Structural fire designEN 1995-1-2 deals with the design of timber structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. EN 1995-1-2 only identifies differences from or supplements to the design at normal temperature.EN 1995 Eurocode 5 - Timber - Part 2: BridgesEN 1995-2 gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structuresEN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-1: General rules for buildings - Rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonryEurocode 6 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in unreinforced, reinforced, prestressed and confined masonry. Eurocode 6 is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements for example, concerning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis Part 1-2 of EN 1996 deals with the design of masonry structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This Part identifies only differences from or supplements to the normal design.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 1-3: General rules for buildings - Detailed rules on lateral loadingThis Part 1-3 of EN 1996 deals with the design of unreinforced masonry walls subjected to lateral wind loads and horizontal accidental loads (other than seismic actions) and shall be used in conjunction with EN 1996-1-1.EN 1996 Eurocode 6 - Masonry - Part 2: Design, selection of materials and execution of masonryThis part 2 provides the necessary principles and application rules for masonry to be designed and constructed satisfactorily in order to comply with the design assumption of the other parts of Eurocode 6. Except for the items as given in 1.1(3) P, it deals with ordinary aspects of masonry design and construction.EN 1996-3:2006 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures - Part 3: Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structuresComplementary to Part 1-1. Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry walls subjected to vertical loading including wind loading, shear walls, basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure and non-load bearing internal walls. Simple rules, consistent with Part 1-1, for designing masonry structures for specifiedmore-conservative requirements with regard to conditions and limitations of use.Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical designEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 1: General rulesEN 1997-1 is intended to be used as a general basis for the geotechnical aspects of the design of buildings and civil engineering worksEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 2: Design assisted by laboratory testingEN 1997 Eurocode 7 - Geotechnical - Part 3: Design assisted by field testingIn addition to Eurocode 7 part 1 the scope of Eurocode 7 part 3 is to provide for a number of commonly used field tests: a) requirements for the equipment and test procedures; b) requirements for the reporting and the presentation of test results; c) interpretation of test results. EN 1997-3 shall be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1.Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistanceEN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildingsEurocode 8 applies to the design of buildings and civil engineering works in seismic regions. It purpose is to ensure that in the event of earthquakes: human lives are protected; damage is limited; and structures important for civil protection remain operational.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 2: BridgesWithin the framework of the general requirements set forth in Part 1.1, this part of the Code contains design Principles, Criteria and Application Rules applicable to the earthquake resistant design of bridges.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildingsThis document provides criteria for the evaluation of the seismic performance of existing individual building structures, and describes the approach in selecting necessary corrective measures.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks and pipelinesThis standard includes the additional criteria and rules required for the seismic design of this structure without restrictions on their size, structural types and other functional characteristics. For some types of tanks and silos, however, it also provides detailed methods of assessment and verification rules.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 5: Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspectsThis Part of Eurocode 8 establishes the requirements, criteria, and rules for siting and foundation soil of structures for earthquake resistance. It covers the design of different foundation systems, earth retaining structures andsoil-structure interaction under seismic actions.EN 1998 Eurocode 8 - structures for earthquake resistance - Part 6: Towers, masts and chimneysThis document deals with material related Eurocode parts dealing with towers, masts and chimneys. Design rules for the earthquake resistant design of tall, slender structures: towers, including bell-towers , masts, industrial chimneys and lighthouses constructed in reinforced concrete or steel.Eurocode 9 - Design of aluminium structuresEN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-1: General rules - General rules and rules for buildingsEN 1999 Eurocode 9 applies to the design of buildings, civil and structural engineering works in aluminium. It is subdivided into various separate parts. This Eurocode is only concerned with the requirements for resistance, serviceability and durability of structures.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-2: General rules - Structural fire designThis European standard deals with the design of aluminium alloy structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1999-1-1 and EN 1991-2-2. This European standard only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-3: Additional rules for structures susceptible to fatigue This Part 1-3 gives the basis for the design of aluminium alloy structures with respect to the limit of fatigue induced fracture. Design for other limit states is covered in Part 1.EN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-4: Supplementary rules for trapezoidal sheetingEN 1999 Eurocode 9 - Design aluminium structures - Part 1-5: Supplementary rules for shell structures。

欧洲规范的结构体系和发展

欧洲结构设计规范的体系和发展e Syste a d o ut o o St uctu a u ocode The System and Evolution of Structural Eurocode(Short Version)Why?h?What?When?Y.L. Wang Dr. Ing. MECCS Mar. 20101 欧洲规范的结构体系1 欧洲规范的结构体系EN 1990 Eurocode0: 设计基础EN1990E d0设计基础EN 1991 Eurocode1: 作用在结构上的荷载EN 1992 Eurocode2: 混凝土结构设计EN 1993 Eurocode3: 钢结构设计EN 1994 Eurocode4: 钢-砼组合结构设计EN 1995 Eurocode5: 木结构设计EN 1996 Eurocode6: 圬工结构设计EN 1997 Eurocode7: 土工设计EN 1998 Eurocode8: 结构抗震设计铝结构设计EN 1999 Eurocode9: 铝结构设计EUROCODES 1990 结构设计基础EN 1990Basis of design设计基础EN1990Basis of designEN 1990/A2Basis of design -Annex for bridges设计基础-桥梁附录EUROCODES1-EUROCODES 1 作用在结构上的荷载EN 1991-1-1Self-weight结构自重EN 199112Fire防火EN‐‐EN 1991‐1‐3Actions of snow雪荷载EN 1991‐1‐4Actions of wind99ct o s o d风荷载EN 1991‐1‐5Actions of temperature温度荷载EN 1991‐1‐6Actions during execution施工荷载g荷载EN 1991‐1‐7Accidental actions偶然荷载EN 1991-2Actions of transport on bridges作用在桥梁上的交通荷载p gEUROCODES 2 -混凝土结构设计EN 1992-1-1Concrete structures -General rules 混凝土结构设计-通用规则EN 1992-1-2Concrete structures -Fire resistance混凝土结构-防火设计EN 1992-2Concrete structures -Bridges混凝土结构-桥梁EN1993-1 钢结构设计：“通用条文和建筑规范” 包括：EN1993-1-1钢结构设计：通用条文和建筑规范austria+germany F+Belgium EN1993-1-2钢结构设计：结构耐火性设计EN1993-1-3钢结构设计：冷弯成型的标准杆件和薄板EN1993-1-3钢结构设计冷弯成型的标准杆件和薄板EN1993-1-4钢结构设计：不锈钢EN1993-1-5钢结构设计：板结构单元Sweden + GermanyEN1993-1-6钢结构设计：壳体结构的强度和稳定EN199316钢结构设计壳体结构的强度和稳定EN1993-1-7钢结构设计：板结构在横向荷载作用下的强度和稳定EN1993-1-8钢结构设计：接头设计DefltEN1993-1-9钢结构设计：钢结构疲劳强度ETHEN1993-1-10钢结构设计：钢的断裂韧度和沿厚度方向特性的选择ARchen EN1993-1-11钢结构设计：钢拉杆的设计EN1993111钢结构设计钢拉杆的设计EN1993-1-12钢结构设计：高强钢的附加条文EN1993-2 钢桥设计Germany19932钢桥设计GEUROCODES 4 -钢-砼组合结构EN 1994-1-1General rules and rules for buildings通用准则和房屋设计准则EN 1994‐1‐2General rules —Structural fire design通用准则-结构抗火性能设计EN 1994-2General rules and rules for bridges通用准则和桥梁设计准则EUROCODES 7 -地质和基础设计EN 1997-1Foundations -General rules通用准则EN 1997-2Foundations -Tests测试和实验EUROCODES 8 -结构抗震设计EN 1998-1Earthquake -General rules通用准则EN 1998-2Earthquake -Bridges桥梁q gEN 1998-3Earthquake -Retroffitting抗震加固EN 1998-4Earthquake -Silos, pipelines, tanks筒体，管道压力容器荷载EN19985EarthquakeEN 1998-5Earthquake -Foundations基础EN 1998-6Earthquake -Towers塔桅结构欧洲桥梁设计规范汇报2 欧洲桥梁规范历史演变和特点1975 –1989年，14年中在各个成员国代表的帮助下发展欧洲规范，导致1980年左右出现第一代的欧洲规范；年右出现第代的欧洲规范；1989年决定将欧规计划转给CEN和CEN/TC 250 “欧洲结构规范”委员会正式成立；1995 –1998 预规范ENV 正式出版；1997 –2000 重新回顾ENV并准备把ENVs转化为正式版本EN；2000 2007 出版正式的欧洲结构规范EN2000–2007出版正式的欧洲结构规范EN2002 第一部分欧洲结构规范出版(EN 1990)2003 委员会建议各成员国接受欧洲结构设计规范EN2007 出版所有的欧洲结构规范，共计58 册2010 年3月–欧洲大范围的采用欧洲结构规范，撤出和欧洲结构规范相抵触的各成员国规范March,2010‘The Big Month for EuropeanCivil Engineers第二次世界大战后的三代欧洲规范第一代规范以应力折减法和允许应力法为基础第二代规范以极限状态法为基础例如英国1980年左右颁布的BS5400规范,德国的DIN等。

欧美规范的特点和内容简述

1.各欧洲规范间的联系EN 1990 将与EN 1991 共同使用：欧洲规范1－结构作用和设计欧洲规范EN1992 至EN 1999，针对建筑物的结构设计和土木工程的结构设计，包括岩土工程技术、结构防火设计以及涉及地震、执行和临时结构的状况。

EN 1990 单独在欧洲规范系列中提出了所有独立于材料的可操作标准（例如作用的分系数、承载能力极限状态和正常使用极限状态的荷载组合公式）。

因此，没有规定独立于材料材料指导的EN 1991 和EN 1992 至EN 1999 必须要和EN 1990 一起使用。

2.欧洲规范的特点1)方法基于极限状态概念，采用分项系数法2)对象建筑结构土木工程结构（桥梁，筒体，管道，塔桅等）对特殊结构（大坝、核电站等），需用到其他相关规范3)材料钢，混凝土，铝，木，砌体等4)结构新建结构，既有结构；不同寿命要求的临时结构和永久性结构5)桥梁的适用范围（各成员国情况不尽相同）公路桥铁路桥人行及自行车桥6)规范条文的类型所有条款分为两类，一类为原则性条款（Principles），一类为应用性条款（Application Rules）原则性条款描述结构性能的基本要求，必须满足；应用性条款则是满足原则性条款要求可采用的方法（非强制性）7)成员国层面的欧洲规范的组成与格式a)成员国标题页b)成员国前言c)EN（正式版本）标题页d)EN正文e)EN附录f)成员国附录8)修订周期：5年1.欧洲规范的组成规范组成（计10册，每册由若干篇组成）EN 1990 Eurocode : 结构设计基础EN 1991 Eurocode 1: 结构作用EN 1992 Eurocode 2: 混凝土结构设计EN 1993 Eurocode 3: 钢结构设计EN 1994 Eurocode 4: 钢－混凝土组合结构设计EN 1995 Eurocode 5: 木结构设计EN 1996 Eurocode 6: 圬工（砌体）结构设计EN 1997 Eurocode 7: 土工设计EN 1998 Eurocode 8: 结构抗震设计EN 1999 Eurocode 9: 铝结构设计EN 1990 Basis of structural design•EN 1990 Basis of structural design - Annex A.2 Bridges•EN 1991-1-1 Actions on structures –Self weight & imposed loads•EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures –Fire•EN 1991-1-3 Actions on structures –Snow loads•EN 1991-1-4 Actions on structures –Wind actions•EN 1991-1-5 Actions on structures –Thermal Actions•EN 1991-1-6 Actions on structures –Execution•EN 1991-1-7 Accidental actions•EN 1991-2 Actions on structures –Traffic loads on bridges •EN 1991-3 Actions –Cranes and machinery•EN 1991-4 Actions on structures –Silos and tanksEN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures –General requirements •EN 1992-1-2 Design of concrete structures –Fire design•EN 1992-2 Design of concrete structures - Bridges•EN 1992-3 Concrete –Liquid retaining•EN 1993-1-1 Design of Steel structures –General requirements •EN 1993-1-2 Design of Steel structures –Fire design•EN 1993-1-3 Steel –Cold thin gauge members•EN 1993-1-4 Steel –Structures in stainless•EN 1993-1-5 Steel -- Strength planar plated•EN 1993-1-6 Steel –Shell structures•EN 1993-1-7 Steel –Out of plane•EN 1993-1-8 Design of Steel structures - Design of joints•EN 1993-1-9 Design of Steel structures- Fatigue strength•EN 1993-1-10 Design of Steel structures –Mat. Toughness •EN 1993-1-11 Steel –Tension components•EN 1993-1-12 Steel–HSS•EN 1993-2 Steel -- Bridges•EN 1993-3-1 Steel –Towers and masts•EN 1993-3-2 Steel -- Chimneys•EN 1993-4-1 Steel –Silos•EN 1993-4-2 Steel –Tanks•EN 1993-4-3 Steel –Pipelines•EN 1993-5 Steel –Piling•EN 1993-6 Steel –Crane supporting structures•EN 1994-1-1 Design of composite structures –General req.•EN 1994-1-2 Design of composite structures –Fire design•EN 1994-2 Design of composite structures –Bridges•EN 1995-1-1 Design of timber structures –General requirements•EN 1995-1-2 Design of timber structures –Fire design•EN 1995-2 Design of timber structures –Bridges•EN 1996-1-1 Design of masonry structures –Generalrequirements•EN 1996-1-2 Design of masonry structures –Fire design•EN 1996-2 Design of masonry structures–Selection & execution•EN 1996-3 Design of masonry structures–Simplified calculation•EN 1997-1 Geotechnical design –General requirements•EN 1997-2 Geotechnical ground investigation•EN 1998-1 Design for earthquake resistance –Gen. req.•EN 1998-2 Design for earthquake resistance –Bridges•EN 1998-3 Design for earthquake resistance –Assess. andretrofitting•EN 1998-4 Earthquake –Silos, tanks & pipelines•EN 1998-5 Design for earthquake resistance –Foundations•EN 1998-6 Design for earthquake resistance –Towers masts•EN 1999-1-1 Aluminium –Common rules•EN 1999-1-2 Aluminium –Fire design•EN 1999-1-3 Aluminium –Fatigue•EN 1999-1-4 Aluminium –Trapezoidal sheeting•EN 1999-1-5 Aluminium –Shell structures欧洲规范0 建立了结构安全性，适用性和耐久性的原理和要求，描述了结构设计和校核的基础，给出了结构可靠性相关方面的准则。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

第1章通则本章涉及了EN 1991-1-7中的通用部分，欧洲规范1-结构上的作用：1.7部分：一般作用和偶然作用。

本章中描述的材料涵盖在以下条目中：范围条文1.1；1991-1-7 参照标准条文1.2；1991-1-7 假设条文1.3；1991-1-7 原理与实用规定的区别条文1.4；1991-1-7 定义条文1.5；1991-1-7 符号条文1.6；1991-1-71.1范围EN 1991-1-7：欧洲规范1-结构上的作用：1.7部分：一般作用与偶然作用是1991年的EN的十个部分中的其中一个。

它是建筑物和其他民用工程（如桥梁）可识别的和不可识别的偶然作用的策略和规则。

EN 1991-1-7定义规则基于以下两点：可识别的偶然作用限制局部衰竭的程度（比如当偶然作用不可识别时）可识别偶然作用的典型例子包括火灾，爆炸，地震，冲击，洪水，雪崩和山体滑坡。

这些可识别的偶然作用，结构可能被各种不明的原因损坏，如在设计和施工中的人为失误，使用不当导致暴露的机构和设备故障，恶意攻击（如恐怖袭击）导致战争等等。

EN 1991-1-7给出的一般准则用来处理可识别的和不可识别的偶然作用带来的效应。

因为偶然荷载的性质与普通荷载（例如附加荷载和有气候引起的作用）的设计方法是不同的，局部损伤是可以接受的和非结构性措施可能被证明是超过结构的成本效益。

EN1991-1-7总体上来说涉及许多方面，包括：冲击(EN1991-1-7第4条)爆炸(EN1991-1-7第5条)代码包括以下主要附件内容：从不明原因（EN1991-1-7附件一）设计建筑物局部衰竭的影响。

风险评估的信息，导致失败的后果的影响，这可能要使用EN 1991 -1-7附件B。

动态设计的影响。

第4节给出的作用，由于影响交通的价值观，培养作为一种替代方法等，作为替代，可以直接使用EN 1991 -1-7附件C获得。

内部暴露(EN 1991-1-7附件D)。

不需要另外评论条款1.1(4)和1.1(5).虽然EN 1991-1-7并不专门处理意外爆炸引起的外部作用、战争车费和恐怖活动,这一条款并参照EN 1991-1-7(2)第3.1条注3的声明：“基于不明原因的偶然作用策略涵盖了可能发生的事件的范围广泛，相关的限制局部衰竭的程度为基础的战略。

限制程度的本地化失败的战略通过对1.1在确定这些偶然作用(6)，可提供足够的稳定性。

”此外，EN 1991-1-7不处理由地震作用或火灾等破坏建筑物的残余稳定或其他土木工程。

欧洲规范系统中有处理火灾和地震的特定部分。

在EN 1991-1-7的范围之外的事件, 像人员通过窗户或屋顶掉下，通常定义为事故。

原因是这类事故没有可能破坏结构系统。

这个设计指南只会指导部分EN 1991- 1-7处理建筑物。

桥梁设计依据汤姆德福设计师在桥梁上的行动指南。

EN 1990的要求影响EN 1991-1-7有关EN 1991-1-7的来源和偶然作用的测定，都是从EN 1990如下条款而来：2.1 EN 1990条款2.1(4)和2.1(5)的基本要求，以及2.2EN 1990条款2.2(3)的可靠性区分下面给出2.1(4)P 结构应设计和执行这样一种方式，它不会破坏的事件：爆炸影响和人类错误引起的后果，在某种程度上不相称的原始致因。

注1：该事件被考虑到的是那些同意为个别项目与客户及有关部门。

注2：进一步的信息请看EN 1991-1- 7。

2.1(5) P 应避免潜在的损害，或通过适当的选择一个或多个以下的限制：避免、消除或减少结构可以承受的危害考虑选择具有低灵敏度危害的结构形式选择结构形式和设计，可以存活充分意外删除的个别成员或结构的有限的一部分，或接受局部损坏的发生避免尽可能没有警告的结构系统平构件在一起2.2(3) 选择可靠性水平为特殊结构，应考虑的相关因素，包括：可能的原因和/或达到极限状态的模式可能产生的后果失败的风险的生活，损伤，潜在经济损失公众厌恶失败以减少失败风险的费用和必要程序1.2．规范性引用文件现在，在做任何评论引用时参考(EN)是必要的。

1.3．假设EN 1991-1-7(条款1.3:1991- 1-7)直接引用EN 1990条款1.3。

EN 1990年第1.3中的陈述和假设适用于所有欧洲规范的部分，这些指导设计师托马斯德福设计师指南1990年标准EN。

1.4．区分原则和适用规则EN 1991-1 -7 EN 1990年第1.4直接引用。

给出的声明和EN 1990第1.4条适用于所有的欧洲部分代码和设计师指导这些假设中的托马斯·德福设计标准EN 1990年。

1.5．术语和定义在EN 1991-1-7给出的定义大多来自ISO 2394，ISO 3898，ISO 8930和ISO4355。

此外，应参考EN 1990提供了一个基本的术语和定义适用于EN 1990 EN 1999年，从而确保欧洲规范系列的共同基础。

欧洲规范结构系列中，提请注意以下关键的定义，这可能是目前不同国家的做法：“作用”指的负载，或强加的变形（如温度的影响或沉降）“作用效应”或“作用对内部力和时刻的效应，弯矩，剪力和作用造成的变形。

从1990年在EN提供了很多的定义，适用于1991年与EN在第1章第1 .4(a)，(b)，(c)及(d)：1991-1-1.特别定义以下方面建议，以帮助了解EN 1991-1-7。

(a)偶然作用中没有定义EN 1991-1 -7。

偶然作用的可能性很低，后果严重，期限短，通常是作用。

EN 1990年定义于下。

“一个动作，通常持续时间短，但幅度显著，这是不可能发生在一个给定的设计工作寿命期间的结构。

”注：偶然作用，除非采取适当的措施，可以在许多情况下，预计将导致严重的后果(b)定义了如下结果“失败的后果的分类的结构或部分。

”请注意后果类的概念是在EN 1990附件B介绍，托马斯德福设计师标准EN 1990年讨论。

(c)稳定性的定义如下：防火、防爆、防撞击或防人为操作失误、不被损坏的的这种结构功能在一定程度上与原始状况不一致为了有助于更好的理解稳健性的定义，下面给出连续性倒塌的定义。

失败的连锁反应随之会导致相对较小部分结构的损坏，这种源自于连续性倒塌的损坏与原始的倒塌不成比例注意：在极端的环境下，如果偶然事件大量发生，则连续性倒塌会被人为是适当的一个关于不成比例的倒塌的例子就是如图1.1所示的罗南点1968年5月16日上午5时45分在一栋建筑的18层发生了瓦斯爆炸意外事故，爆炸导致了建筑混凝土面板的损坏。

这个爆炸引起了多米诺骨牌式的连续倒塌，殃及东南角落的建筑业(d)下部结构和上部结构的定义可造成混乱，因为建筑物和桥梁的定义是不同的。

转载如下建筑物的定义，用粗体斜体表示。

下部结构“支持上层建筑的这部分建筑结构，在建筑物的案例中，通常包括基础和其他地下工程。

在桥梁结构中通常涉及基础，桥墩，墩柱等。

”上部结构“这部分建筑结构，是支持结构。

在建筑物的案例中，通常包括地面以上工程。

在桥梁情况通常包括桥梁桥面。

”1.6．符号EN1991-1-7第1.6条的符号根据ISO 3898而来。

EN 1990第1.6条提供了一个全面的符号列表，其中一些可能在EN1991-1-7中适用。

符号在条款1.6（1）：1991-1-7附加符号这一地区特有的EN 1991-1-7。

第2章作用的分类本章涉及了EN 1991-1-7中的通用部分，欧洲规范1-结构上的作用：1.7部分：一般作用和偶然作用。

本章是关于本部分的分类规则。

本章中所描述的材料包括以下条款：作用的分类第2.1(1)p表格具体列出了EN 1990中的相关条款和子条款，这些可以用来设计偶然作用的有关结构，包括如下：(a) EN 1990 第4.1.2(8)章阐述了“在偶然作用中设计参数Ad应该对独立项目有具体的分析”这其中A就是一个偶然作用，而Ad就是这个偶然作用的设计参数(b) 有关偶然设计状况的行为组合在EN 1990的第6.4.3.3章中已经给出，如下？？？？？？在A和B之间的选择应该与有关的偶然设计状况关联起来（在一个偶然事件或状况之后的影响，激情或幸存）（c）按照EN 1990年第A1.3.2章中的表述，偶然事件设计状况的极限状态中的部分因素应该为1.0EN 1990分类说明了偶然作用都是由于自由作用导致的，除非另有说明爆炸作用在一些特定的情况下也可能被当成恒定作用对待，基于这点考虑，一般不把爆炸作用划分在偶然作用当中（例如，在EN 1991-1-7中定义了一个关键元素“结构爆炸后的稳定取决于结构的其余部分”）偶然作用和可变作用之间的区别图2.1（来自于背景文件EN 1991-1 -7，而这个背景文件来自于CEN/ TC250秘书处BSI）表明了在考虑时间特征时可变作用和偶然作用之间的区别一个典型的偶然作用（图2.1（a）项），将最有可能不会出现在结构的设计工作中。

如果它确实发生，它将通常只持续很短的时间，从几秒钟（爆炸）到几天（洪水）。

可变作用（图2.1（b）条）几乎是始终存在，虽然它的价值对于部分实质时间来说可能很小。

然而，在大多数情况下（如，风、雪），可变作用在结构设计中可以发生很多次有很高价值的影响可变作用和偶然作用之间的另一个区别在于作用强度。

偶然作用非常强烈，它被认为是一种不太可能发生在结构正常使用中的极为罕见事件。