中世纪英语整理
中古英语时期解读
1st the Medieval Period中古英语时期1．The Middle Ages中世纪European history: the 5th century AD --- the end of the 15th centuryThe Anglo-Saxon period: 446AD --- 1066 + 400 years欧洲的历史：公元5世纪---15世纪的结束盎格鲁- 撒克逊时期：446AD---1066+400年一．The major literary forms一，主要文学形式1. Epic --- Beowulf贝奥武甫Epic, a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition史诗，一首诗，庆祝连续叙述形式的历史和传统中的一个或多个英雄人物的成就—— Basic information基本信息1）the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people 盎格鲁- 撒克逊和英国的民族史诗2）a long poem of about 3,000 lines（2）一首长诗约3000线3）a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental home. （3）一个民间传说带到英格兰的盎格鲁- 撒克逊人从他们的大陆的家。
——Features特点（1）The use of alliteration (certain accented words in a line beginning with the same consonant sound, generally 4 accents in a line, three of them showing alliteration. 1）在一条线上，使用头韵（某些重音单词开头的辅音相同的声音，一般4口音在一条线上，他们三个显示头韵。
欧洲中世纪英语
欧洲中世纪英语The European Middle Ages: A Time of Language TransformationDuring the Middle Ages, the European continent experienced a period of significant linguistic and cultural evolution. The English language, in particular, underwent a remarkable transformation, reflecting the complex political, social, and religious changes that swept through the region.The origins of the English language can be traced back to the Germanic tribes that settled in Britain following the withdrawal of the Roman Empire in the 5th century. These tribes, including the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, brought with them their own dialects, which eventually coalesced into what is now known as Old English. This early form of the language was heavily influenced by the languages of the invading groups, as well as the remnants of the Britons, who had inhabited the islands before the arrival of the Germanic settlers.The introduction of Christianity to the British Isles in the 6th century played a crucial role in the development of the English language. The arrival of Christian missionaries, such as Saint Augustine, brought with them a new set of vocabulary and concepts, which weregradually incorporated into the existing linguistic framework. This influx of religious terminology, coupled with the increasing use of Latin in ecclesiastical and scholarly circles, helped to shape the evolution of Old English.As the centuries passed, the English language continued to evolve, reflecting the dynamic political and social landscape of the European Middle Ages. The Norman Conquest of 1066, led by William the Conqueror, had a profound impact on the language. The influx of French vocabulary and grammatical structures into the English language, as a result of the Norman influence, led to the development of Middle English.Middle English, which was spoken from the 11th to the 15th century, was a complex and diverse linguistic form, with regional dialects and variations. This period saw the emergence of some of the most renowned literary works in the English language, such as Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales," which showcased the richness and versatility of the language.During the Middle Ages, the English language also played a crucial role in the dissemination of knowledge and the preservation of cultural heritage. The translation of religious texts, such as the Bible, into the vernacular languages, including English, helped to make these important works accessible to a wider audience. Additionally,the development of educational institutions, such as universities, contributed to the standardization and codification of the language, as scholars and scribes worked to establish a more uniform system of grammar and orthography.Moreover, the Middle Ages witnessed the emergence of a vibrant literary tradition in the English language. Writers and poets, such as William Langland and the anonymous author of "Beowulf," explored a wide range of themes, from religious devotion to heroic tales, using the evolving language as a powerful tool of expression.The linguistic diversity and dynamism of the European Middle Ages were not limited to the English language alone. Other languages, such as French, German, and Italian, also underwent significant transformations during this period, reflecting the broader cultural and political changes that swept through the continent.In conclusion, the European Middle Ages were a formative era in the evolution of the English language. The complex interplay of political, social, and religious forces, combined with the influx of foreign linguistic influences, contributed to the remarkable transformation of the language, laying the foundation for its eventual rise as a global lingua franca. The rich literary and cultural heritage of this period continues to shape our understanding of the English language and its enduring significance in the context of European history.。
历史形容词的英语
历史形容词的英语以下是20个与历史相关的形容词及其英语释义、短语、单词用法和双语例句：1. Ancient（古老的；古代的）- 英语释义：Belonging to the very distant past, especially before the end of the Roman Empire (in Western history).- 短语：ancient civilization（古代文明）；ancient history（古代史）- 用法：可作定语修饰名词，如ancient city（古城）；也可作表语，The temple is ancient.（这座庙宇很古老。
）- 双语例句：Ancient Egypt had a highly developed culture.（古埃及有着高度发达的文化。
）2. Medieval（中世纪的；中古（时代）的）- 英语释义：Relating to the Middle Ages (about AD 600 - AD 1500 in Europe).- 短语：medieval Europe（中世纪的欧洲）；medieval castle（中世纪城堡）- 用法：作定语，如medieval literature（中世纪文学）。
- 双语例句：Medieval knights were trained inbat and chivalry.（中世纪的骑士接受战斗和骑士精神的训练。
）3. Historic（有历史意义的；历史上著名的）- 英语释义：Famous or important in history; having a place in history.- 短语：historic event（历史性事件）；historic site（历史遗址） - 用法：作定语，如a historic building（一座有历史意义的建筑）。
- 双语例句：The signing of the Declaration of Independence was a historic moment.（《独立宣言》的签署是一个历史性的时刻。
中古英语时期解读
1st the Medieval Period中古英语时期1．The Middle Ages中世纪European history: the 5th century AD --- the end of the 15th centuryThe Anglo-Saxon period: 446AD --- 1066 + 400 years欧洲的历史：公元5世纪---15世纪的结束盎格鲁- 撒克逊时期：446AD---1066+400年一．The major literary forms一，主要文学形式1. Epic --- Beowulf贝奥武甫Epic, a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition史诗，一首诗，庆祝连续叙述形式的历史和传统中的一个或多个英雄人物的成就—— Basic information基本信息1）the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people 盎格鲁- 撒克逊和英国的民族史诗2）a long poem of about 3,000 lines（2）一首长诗约3000线3）a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental home. （3）一个民间传说带到英格兰的盎格鲁- 撒克逊人从他们的大陆的家。
——Features特点（1）The use of alliteration (certain accented words in a line beginning with the same consonant sound, generally 4 accents in a line, three of them showing alliteration. 1）在一条线上，使用头韵（某些重音单词开头的辅音相同的声音，一般4口音在一条线上，他们三个显示头韵。
第二章：中世纪英语文学
Influence:
Large-scale introduction into England of French culture (French customs and manners), medieval French literature and the literature of Italy and other European countries, as well as the extensive use of the Norman-French language, particularly in the cities and the big manors where the Norman nobility lived. For almost two hundred years after 1066, two languages, native English and Norman-French, existed side by side in England, together with Latin. Latin: religious circle French: upper class and the official language English: lower class/ common people
----- Romance which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period. It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved. The hero is usu. The knight, who set out a journey to accomplish some missions—to protect the church, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or obey a knightly command. There is an often a liberal use of the improbable, sometimes even supernatural, things in romance such as mysteries and fantasies. Romance love / courtly love is an important part of the plot in romance. ------The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p.842
中古英语名词
中古英语名词1. Renaissance (文艺复兴): A period of great cultural and artistic change in Europe from the 14th to the 17th century. It saw the revival of interest in classical learning, a growth in scientific exploration, and innovations in art, music, and literature.2. Industrial Revolution (工业革命): A period of major social, economic, and technological change that began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread throughout the world. It saw the development of new manufacturing processes, the growth of cities and factories, and changes in transportation, communication, and agriculture.3. Enlightenment (启蒙运动): A philosophical and intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that emphasized reason, individualism, and liberty. It sought to challenge traditional authority and promote scientific inquiry and human progress.4. Romanticism (浪漫主义): An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that emerged in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and individualism, and celebrated nature, the supernatural, and the exotic.5. Imperialism (帝国主义): A policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or economic domination. It was prevalent in the 19th and early 20th centuries as European powers sought to expand their empires and exert control over other regions and peoples.6. Modernism (现代主义): An artistic and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in response to the changing social, cultural, and technological landscape. It emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and the rejection of traditional forms and conventions.7. Civil Rights Movement (公民权利运动): A social and political movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s that aimed to end racial discrimination and segregation against African Americans. It was characterized by nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, and legal challenges to unjust laws and practices.8. Feminism (女权主义): A social and political movement that advocates for gender equality and women's rights. It emerged in the 19th century and has continued to evolve and expand in the20th and 21st centuries, promoting issues such as reproductive rights, equal pay, and representation in leadership positions.9. Globalization (全球化): A process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among people, businesses, and nations around the world. It has been facilitated by advances in technology, transportation, and communication, and has had both positive and negative effects on economic growth, cultural exchange, and political power dynamics.10. Climate Change (气候变化): A long-term shift in weather patterns and global temperatures caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is a significant global challenge that threatens the environment, public health, and theeconomy, and requires collective action at local, national, and international levels to mitigate and adapt to its impacts.。
中世纪 英文简介
The medieval period, commonly referred to as the Middle Ages, spans approximately from the 5th to the late 15th century. This era represents a crucial transitional phase in European history, marked by distinctive cultural, social, and political developments. The medieval period is often divided into three subperiods: the Early Middle Ages, the High Middle Ages, and the Late Middle Ages.### Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th Century):#### **Historical Context:**The Early Middle Ages began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, a pivotal event that led to the fragmentation of political and social structures. Barbarian invasions, economic decline, and the disintegration of centralized authority characterized this tumultuous period.#### **Feudalism:**Feudalism emerged as a dominant social and economic system during this time. The feudal structure was based on a hierarchical relationship between lords, who owned land, and vassals, who pledged loyalty and military service in exchange for protection. This decentralized system provided a semblance of order in a time of political instability.#### **Role of the Church:**The Catholic Church played a significant role in shaping the social fabric of the Early Middle Ages. Monasteries and convents became centers of learning and culture, preserving classical knowledge and contributing to the spread of Christianity.### High Middle Ages (11th to 13th Century):#### **Economic Revival and Urbanization:**The High Middle Ages witnessed an economic revival, marked by increased agricultural productivity and the growth of trade and commerce. This prosperity contributed to the rise of towns and cities, leading to the development of a nascent urban culture.#### **The Crusades:**The Church's influence extended beyond Europe through the Crusades, a series of religious wars aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim control. Although the Crusades had political and economic motivations, they also had profound cultural implications, facilitating the exchange of ideas and goods between the East and West.#### **Scholasticism and Intellectual Revival:**The High Middle Ages saw a resurgence of intellectual activity with the rise of scholasticism. Scholars like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith and reason, fostering an environment conducive to academic pursuits.#### **Gothic Architecture:**One of the most enduring legacies of the High Middle Ages is the development of Gothic architecture. Cathedrals such as Chartres and Notre-Dame de Paris showcase the innovative use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, reflecting both technological and aesthetic advancements.### Late Middle Ages (14th to 15th Century):#### **Challenges and Crisis:**The Late Middle Ages brought a series of challenges, including the Black Death, a devastating pandemic that swept through Europe and caused significant demographic and economic disruptions. This period also witnessed political instability, social upheavals, and the Hundred Years' War between England and France.#### **Rise of Nation-States:**Amidst the turmoil, the Late Middle Ages saw the emergence of powerful nation-states. Monarchs began to consolidate power, centralize authority, and diminish the influence of feudal lords. This marked a shift toward more centralized forms of governance.#### **Cultural and Artistic Developments:**Despite the challenges, the Late Middle Ages fostered remarkable cultural and artistic achievements. The Renaissance, characterized by renewed interest in classical art and humanism, began to take root, paving the way for the cultural transformations of the following centuries.#### **Decline of Feudalism:**The Late Middle Ages also witnessed the gradual decline of feudalism. Economic changes, technological advancements, and shifts in political power contributed to the erosion of the feudal system, setting the stage for the societal transformations of the Renaissance and the early modern period.### Conclusion:The medieval period, with its distinct phases and multifaceted developments, laid the groundwork for the subsequent evolution of European civilization. From the fragmentation and decentralization of the Early Middle Ages to the economic prosperity and intellectual flourishing of the High Middle Ages, and finally, to the challenges and transformations of the Late Middle Ages, this era was characterized by a complex interplay of social, political, and cultural forces. The legacy of the medieval period endures in the institutions, art, and ideas that shaped the course of European history and influenced subsequent epochs.。
世界古代中世纪史 英语
世界古代中世纪史英语The ancient and medieval history of the world is a vast and complex topic that spans thousands of years and encompasses a wide range of civilizations and cultures. From the ancient empires of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Byzantine Empire, the medieval period saw the development of powerful kingdoms and the spread of influential religious and political ideologies.One of the most significant developments of the ancient and medieval world was the emergence of the great Mesopotamian civilizations, including the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires. These civilizations, located in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, were among the earliest known human settlements and were responsible for many important technological and cultural advancements. The Sumerians, for example, are credited with the invention of writing, the wheel, and the development of the first known system of mathematics and astronomy.The ancient Egyptians, too, were a highly advanced civilization that left an indelible mark on the ancient world. The Egyptians wereknown for their impressive architectural achievements, such as the pyramids and the Great Sphinx, as well as their sophisticated system of hieroglyphic writing and their advancements in the fields of medicine and engineering. The Egyptian civilization was also deeply influenced by religious beliefs and the worship of numerous gods and goddesses.The rise of the ancient Greek civilization was another significant development in the ancient world. The Greeks were known for their contributions to philosophy, science, and the arts, and their political and cultural influence extended far beyond the boundaries of the Greek peninsula. The Greek city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, were renowned for their military prowess and their democratic and oligarchic forms of government.The Roman Empire, which emerged in the 8th century BCE, was one of the most powerful and influential civilizations of the ancient world. The Romans were known for their impressive military conquests, their sophisticated system of law and governance, and their extensive network of roads and aqueducts. The Roman Empire also played a significant role in the spread of Christianity, which would go on to become one of the dominant religions of the medieval period.The medieval period, which spanned from the 5th to the 15th century CE, was a time of great political, social, and cultural change.The collapse of the Roman Empire in the West led to the emergence of numerous smaller kingdoms and empires, including the Byzantine Empire in the East and the various kingdoms of Europe. The medieval period was also marked by the rise of the Catholic Church and the spread of Christianity throughout Europe and beyond.One of the most significant developments of the medieval period was the feudal system, which was a hierarchical system of social and political organization that dominated much of Europe during this time. Under the feudal system, the land was divided into manors, each of which was controlled by a lord who held power over the peasants and serfs who lived and worked on the land.The medieval period also saw the rise of powerful Islamic empires, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, which exerted significant political and cultural influence in the Middle East and North Africa. The Islamic world was also a center of learning and scientific advancement, with scholars making important contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.The late medieval period was also marked by the Crusades, a series of military campaigns launched by European Christians against the Muslim-controlled Holy Land. The Crusades had a significant impact on the political and cultural landscape of the medieval world, leadingto increased contact and exchange between the Christian and Islamic worlds.Overall, the ancient and medieval history of the world is a rich and complex tapestry of civilizations, cultures, and political and religious movements that have shaped the course of human history. From the ancient empires of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the powerful kingdoms and empires of the medieval period, this history continues to fascinate and inspire scholars and students alike.。
最新欧洲中世纪英文版(The-middle-age)
Political and Religion
Feudalism
1. The Manor (封建领主的）领地、庄园
2. Knighthood (骑兵身份)and code of Chivalry( 骑兵制度)
Religion
1. The organization of church
2.The power and influence of the Catholic Church
Gothic art
THE ECONOMY IN MIDDLE AGE
• Nature economy
The economic religion : Mediterranean sea
PEOPLE’S LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGE
PEOPLE’S LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGE
欧洲中世纪英文版(Themiddle-age)
General Introduction Political and Religion aspects Culture and Art aspects
People’s life in the Middle Ages
TIME
The fall of the Western Roman Empire The British bourgeois revolution broke out
THE ART AND ECONOMY IN MIDDLE AGES
THE ART IN MIDDLE AGE Byza•nTthienaert oaf rmtiddle aRgeomisabnasneedsoqnureligaiorntto show
the concept of feelings and ideas.
(完整版)中世纪英语整理
演讲素材中古英语时期（1100――1500）中世纪英语时期通常指的是公元1066（诺曼征服）到1489（英国议会停止使用法语）年，处于欧洲中世纪历史的中晚期，在此时期英国使用三种语言：拉丁语、法语和英语。
中世纪英语和古英语相比发生了空前的巨大变化。
词尾变化大多消失，名词的性也消失了。
词序，虚词和语调成了表示句子关系的主要手段。
如果说古一英语与其它日尔曼语族的语言一样是典型的综合语，那么到了中古英语末期，英语已逐渐具有分析语的特性。
The medieval English period usually refers to AD 1066 (Norman Conquest) to 1489 (the British Parliament ceases to use French) years, in the middle and late of medieval European history, during which the United Kingdom used three languages: Latin, French and English. Medieval English and ancient English compared to the unprecedented great changes. Most of the changes in the suffix, the disappearance of the nouns. Word order, functional words and tone become the main means of expressing the relationship between sentences. If the ancient English is the same as the language of other Germanic languages, then to the end of Middle English, English has gradually been characterized by analytic language.1066年的在英语语言发展史上是一个标志性的转折点。
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演讲素材
中古英语时期（1100――1500）
中世纪英语时期通常指的是公元1066（诺曼征服）到1489（英国议会停止使用法语）年，处于欧洲中世纪历史的中晚期，在此时期英国使用三种语言：拉丁语、法语和英语。
中世纪英语和古英语相比发生了空前的巨大变化。
词尾变化大多消失，名词的性也消失了。
词序，虚词和语调成了表示句子关系的主要手段。
如果说古一英语与其它日尔曼语族的语言一样是典型的综合语，那么到了中古英语末期，英语已逐渐具有分析语的特性。
The medieval English period usually refers to AD 1066 (Norman Conquest) to 1489 (the British Parliament ceases to use French) years, in the middle and late of medieval European history, during which the United Kingdom used three languages: Latin, French and English. Medieval English and ancient English compared to the unprecedented great changes. Most of the changes in the suffix, the disappearance of the nouns. Word order, functional words and tone become the main means of expressing the relationship between sentences. If the ancient English is the same as the language of other Germanic languages, then to the end of Middle English, English has gradually been characterized by analytic language.
1066年的在英语语言发展史上是一个标志性的转折点。
在这年，威廉带领军队从法国诺曼底省出发，穿过英吉利海峡，想在英国称王并在伦敦成立一个法国法庭。
之后的近三百年里，法语一直是英国的官方语言，成为统治阶级用语，而平民百姓说的英语被认为市低等语言。
到1300年左右，法语的使用开始减少。
到14世纪末期，英语又重新成为官方语言。
1066 years in the history of the development of English language is a landmark turning point. In this year, William led the army from the French province of Normandy, through the English Channel, want to king in the United Kingdom and set up a French court in London. After nearly three hundred years, the French has always been the official language of the United Kingdom, became the ruling class language, and the civilian people speak English is considered the city low language. By about 1300 years, the use of French began to decrease. By the end of the 14th century, English became the official language again
在近四百年时间里，诺曼人给英语带来了近一万的外来词，深深影响了英国人的社会和生活。
英语语言在这一时期借用了较多法语中的派生词缀，如-able, -ess。
当然也有一些拉丁语直接进入英语，而且多用于书面语。
词汇方面的变化也是显著的。
由于诺曼法语一度是英国统治阶级的语言，大批法语词涌入英语。
随着众多的法语借词被吸收进英语，一些法语和拉丁语的词缀也被英语化了，成为英语构词的重要素材。
In the last four hundred years, the Normans brought nearly ten thousand foreign words to English, deeply influenced the British society and life. In this period, the English language borrowed more derivative words in French, such as -able, -ess. Of course there are some Latin direct access to English, and more for writing. Vocabulary changes are also significant. As Norman French was once the language of the British ruling class, a large influx of French words into English. With many French borrowings absorbed into English, some French and Latin affixes have also been English, and become an important material for English word formation.
到中古英语末期，英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。
乔叟的作品证明，英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。
英语语法的简单化过程已大体完成，拼写走向固定，基本词汇也已形成。
总之，现代英语的基础也已经奠定。
如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是在读另外一种语言，那么十六世纪以后的英语与当代的英语的差别也就不那么明显了。
对英语拼写标准化、传播英语书面语都起了很大的推进作用。
At the end of Middle English, English has established its status as a British language. Chaucer's work proves that English has become a mature literary language. English grammar simplification process has been largely completed, spelling to fixed, the basic vocabulary has also been formed. In short, the foundation of modern English has also been laid. If you read English in Middle English as if you were reading another language, then the difference between English and contemporary English after the sixteenth century was not so obvious. The English spelling standardization, the dissemination of English written language has played a great role in promoting.。