自动化专业英文文献翻译2
自动化专业毕业论文外文文献翻译
目录Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method (1)Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system in power station (7)Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature ..................................................................... (13)Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制21Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and Parametersadaptive methodWu zhi QIAO, Masaharu MizumotoAbstract: The authors of this paper try to analyze the dynamic behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a PD controller that may yield steady-state error for the control system. By relating to the conventional PID control theory, we propose a new fuzzy controller structure, namely PID type fuzzy controller which retains the characteristics similar to the conventional PID controller. In order to improve further the performance of the fuzzy controller, we work out a method to tune the parameters of the PID type fuzzy controller on line, producing a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. Simulation experiments are made to demonstrate the fine performance of these novel fuzzy controller structures.Keywords: Fuzzy controller; PID control; Adaptive control1. IntroductionAmong various inference methods used in the fuzzy controller found in literatures , the most widely used ones in practice are the Mamdani method proposed by Mamdani and his associates who adopted the Min-max compositional rule of inference based on an interpretation of a control rule as a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent, and the product-sum method proposed by Mizumoto who suggested to introduce the product and arithmetic mean aggregation operators to replace the logical AND (minimum) and OR (maximum) calculations in the Min-max compositional rule of inference.In the algorithm of a fuzzy controller, the fuzzy function calculation is also a complicated and time consuming task. Tagagi and Sugeno proposed a crisp type model in which the consequent parts of the fuzzy control rules are crisp functional representation or crisp real numbers in the simplified case instead of fuzzy sets . With this model of crisp real number output, the fuzzy set of the inference consequence willbe a discrete fuzzy set with a finite number of points, this can greatly simplify the fuzzy function algorithm.Both the Min-max method and the product-sum method are often applied with the crisp output model in a mixed manner. Especially the mixed product-sum crisp model has a fine performance and the simplest algorithm that is very easy to be implemented in hardware system and converted into a fuzzy neural network model. In this paper, we will take account of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller.2. PID type fuzzy controller structureAs illustrated in previous sections, the PD function approximately behaves like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Since the mathematical models of most industrial process systems are of type, obviously there would exist an steady-state error if they are controlled by this kind of fuzzy controller. This characteristic has been stated in the brief review of the PID controller in the previous section.If we want to eliminate the steady-state error of the control system, we can imagine to substitute the input (the change rate of error or the derivative of error) of the fuzzy controller with the integration of error. This will result the fuzzy controller behaving like a parameter time-varying PI controller, thus the steady-state error is expelled by the integration action. However, a PI type fuzzy controller will have a slow rise time if the P parameters are chosen small, and have a large overshoot if the P or I parameters are chosen large. So there may be the time when one wants to introduce not only the integration control but the derivative control to the fuzzy control system, because the derivative control can reduce the overshoot of the system's response so as to improve the control performance. Of course this can be realized by designing a fuzzy controller with three inputs, error, the change rate of error and the integration of error. However, these methods will be hard to implement in practice because of the difficulty in constructing fuzzy control rules. Usually fuzzy control rules are constructed by summarizing the manual control experience of an operator who has been controlling the industrial process skillfully and successfully. The operator intuitively regulates the executor to control the process by watching theerror and the change rate of the error between the system's output and the set-point value. It is not the practice for the operator to observe the integration of error. Moreover, adding one input variable will greatly increase the number of control rules, the constructing of fuzzy control rules are even more difficult task and it needs more computation efforts. Hence we may want to design a fuzzy controller that possesses the fine characteristics of the PID controller by using only the error and the change rate of error as its inputs.One way is to have an integrator serially connected to the output of the fuzzy controller as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1,1K and 2K are scaling factors for e and ~ respectively, and fl is the integral constant. In the proceeding text, for convenience, we did not consider the scaling factors. Here in Fig. 2, when we look at the neighborhood of NODE point in the e - ~ plane, it follows from (1) that the control input to the plant can be approximated by(1)Hence the fuzzy controller becomes a parameter time-varying PI controller, itsequivalent proportional control and integral control components are BK2D and ilK1 P respectively. We call this fuzzy controller as the PI type fuzzy controller (PI fc). We can hope that in a PI type fuzzy control system, the steady-state error becomes zero.To verify the property of the PI type fuzzy controller, we carry out some simulation experiments. Before presenting the simulation, we give a description of the simulation model. In the fuzzy control system shown in Fig. 3, the plant model is a second-order and type system with the following transfer function:)1)(1()(21++=s T s T K s G (2) Where K = 16, 1T = 1, and 2T = 0.5. In our simulation experiments, we use thediscrete simulation method, the results would be slightly different from that of a continuous system, the sampling time of the system is set to be 0.1 s. For the fuzzy controller, the fuzzy subsets of e and d are defined as shown in Fig. 4. Their coresThe fuzzy control rules are represented as Table 1. Fig. 5 demonstrates the simulation result of step response of the fuzzy control system with a Pl fc. We can see that the steady-state error of the control system becomes zero, but when the integration factor fl is small, the system's response is slow, and when it is too large, there is a high overshoot and serious oscillation. Therefore, we may want to introduce the derivative control law into the fuzzy controller to overcome the overshoot and instability. We propose a controller structure that simply connects the PD type and the PI type fuzzy controller together in parallel. We have the equivalent structure of that by connecting a PI device with the basic fuzzy controller serially as shown in Fig.6. Where ~ is the weight on PD type fuzzy controller and fi is that on PI type fuzzy controller, the larger a/fi means more emphasis on the derivative control and less emphasis on the integration control, and vice versa. It follows from (7) that the output of the fuzzy controller is(3)3. The parameter adaptive methodThus the fuzzy controller behaves like a time-varying PID controller, its equivalent proportional control, integral control and derivative control components are respectively. We call this new controller structure a PID type fuzzy controller (PID fc). Figs. 7 and 8 are the simulation results of the system's step response of such control system. The influence of ~ and fl to the system performance is illustrated. When ~ > 0 and/3 = 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like PD fc, there exist a steady-state error. When ~ = 0 and fl > 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like a PI fc, the steady-state error of the system is eliminated but there is a large overshoot and serious oscillation.When ~ > 0 and 13 > 0 the fuzzy controller becomes a PID fc, the overshoot is substantially reduced. It is possible to get a comparatively good performance by carefully choosing the value of αandβ.4. ConclusionsWe have studied the input-output behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Therefore, the analysis and designing of a fuzzy control system can take advantage of the conventional PID control theory. According to the coventional PID control theory, we have been able to propose some improvement methods for the crisp type fuzzy controller.It has been illustrated that the PD type fuzzy controller yields a steady-state error for the type system, the PI type fuzzy controller can eliminate the steady-state error. We proposed a controller structure, that combines the features of both PD type and PI type fuzzy controller, obtaining a PID type fuzzy controller which allows the control system to have a fast rise and a small overshoot as well as a short settling time.To improve further the performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller, the authors designed a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. The PID type fuzzy controller can be decomposed into the equivalent proportional control, integral control and the derivative control components. The proposed parameter adaptive fuzzy controller decreases the equivalent integral control component of the fuzzy controller gradually with the system response process time, so as to increase the damping of the system when the system is about to settle down, meanwhile keeps the proportional control component unchanged so as to guarantee quick reaction against the system's error. With the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller, the oscillation of the system is strongly restrained and the settling time is shortened considerably.We have presented the simulation results to demonstrate the fine performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller and the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller structure.Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system inpower stationZHI-BIN LIAbstract: In light of the large delay, strong inertia, and uncertainty characteristics of main steam temperature process, a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system is presented, which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic performance of fuzzy control. The simulation results show that this control system has more quickly response, better precision and stronger anti-disturbance ability．Keywords：Main steam temperature；Self adaptation；Fuzzy control；Serial control1. IntroductionThe boiler superheaters of modem thermal power station run under the condition of high temperature and high pressure, and the superheater’s temperature is highest in the steam channels．so it has important effect to the running of the whole thermal power station．If the temperature is too high, it will be probably burnt out. If the temperature is too low ,the efficiency will be reduced So the main steam temperature mast be strictly controlled near the given value．Fig l shows the boiler main steam temperature system structure.Fig.1 boiler main steam temperature systemIt can be concluded from Fig l that a good main steam temperature controlsystem not only has adequately quickly response to flue disturbance and load fluctuation, but also has strong control ability to desuperheating water disturbance. The general control scheme is serial PID control or double loop control system with derivative. But when the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become instable. This paper presents a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system. which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic character and quickly response of fuzzy control ．1. Design of Control SystemThe general regulation adopts serial PID control system with load feed forward ．which assures that the main steam temperature is near the given value 540℃in most condition ．If parameter of PID control changeless and the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become in stable ．The fuzzy control is fit for controlling non-linear and uncertain process. The general fuzzy controller takes error E and error change ratio EC as input variables ．actually it is a non-linear PD controller, so it has the good dynamic performance ．But the steady error is still in existence. In linear system theory, integral can eliminate the steady error. So if fuzzy control is combined with PI control, not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also has the good dynamic performance and quickly response.In order to improve fuzzy control self adaptation ability, Prof ．Long Sheng-Zhao and Wang Pei-zhuang take the located in bringing forward a new idea which can modify the control regulation online ．This regulation is:]1,0[,)1(∈-+=αααEC E UThis control regulation depends on only one parameter α.Once αis fixed ．the weight of E and EC will be fixed and the self adaptation ability will be very small ．It was improved by Prof. Li Dong-hui and the new regulation is as follow;]1,0[,,,3,)1(2,)1(1,)1(0,)1({321033221100∈±=-+±=-+±=-+=-+=ααααααααααααE EC E E EC E E EC E E EC E UBecause it is very difficult to find a self of optimum parameter, a new method is presented by Prof ．Zhou Xian-Lan, the regulation is as follow:)0(),ex p(12>--=k ke αBut this algorithm still can not eliminate the steady error ．This paper combines this algorithm with PI control ，the performance is improved ．2. Simulation of Control System3.1 Dynamic character of controlled objectPapers should be limited to 6 pages Papers longer than 6 pages will be subject to extra fees based on their length ．Fig .2 main steam temperature control system structureFig 2 shows the main steam temperature control system structure ，)(),(21s W s W δδare main controller and auxiliary controller,)(),(21s W s W o o are characters of the leading and inertia sections,)(),(21s W s W H H are measure unit.3.2 Simulation of the general serial PID control systemThe simulation of the general serial PID control system is operated by MATLAB, the simulation modal is as Fig.3.Setp1 and Setp2 are the given value disturbance and superheating water disturb & rice .PID Controller1 and PID Controller2 are main controller and auxiliary controller ．The parameter value which comes from references is as follow ：667.37,074.0,33.31)(25)(111111122===++===D I p D I p p k k k s k sk k s W k s W δδFig.3. the general PID control system simulation modal3.3 Simulation of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system SpacingThe simulation modal is as Fig 4.Auxiliary controller is:25)(22==p k s W δ.Main controller is Fuzzy-PI structure, and the PI controller is:074.0,33.31)(11111==+=I p I p k k s k k s W δFuzzy controller is realized by S-function, and the code is as fig.5.Fig.4. the fuzzy PID control system simulation modalFig 5 the S-function code of fuzzy control3.4 Comparison of the simulationGiven the same given value disturbance and the superheating water disturbance，we compare the response of fuzzy-PID control system with PID serial control system. The simulation results are as fig.6-7.From Fig6-7,we can conclude that the self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has the more quickly response, smaller excess and stronger anti-disturbance．4. Conclusion(1)Because it combines the advantage of PID controller and fuzzy controller, theself adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has better performance than the general PID serial control system.(2)The parameter can self adjust according to the error E value. so this kind of controller can harmonize quickly response with system stability．Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controlof boiler steam temperatureXiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUANAbstract: Power plants are nonlinear and uncertain complex systems. Reliable control of superheated steam temperature is necessary to ensure high efficiency and high load-following capability in the operation of modern power plant. A nonlinear generalized predictive controller based on neuro-fuzzy network (NFGPC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear controller is applied to control the superheated steam temperature of a 200MW power plant. From the experiments on the plant and the simulation of the plant, much better performance than the traditional controller is obtained.Keywords: Neuro-fuzzy networks; Generalized predictive control; Superheated steam temperature1. IntroductionContinuous process in power plant and power station are complex systems characterized by nonlinearity, uncertainty and load disturbance. The superheater is an important part of the steam generation process in the boiler-turbine system, where steam is superheated before entering the turbine that drives the generator. Controlling superheated steam temperature is not only technically challenging, but also economically important.From Fig.1,the steam generated from the boiler drum passes through the low-temperature superheater before it enters the radiant-type platen superheater. Water is sprayed onto the steam to control the superheated steam temperature in both the low and high temperature superheaters. Proper control of the superheated steam temperature is extremely important to ensure the overall efficiency and safety of the power plant. It is undesirable that the steam temperature is too high, as it can damage the superheater and the high pressure turbine, or too low, as it will lower the efficiency of the power plant. It is also important to reduce the temperaturefluctuations inside the superheater, as it helps to minimize mechanical stress that causes micro-cracks in the unit, in order to prolong the life of the unit and to reduce maintenance costs. As the GPC is derived by minimizing these fluctuations, it is amongst the controllers that are most suitable for achieving this goal.The multivariable multi-step adaptive regulator has been applied to control the superheated steam temperature in a 150 t/h boiler, and generalized predictive control was proposed to control the steam temperature. A nonlinear long-range predictive controller based on neural networks is developed into control the main steam temperature and pressure, and the reheated steam temperature at several operating levels. The control of the main steam pressure and temperature based on a nonlinear model that consists of nonlinear static constants and linear dynamics is presented in that.Fig.1 The boiler and superheater steam generation process Fuzzy logic is capable of incorporating human experiences via the fuzzy rules. Nevertheless, the design of fuzzy logic controllers is somehow time consuming, as the fuzzy rules are often obtained by trials and errors. In contrast, neural networks not only have the ability to approximate non-linear functions with arbitrary accuracy, they can also be trained from experimental data. The neuro-fuzzy networks developed recently have the advantages of model transparency of fuzzy logic and learning capability of neural networks. The NFN is have been used to develop self-tuning control, and is therefore a useful tool for developing nonlinear predictive control. Since NFN is can be considered as a network that consists of several local re-gions, each of which contains a local linear model, nonlinear predictive control based onNFN can be devised with the network incorporating all the local generalized predictive controllers (GPC) designed using the respective local linear models. Following this approach, the nonlinear generalized predictive controllers based on the NFN, or simply, the neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controllers (NFG-PCs)are derived here. The proposed controller is then applied to control the superheated steam temperature of the 200MW power unit. Experimental data obtained from the plant are used to train the NFN model, and from which local GPC that form part of the NFGPC is then designed. The proposed controller is tested first on the simulation of the process, before applying it to control the power plant.2. Neuro-fuzzy network modellingConsider the following general single-input single-output nonlinear dynamic system:),1(),...,(),(),...,1([)(''+-----=uy n d t u d t u n t y t y f t y ∆+--/)()](),...,1('t e n t e t e e (1)where f[.]is a smooth nonlinear function such that a Taylor series expansion exists, e(t)is a zero mean white noise and Δis the differencing operator,''',,e u y n n n and d are respectively the known orders and time delay of the system. Let the local linear model of the nonlinear system (1) at the operating point )(t o be given by the following Controlled Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) model:)()()()()()(111t e z C t u z B z t y z A d ----+∆= (2) Where )()(),()(1111----∆=z andC z B z A z A are polynomials in 1-z , the backward shift operator. Note that the coefficients of these polynomials are a function of the operating point )(t o .The nonlinear system (1) is partitioned into several operating regions, such that each region can be approximated by a local linear model. Since NFN is a class of associative memory networks with knowledge stored locally, they can be applied to model this class of nonlinear systems. A schematic diagram of the NFN is shown in Fig.2.B-spline functions are used as the membership functions in theNFN for the following reasons. First, B-spline functions can be readily specified by the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots. Second, they are defined on a bounded support, and the output of the basis function is always positive, i.e.,],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∉=and ],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∈>.Third, the basis functions form a partition of unity, i.e.,.][,1)(min,∑∈≡j mam j k x x x x μ(3)And fourth, the output of the basis functions can be obtained by a recurrence equation.Fig. 2 neuro-fuzzy network The membership functions of the fuzzy variables derived from the fuzzy rules can be obtained by the tensor product of the univariate basis functions. As an example, consider the NFN shown in Fig.2, which consists of the following fuzzy rules: IF operating condition i (1x is positive small, ... , and n x is negative large),THEN the output is given by the local CARIMA model i:...)()(ˆ...)1(ˆ)(ˆ01+-∆+-++-=d t u b n t y a t y a t yi i a i in i i i a )(...)()(c i in i b i in n t e c t e n d t u b c b -+++--∆+ (4)or )()()()()(ˆ)(111t e z C t u z B z t yz A i i i i d i i ----+∆= (5) Where )()(),(111---z andC z B z A i i i are polynomials in the backward shift operator 1-z , and d is the dead time of the plant,)(t u i is the control, and )(t e i is a zero mean independent random variable with a variance of 2δ. The multivariate basis function )(k i x a is obtained by the tensor products of the univariate basis functions,p i x A a nk k i k i ,...,2,1,)(1==∏=μ (6)where n is the dimension of the input vector x , and p , the total number of weights in the NFN, is given by,∏=+=nk i i k R p 1)( (7)Where i k and i R are the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots respectively. The properties of the univariate B-spline basis functions described previously also apply to the multivariate basis function, which is defined on the hyper-rectangles. The output of the NFN is,∑∑∑=====p i i i p i ip i i i a y aa yy 111ˆˆˆ (8) 3. Neuro-fuzzy modelling and predictive control of superheatedsteam temperatureLet θbe the superheated steam temperature, and θμ, the flow of spray water to the high temperature superheater. The response of θcan be approximated by a second order model:The linear models, however, only a local model for the selected operating point. Since load is the unique antecedent variable, it is used to select the division between the local regions in the NFN. Based on this approach, the load is divided into five regions as shown in Fig.3,using also the experience of the operators, who regard a load of 200MW as high,180MW as medium high,160MW as medium,140MW as medium low and 120MW as low. For a sampling interval of 30s , the estimated linear local models )(1-z A used in the NFN are shown in Table 1.Fig. 3 Membership function for local modelsTable 1 Local CARIMA models in neuro-fuzzy modelCascade control scheme is widely used to control the superheated steam temperature. Feed forward control, with the steam flow and the gas temperature as inputs, can be applied to provide a faster response to large variations in these two variables. In practice, the feed forward paths are activated only when there are significant changes in these variables. The control scheme also prevents the faster dynamics of the plant, i.e., the spray water valve and the water/steam mixing, from affecting the slower dynamics of the plant, i.e., the high temperature superheater. With the global nonlinear NFN model in Table 1, the proposed NFGPC scheme is shown in Fig.4.Fig. 4 NFGPC control of superheated steam temperature with feed-for-ward control.As a further illustration, the power plant is simulated using the NFN model given in Table 1,and is controlled respectively by the NFGPC, the conventional linear GPC controller, and the cascaded PI controller while the load changes from 160MW to 200MW.The conventional linear GPC controller is the local controller designed for the“medium”operating region. The results are shown in Fig.5,showing that, as expected, the best performance is obtained from the NFGPC as it is designed based on a more accurate process model. This is followed by the conventional linear GPC controller. The performance of the conventional cascade PI controller is the worst, indicating that it is unable to control satisfactory the superheated steam temperature under large load changes. This may be the reason for controlling the power plant manually when there are large load changes.Fig.5 comparison of the NFGPC, conventional linear GPC, and cascade PI controller.4. ConclusionsThe modeling and control of a 200 MW power plant using the neuro-fuzzy approach is presented in this paper. The NFN consists of five local CARIMA models.The out-put of the network is the interpolation of the local models using memberships given by the B-spline basis functions. The proposed NFGPC is similarly constructed, which is designed from the CARIMA models in the NFN. The NFGPC is most suitable for processes with smooth nonlinearity, such that its full operating range can be partitioned into several local linear operating regions. The proposed NFGPC therefore provides a useful alternative for controlling this class of nonlinear power plants, which are formerly difficult to be controlled using traditional methods.Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制Xiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUAN摘要：发电厂是非线性和不确定性的复杂系统。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
自动化专业外文文献
Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, t hen sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.(c)Size. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.(d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal.(e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement. Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:(a)variable-control-parameter types,which include:(i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance(iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.(b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive(iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.(ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate thatvariations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d.??Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to producea displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit. Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:(a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.(b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.(c)D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor.(d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:(i)resolution infinite(ii)accuracy±0.1% of full scale is quoted(iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m(iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and thedevelopment, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient issmall.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technologyto carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most h igh accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part andsend the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure senso r which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of senso r is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especia lly the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensortechnology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——From《Sensor Technology Handbook》,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译 plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n i n -5A, ot he rs fo ll ow th e ph i lo so ph y, w i de ly a da pt ed fo r g en er al-p ur pos e c om pu te rs an d m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f m a ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n b e tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da t a m em ory a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in-5A.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e dev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.-5A-1 A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt, n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at io ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m ad e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he re c a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
自动化专业英语全文翻译
《自动化专业英语教程》-王宏文主编-全文翻译PART 1Electrical and Electronic Engineering BasicsUNIT 1A Electrical Networks ————————————3B Three-phase CircuitsUNIT 2A The Operational Amplifier ———————————5B TransistorsUNIT 3A Logical Variables and Flip-flop ——————————8B Binary Number SystemUNIT 4A Power Semiconductor Devices ——————————11B Power Electronic ConvertersUNIT 5A Types of DC Motors —————————————15B Closed-loop Control of DC DriversUNIT 6A AC Machines ———————————————19B Induction Motor DriveUNIT 7A Electric Power System ————————————22B Power System AutomationPART 2Control TheoryUNIT 1A The World of Control ————————————27B The Transfer Function and the Laplace Transformation —————29 UNIT 2A Stability and the Time Response —————————30B Steady State—————————————————31 UNIT 3A The Root Locus —————————————32B The Frequency Response Methods: Nyquist Diagrams —————33 UNIT 4A The Frequency Response Methods: Bode Piots —————34B Nonlinear Control System 37UNIT 5 A Introduction to Modern Control Theory 38B State Equations 40UNIT 6 A Controllability, Observability, and StabilityB Optimum Control SystemsUNIT 7 A Conventional and Intelligent ControlB Artificial Neural NetworkPART 3 Computer Control TechnologyUNIT 1 A Computer Structure and Function 42B Fundamentals of Computer and Networks 43UNIT 2 A Interfaces to External Signals and Devices 44B The Applications of Computers 46UNIT 3 A PLC OverviewB PACs for Industrial Control, the Future of ControlUNIT 4 A Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer 49B Understanding DSP and Its UsesUNIT 5 A A First Look at Embedded SystemsB Embedded Systems DesignPART 4 Process ControlUNIT 1 A A Process Control System 50B Fundamentals of Process Control 52UNIT 2 A Sensors and Transmitters 53B Final Control Elements and ControllersUNIT 3 A P Controllers and PI ControllersB PID Controllers and Other ControllersUNIT 4 A Indicating InstrumentsB Control PanelsPART 5 Control Based on Network and InformationUNIT 1 A Automation Networking Application AreasB Evolution of Control System ArchitectureUNIT 2 A Fundamental Issues in Networked Control SystemsB Stability of NCSs with Network-induced DelayUNIT 3 A Fundamentals of the Database SystemB Virtual Manufacturing—A Growing Trend in AutomationUNIT 4 A Concepts of Computer Integrated ManufacturingB Enterprise Resources Planning and BeyondPART 6 Synthetic Applications of Automatic TechnologyUNIT 1 A Recent Advances and Future Trends in Electrical Machine DriversB System Evolution in Intelligent BuildingsUNIT 2 A Industrial RobotB A General Introduction to Pattern RecognitionUNIT 3 A Renewable EnergyB Electric VehiclesUNIT 1A 电路电路或电网络由以某种方式连接的电阻器、电感器和电容器等元件组成。
自动化专业-外文文献-英文文献-外文翻译-plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w t ype s o f a rc hi te ct ur e a re fo un d i n s i ng le—ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r。
S o me em pl oy th e s p li t p ro gr am/d at a me mo ry of t he H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A—1，ot he r s fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al—pu rp os e c o mp ut er s an dm i cr op ro ce ss or s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in F ig。
3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e—ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter isc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e de v i ce，as s ho wn i n F ig3—5A—3。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第二章课文翻译
第二章第一篇To say that we live in an age of electronics is an understatement. From the omnipresent integrated circuit to the equally omnipresent digital computer, we encounter electronic devices and systems on a daily basis. In every aspect of our increasingly technological society—whether it is science, engineering, medicine, music, maintenance, or even espionage—the role of electronics is large, and it is growing.谈论关于我们生活在一个电子学时代的论调是一种空泛的论调。
从无处不在的集成电路到同样无处不在的数字计算机，我们在日常活动中总会遇到电子设备和电子系统。
在我们日益发展的科技社会的方方面面——无论是在科学、工程、医药、音乐、维修方面甚至是在谍报方面——电子学的作用是巨大的，而且还将不断增强。
In general, all of the tasks with which we shall be concerned can be classified as "signal-processing “tasks. Let us explore the meaning of this term一般说来，我们将要涉及到的工作被归结为“信号——处理”工作，让我们来探究这个术语的含义吧。
A signal is any physical variable whose magnitude or variation with time contains information. This information might involve speech and music, as in radio broadcasting, a physical quantity such as the temperature of the air in a room, or numerical data, such as the record of stock market transactions. The physical variables that can carry information in an electrical system are voltage and current. When we speak of "signals", therefore, we refer implicitly to voltages or currents. However, most of the concepts we discuss can be applied directly to systems with different information-carrying variables. Thus, the behavior of a mechanical system (in which force and velocity are the variables) or a hydraulic system (in which pressure and flow rate are the variables) can often be modeled or represented by an equivalent electrical system. An understanding of the behavior of electrical systems, therefore, provides a basis for understanding a much broader range of phenomena. 信号就是其与时间有关的量值或变化包含信息的任何物理变量。
自动化专业中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译Automation of professional developmentAutomation in the history of professional development, "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional development of the two main line, "industrial automation" professional from the first "industrial enterprises electrified" professional.In the 1950s, the New China was just founded, the 100-waste question, study the Soviet Union established system of higher education, Subdivision professional. Corresponding to the country in the construction of industrial automation and defense, military construction in automatic control, successively set up the "electrification of industrial enterprises" professional and "control" professional (at that time in many schools, "Control" professional secrecy is professional) . After several former professional name of evolution (see below), and gradually develop into a "biased towards applications, biased towards strong," Automation, and the latter to maintain professional name of "control" basically unchanged (in the early days also known as the "automatic learning And remote learning, "" Automatic Control System "professional), and gradually develop into a" biased towards theory, biased towards weak, "the automation professional, and come together in 1995, merged into aunified" automatic "professional . In 1998, according to the Ministry of Education announced the latest professional undergraduate colleges and universities directory, adjusted, the merger of the new "automated" professional include not only the original "automatic" professional (including "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional ), Also increased the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part), "electrical technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control of" professional (part).Clearly, one of China's automation professional history of the development of China's higher education actually is a new development of the cause of a microcosm of the history, but also the history of New China industrial development of a miniature. Below "industrial automation" professional development of the main line of this example, a detailed review of its development process in the many professional name change (in real terms in the professional content changes) and its industrial building at the time of the close relationship.First a brief look at the world and China's professional division history. We know that now use the professional division is largely from the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the first half of the 20th century stereotypes of the engineering, is basically industry (products) for the objects to the division, they have been the image of people Known as the "industry professionals" or "trade associations." At present the international education system in two categories, with Britain and the United States as the representative of the education system not yet out of "industry professionals" system, but has taken the "generalist" the road of education and the former Soviet Union for Europe (close to the Soviet Union) as the representative The education system, at the beginning of theimplementation of "professionals" education, professional-very small, although reforms repeatedly, but to the current "industry professionals" are still very obvious characteristics.In the 1950s, just after the founding of New China, a comprehensive study and the Soviet Union and sub-professional very small; Since reform and opening up, only to Britain and the United States to gradually as the representative of the education system to move closer, and gradually reduce the professional, the implementation of "generalist" education through a number of professional Restructuring and merger (the total number of professionals from the maximum of 1,343 kinds of gradually reducing the current 249 kinds), although not out of "industry professionals" and "Mei Ming," but many of the colleges and universities, mostly only one of a Professional, rather than the past more than a professional.Before that, China's first professional automation from the National University in 1952 when the first major readjustment of the establishment of professional - electrified professional industrial enterprises. At that time, the Soviet Union assistance to the construction of China's 156 large industrial enterprises, automation of much-needed electrical engineering and technical personnel, and such professional and technical personnel training, and then was very consistent with China's industrial construction. By the 1960s, professional name changed to "industrial electric and automation," the late 1970s when to resume enrollment "Electric Industrial Automation" professional. This is not only professional name changes, but has its profound meaning, it reflects China's industries from "electrified" step by step to the "automatic" into the real history and that part of the development trend of China's automation professional reflects how urgent countries Urgent for the country'seconomic construction services that period of history and development of real direction.1993, after four years of the third revision of the undergraduate professional directories, the State Education Commission issued a call "system integrity, more scientific and reasonable, the harmonization of norms," the "ordinary professional directory of undergraduate colleges and universities." "Electric Industrial Automation" and "production process automation" merger of the two professional electrician to set up a kind of "industrial automation" professional, by the then Ministry of Industry Machinery centralized management colleges and universities to set up industrial automation teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the "Industrial Automation "professional teaching and guiding work at the same time," Control "was attributable to the professional category of electronic information, the then Ministry of Industry of electronic centralized management control to set up colleges and universities teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the" control " Professional teaching guide our work. After the professional adjustment, further defined the "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional "- both strong and weak, hardware and software into consideration and control theory and practical system integration, and the movement control, process control and other targets of control "The common characteristics with the training objectives, but also the basic set of" industrial automation "biased towards strong, professional, biased towards applications," Control "professional biased towards weak, biased towards the theory of professional characteristics and pattern of division of labor. 1995, the State Education Commission promulgated the "(University) undergraduate engineering leading professional directory", the electrical category "industrialautomation" professional and the original electronic information such as "control" of professional electronic information into a new category of "automatic" professional . As this is the leading professional directory, are not enforced, coupled with general "industrial automation" strong or weak, both professional "into" a weak professional category of electronic information is not conducive to professional development and thus many Schools remain "industrial automation" professional and "control" the situation of professional co-exist. Since 1996 more, again commissioned by the Ministry of National Education Ministry of Industry and electronic machinery industries of other parts of the establishment of the new session (second session) centralized management guidance at the University Teaching Commission, making the leading professionals have not been effective Implemented.1998, to meet the country's economic construction of Kuan Koujing personnel training needs, further consolidation of professional and international "generalist" education track by the Ministry of Education announced a fourth revision of the latest "Universities Undergraduate Catalog." So far in the use of the directory, the total number of professionals from the third amendments to the 504 kinds of substantially reduced to 249 species, the original directory is strong, professional electrician and a weak professional category such as electronics and information into categories Electric power, the unity of Information, a former electrician at the same time kind of "industrial automation" professional and the type of electronic information "control" professional formal merger, together with the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part) , "Electric technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and controlof" professional (part), the composition of the new (enforcement) are electrical information such as "automatic" professional. According to statistics, so far the country has more than 200 colleges and universities set up this kind of "automatic" professional. If the name of automation as part of their professional expertise (such as "electrical engineering and automation," "mechanical design and manufacturing automation," "agricultural mechanization and automation" and other professionals) included Automation has undoubtedly is the largest in China A professional.Of the characteristics of China's automation professional:Recalling China's professional history of the development of automation, combined with the corresponding period of the construction of China's national economy to the demand for automation and automated the development of the cause, it is not difficult to sum up following professional characteristics:(1) China's automation professional is not only a relatively long history (since 1952 have been more than 50 years), and from the first day of the establishment of professional automation, has been a professional one of the countries in urgent need, therefore the number of students has also been The largest and most employers welcome the allocation of the professional one.(2) China's automation is accompanied by a professional from the electrification of China's industrial automation step by step to the development of stable development, professional direction and the main content from the first prominent electrified "the electrification of industrial enterprises" step by step for the development of both the electric and automation " Industrial electric and automation ", highlighting the electrical automation" Electric Industrial Automation "and prominent automation" industrial automation ", then the merger of professional education reform in1995 and" control "of professional content into a broader" automated " Professional. From which we can see that China's automation professional Although the initial study in the Soviet education system established under the general environment, but in their development and the Soviet Union or the United States and Britain did not copy the mode, but with China's national conditions (to meet national needs for The main goal) from the innovation and development of "cross-industry professionals," features the professional.自动化专业的发展自动化专业的发展历史中，有“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专业两条发展主线，其中“工业自动化”专业最早源于“工业企业电气化”专业。
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西南交通大学毕业设计（英文翻译）节能型机房温湿度远程控制系统测控节点设计年级:学号:姓名:专业:指导老师:二零一一年六月MosixMosix修改bsdi上的BSD/ OS来提供电脑上的跨网络的动态负载平衡组和先发制人进程迁移。
这是不错的东西，不只是为并行处理，但对于通常使用一个集群很像一个可扩展的SMP。
是否有Linux版本？详细信息，请看www.cs.huji.ac.il/mosix/。
NOW (工作站网络)伯克利工作站网络项目，/，已经极推广了并行计算中使用工作站网络，这里还有很多工作在进行中，都致力于“在未来几年展示一个实际的100处理器系统”。
唉，他们不使用linux。
并行处理使用linux并行处理使用Linux WWW站点，/LDP/,是这些指南和许多相关文件包括为全日制量身订造的在线幻灯片的家园。
除了在报纸项目上，普渡大学电机与计算机工程系已经是并行处理的领先者，这个的设立是为了帮助别人申请并行处理的Linux电脑。
自从普渡大学的第一组Linux个人电脑在1994年2月组装以来，已经诞生了许多的Linux PC集群，有些还包括视频墙。
然而这些集群使用386，486和奔腾系统（没有奔腾Pro系统），英特尔最近获得普渡大学的捐赠，将允许它的奔腾II系统构建多个大型集群（与单个群集计划多达165机）。
并且这些集群都将有论文网，也具有最传统的网络。
奔腾Pro集群研讨会1997年，4月10-11日，埃姆斯实验室在得梅因，爱荷华州举行了奔腾Pro集群研讨会。
WWW在本次研讨会，/workshops/PPCworkshop.html，从云集的参加者中收集了很多丰富的PC集群信息。
TreadMarks帝斯曼(分布式共享存)帝斯曼（分布式共享存）是一种技术，即一个消息传递系统可以出现的行为作为一个SMP。
有不少这样的系统，其部分使用OS页故障触发消息传输机制。
TreadMarks，/~willy/TreadMarks/overview.html，是这种系统更有效地之一，并在Linux集群上运行。
坏消息是“TreadMarks”正在由一个小成本的大学和非盈利机构的分配。
欲了解更多有关该软件，请联系信息。
U型网 (用户级网络接口架构)U型网（用户级网络接口架构）在康奈尔大学，/U-Net/Default.html,项目试图提供低延迟，高带宽的网络硬件使用商品由虚拟的网络接口，以便应用程序可以发送和接收没有作业系统的干预。
在Linux上运行的U型网，使用DECchip DC21140的快速以太网卡或前置系统的主成分- 200（不常设仲裁法院-200E）ATM卡。
WWT (威斯康星风洞)的确有相当多集群相关的工作在威斯康星州。
该WWT的（威斯康星风洞）项目，/~wwt/，正在致力于对发展的“标准”之间的并行编译器和底层硬件接口各项工作。
还有就是威斯康星牛（集群工作站），合作共享存和暴风雨的Paradyn并行性能工具等，不幸的是关于Linux的不是很多。
4. 在A寄存器的SIMD (例如，使用MMX公司)在A寄存器的SIMD（单指令流多数据流）（SWAR）并不是一个新想法。
给定一个有k位寄存器，数据路径和功能单元机，人们早已知道，普通的寄存器操作可以像SIMD一样并行操作n，n/k位，整数字段值。
然而，这只是由于对多媒体最近有SIMD 推动的2倍到8倍加速技术已成为主流计算的关注。
大多数微处理器1997的版本包括硬件SWAR支持：AMD的K6型MMX公司（多媒体扩展）Cyrix的货币供应M2 MMX公司（多媒体扩展）数字Alpha马克斯（多媒体扩展）惠普的PA - RISC的最大（多媒体加速扩展）英特尔奔腾II和奔腾MMX公司与（多媒体扩展）Microunity Mediaprocessor SIGD（单一数据组指令上）MIPS的数字媒体扩展（MDMX，发音疯狂的麦克斯）的Sun SPARC V9的VIS（视觉指令集）还有一些新的微处理器提供了一个由硬件支持的几洞，怪癖像场大小只支持一些操作一些。
重要的是要记住，但是，你不需要任何SWAR经营的硬件有效的支持。
例如，位操作是不会被寄存器逻辑分区影响的。
4.1 SWAR：有什么优势？虽然每个现代处理器至少具有一些并行执行能力的SWAR，不幸的是，即使是最好的SWAR增强指令集不支持非常通用并行。
事实上，许多人已经意识到，奔腾与“带MMX技术的奔腾”之间性能上的差异通常都是由巨大的L1缓存存在MMX造成的。
因此，实际上，什么是SWAR（或MMX）的优势呢？仅整数，越小越好。
两个32位值可安装在64位MMX寄存器，但这样做的八单字节字符，更或者是一个完整的国际象棋板上的一位。
注：将会有一个浮点版本的MMX，虽然在此篇文章中很少提及。
Cyrix已经发布了一些幻灯片，ftp://ftp.cyrix./developr/mpf97rm.pdf其中包括一些MMFP的评论。
显然，MMFP将支持两个32位浮点数字装入到一个64位的MMX寄存器，结合这两个MMFP管道将产生四个单精度每时钟触发器。
SIMD或向量式并行。
相同的操作同事应用到各个领域。
有许多办法来废止选定域的作用（即相当于掩蔽的SIMD），但它会带来更为复杂的编码和性能的损害。
本地化，有规律的（完美的包装），存参考模式。
SWAR在一般情况下，特别是MMX，在随机存取方面很可怕；聚集一个相当昂贵的x[y]向量（其中y是一个索引阵列）。
这些都是严重的限制，但这种类型的并行算法，发生在许多并行而不只是多媒体应用。
对于算法的正确类型，SWAR比SMP或并行群集更效率得多，而且它不需要任何费用。
4.2 SWAR编程导论SWAR的基本概念，在A寄存器里的SIMD，是指在字长寄存器的操作能被用于加速由SIMD在n，k/n位表上的操作运算。
然而，使用SWAR技术可能会难以处理，并且一些SWAR操作确实比串行序列比昂贵的多，因为他们需要额外的指令以执行实地划分。
为了说明这一点，让我们考虑一个大大简化的SWAR模型，管理每一个32位寄存器里的4个8位字段。
两个寄存器中的值可以表示为：PE3 PE2 PE1 PE0+-------+-------+-------+-------+Reg0 | D 7:0 | C 7:0 | B 7:0 | A 7:0 |+-------+-------+-------+-------+Reg1 | H 7:0 | G 7:0 | F 7:0 | E 7:0 |+-------+-------+-------+-------+这个模型表明每一个寄存器都被有必要地视为一个包含4个独立的8位整型的向量。
另外，把A和E作为Reg0和Reg1来处理元素0（PE0），把B和F视为PE1的寄存器，等等。
本文档的其余部分简要回顾这些整数向量的SIMD并行操作的基本类型如何将这些功能都可以实现。
多态操作有些SWAR操作可以很一般地使用普通的32位整型操作，而不必担心这个操作是真的打算在这些8位的字段上并行操作。
我们呼吁任何SWAR操作多态性，因为该功能并未受到字段类型（大小）的影响。
测试如果任何字段是非零是多态的，因为都是按位逻辑运算。
例如，一个普通的位与操作（C的&操作符）执行按位与，无论这个字段的大小。
一个简单的寄存器位与实例如下：PE3 PE2 PE1 PE0+---------+---------+---------+---------+Reg2 | D&H 7:0 | C&G 7:0 | B&F 7:0 | A&E 7:0 |+---------+---------+---------+---------+由于位与操作总有K值的结果位值来影响操作，所有字段的大小都支持使用相同的单指令。
分区操作不幸的是，很多重要的SWAR操作都不具有多态性。
算术运算，如加，减，乘，除等都实行在字段间进/借位。
我们称这样的SWAR操作为分区，因为每一个这样的操作必须有效地分开操作数和结果之间的相互作用，以防止字段间相互影响。
然而，实际上有三种不同的方法来获得这样的效果。
分区说明也许最明显的方法来实现分区操作是字段间提供硬件支持的“分区并行指令”来进行字段见的进/借位。
这种方法可以产生最高的性能，但它需要改变处理器的指令体系，但一般存在许多限制（例如，8位字段可能得到支持，但12位的并不能）。
AMD/Cyrix/Intel MMX, Digital MAX, HP MAX和 Sun VIS都实现分区指令限制版本。
不幸的是，这些不同的指令集扩展有不同的限制，使得他们之间的算法有些不简便。
例如，分析下面的采样分区操作：指令 AMD/Cyrix/Intel MMX DEC MAX HP MAX Sun VIS+---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+| 绝对差别 | | 8 | | 8 |+---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+| 相融最大值 | | 8, 16 | | | +---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+| 比较 | 8, 16, 32 | | | 16, 32 | +---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+| 相乘 | 16 | | | 8x16 | +---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+| 相加 | 8, 16, 32 | | 16 | 16, 32 | +---------------------+---------------------+---------+--------+---------+在这个表中，这些数字表明了字段的大小，以位为单位，因此每个操作都是支持的。
即便此表省略了绝大多部分的外来指令，还是可以清楚地看到有许多差异。
直接结果是高级语言（HLLS）并没有编程模型那样有效，并且可移植性普遍较差。
未划分的操作与校正码用分区指令来实现分区操作一定是有效的，但如果你所需要的分区操作并不被硬件所支持时该如何解决？方法是你可以使用一连串普通指令来实现字段见的进/借位操作，来改正那些不受欢迎的限制。