翻译练习2篇(2)

Passage 1
❶Research has shown that caffeine does indeed reduce sleepiness and can lead to better academic performance since students can spend more time studying. ❷Despite its effectiveness in counteracting sleepiness, caffeine can have a negative impact on subsequent sleep, which for many students may already be compromised. ❸Specifically, caffeinated beverages consumed near bedtime at night can prolong sleep onset and reduce sleep efficiency and depth, thus affecting both sleep quality and duration. ❹Most of the research on how caffeine affects sleepiness/alertness has focused on coffee or no-doze pills. ❺However, a new kind of caffeinated drink has become increasingly popular, namely functional energy drinks (FEDs). ❻FEDs are marketed as products that can improve both mental and physical performance. ❼ In addition to containing caffeine, FEDs have other active ingredients such as taurine, glucose, and glucuronolactone. ❽Exactly how these ingredients together affect alertness remains unclear.
研究表明，咖啡因确实可以减少嗜睡现象。

由于学生能够用更多时间来学习，他们的成绩也会提高。

尽管咖啡因可以有效地缓解疲倦，但也会对正常睡眠产生负面影响，许多学生或许已是深受其累却有苦难言。

具体而言，睡前饮用含咖啡因的饮料会使入睡时间变长，也会破坏睡眠效果，使人难以进入深度睡眠的状态，因而影响睡眠质量和时间。

一直以来，大多数研究都关注咖啡或抗困倦药物中的咖啡因如何影响睡意/警觉性。

然而，一种新型的含咖啡因饮料已变得越来越流行，这就是功能性能量饮料（FED）。

这种饮料以改善心理状态，提升身体机能为卖点。

除了咖啡因，功能性饮料还含有其他活性成分，如牛磺酸，葡萄糖及葡萄糖醛酸内酯。

这些成分到底如何影响警觉性尚不清楚。

Passage 2
❶Self-citations – those where authors cite their own works – account for a significant portion of all citations. ❷These self-citations may result from the cumulative nature of individual research, the need for personal gratification, or the value of self-citation as a rhetorical and tactical tool in the struggle for visibility and scientific authority. ❸In this article we examine the incentives that underlie citation by studying how authors’ references to their own works affect the citations they receive from others. ❹We report the results of a macro study of more than half a million citations to articles by Norwegian scientists that appeared in the Science Citation Index. ❺We show that the more one cites oneself the more one is cited by other scholars. ❻Controlling for numerous sources of variation in cumulative citation from others, our models suggest that each additional self-citation increases the number of citations from others by about one after one year, and by about three after five years. ❼ Moreover, there is no significant penalty for the most frequent
self-citers – the effect of self-citation remains positive even for very high rates of self-citation. ❽ These results carry important policy implications for the use of citations to evaluate performance and distribute resources in science and they represent new information on the role and impact of self-citations in scientific communication.。