洋泾浜英语
洋泾浜英语的来源及历史影响
词。 ” 洋 泾 浜 英 语 在 国 际 上 有 个 通 用 的 叫 法 ， 叫做 “ Ｐ ｉ ｄ ｇ ｉ ｎ ” 。对 于Ｐ ｉ ｄ ｇ ｉ ｎ一 词 的 来 源 一 般 有 两 种 解 释 。一 种 观 点 认 为 ，十 七 世 纪
展 成 为 全 国 最 大 的 经 济 中心 和 贸 易港 口 ， “ 洋 泾 浜 英 语 ”也 逐 渐 成 为 了 中 国 人 与 洋 人 打 交 道 时 所
ｐ ｉ ｅ ｃ ｅ ｈ ｏ ｕ ｓ ｅ（ 一 所房 子 ） 。解 放
后 ， 洋 泾 浜 英 语 已 成 为 历 史 名
Ｌ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｕ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｓ ） ） 里 说 ：Ｐ ｉ ｄ ｇ ｉ ｎ 语 是 针
对 第 二 语 言 学 习 和第 二 语 言 创 造 的 例 子 ，随 着 交 际 要 求 的进 一 步 强 化 ，他从 简 单 的 系 统 发 展 成 为 更 复 杂 的 系 统 。 据 此 推 断 ，它 是
中 国盛 行 一 时 。
２ ． 特 点
天 的延安东路 。晚清 时期 ，有许 多露天通事 、华 商 、跑街 在这一
带 与 外 商 洽 谈 生 意 ，久 而 久 之 就 成 了 十 里 洋 场 的 代 名 词 。鸦 片 战
争 后 ，上 海 迅 速 由一 个 小 县 城 发
Ｐ ｅ ｔ ｅ ｒ 在 ＜ （ Ｐ ｉ ｄ ｉ ｇ ｎ ａ ｎ ｄ Ｃ ｒ ｅ ｏ ｌ ｅ
界 的 必 经 之 地 ，后 被 填 平 ， 即今
传 教 士 等 的 主 要 交 流 手 段 。 直 至
鸦片 战争时期 ，英语 才正 式传人
中 国 。 随着 英 美 英语
逐 渐 取代 “ 广 东葡 语 ” ，成 为 中 外 交 流 的主 要 语 言 手 段 ，在 近 代
洋泾浜英语与网络英语的比较与分析
洋泾浜英语与网络英语的比较与分析作者：田丽敏来源：《青年文学家》2009年第11期摘要:英语在中国的使用和发展造就了一种独特的语言现象——洋泾浜英语。
它是指不讲语法把汉字逐词用英语表达的一种混合语,而在当今的网络时代有出现了一种新的洋泾浜英语——网络英语。
本文着重对这两种英语的形成原因特点进行比较与分析。
关键词:洋泾浜英语网络英语比较分析【中图分类号】I253.4 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】1002-2139(2009)-11-0053-11、引言洋泾浜本是黄浦江一条支流的河名,位于从前英、法租界和公共租界之间的界河,后来被填成一条马路,成为今日上海的延安东路。
由于外国商人常在附近做生意,同当地人之间的语言交流非常频繁,很多没有收到正规英语教育的中国人为外国人打工,只能用不伦不类的英语与其交流,这样一来二去,这种中英混杂的语言,不讲语法把汉字逐词用英语进行表达的一种混合语就应运而生,人称“洋泾浜英语”。
如,Long time no see.(好久不见了。
)。
有这样一个洋泾浜英语笑话,某洋行老板叫司机去大光明电影院去买戏票,他空手而归,说:“Man mountain man sea,today no see,tomorrow see,tomorrow see,same see.老板字字句句都听懂了。
今天的英语学习者听到这些蹩脚的英语会忍俊不禁。
常见的洋泾浜英语还有:where where:哪里,哪里people mountain and people sea:人山人海double horse double tiger:马马虎虎seven up eight down:七上八下go and see:走着瞧good good study,day day up:好好学习,天天向上no three no four:不三不四网络英语,是利用电子计算机在网络交际领域中使用的语言,是从正规英语中派生的,有将英语词语字母化,也有利用英语的谐音或转义,也有对一些单词进行简写,对规范英语词汇进行再造的一种新型英语。
洋泾浜英语对轮机英语教学的启示
The Enlightenment of Pidgin English to the Teaching of Marine Engineering English洋泾浜英语对轮机英语教学的启示化素质教育研究课题（2019YB40）北巴东人，副教授，研究方向：高职航海英语教学法。
DOI:10.16850/ki.21-1590/g4.2021.05.007摘要：洋泾浜英语是因贸易往来和人文交流而产生的一种语言混合体，是一种跨文化的边缘语言；轮机英语是远洋运输中船舶轮机员使用的工作语言，其口语中包含许多语言的非正式变体。
从两种语言的类比分析入手，试图寻找它们在发展进程中体现出的相似性特征，探索简洁的洋泾浜英语表达方式给规范的海事院校轮机英语教学与培训各层面所带来的启示，以期为新时期轮机英语教学改革提供有益思路。
关键词：洋泾浜英语；轮机英语；发展进程；关联性；教学改革中图分类号：G712文献标识码：A文章编号：2095-5928（2021）05-20-04湖北交通职业技术学院，湖北武汉430050周游ZHOU YouHubei Communications Technical College,Wuhan 430050,China1洋泾浜英语的由来及主要特点1.1洋泾浜英语的由来在语言种类上，“洋泾浜”是泛指带有其他种因对外贸易或文化交体。
洋泾浜（Pidgin ）术切的联系，其英文词汇根据清末中国商人对英脚发音，而创造出来的世界上所有不纯正的混合语[1]；其中文词汇洋泾浜原来是指旧上海滩一处靠近租界的地名，由河浜填成马路，曾一度作为租界的代名词。
十九世纪随着大批英商的涌入，在没有共同语言而又急于进行贸易交流的情况下形成一种口语化的商业英语，华人称为“洋泾浜英语”[2]，可以认为是中式英语chinglish 的前身。
1.2洋泾浜英语的主要特点洋泾浜英语是由说汉语和说英语的人们在口Abstract:Pidgin English is a mixture of languages produced by trade and people-to-people exchanges,and itis a kind of cross -cultural marginal language.Marine engineering English is the working language used by shipengineers in ocean-going transportation,and its spoken language contains many informal variations of languages.Starting from the analogy analysis of the two languages,this paper tries to find out the similar characteristics of them in the development process,and explores the enlightenment that the concise expression of Pidgin English brings to the standardized maritime colleges and universities on all aspects of marine engineering English teaching and training,in order to provide useful ideas for the reform of marine engineering English teaching in the new period.Key words:Pidgin English;marine engineering English;development process;relevance;teaching reform头交往中随处形成的，没有统一的形式和规范，以能够听懂为原则。
清末的洋泾浜英语
摘 要 ：清 末 的 洋 泾 浜 英语 由 华语 、 英语 等 语 言 混 合 而 成 ，是 一 种 多语 的混 血 儿 。 它 经历 了广 州英 语 、 用 中文标 读 的 英 语 、 上 海 洋 泾 浜英 语 三 个 主要 发 展 阶 段 。洋 泾 浜 英语 经过 清末 两个 多世 纪的 发 展 ，形 成 了 混 杂性 、 区域 性 、
纪 ，影响 了 中国两个世 纪 的 中西 交流 。 晚清洋 泾 浜英语 的三个 发展 阶段 早在 １１ 纪初 ，在 最 早 被 清 廷 开放 的通 商 ８１ ｔ
一
口岸 广 州 ，就 出 现 了最 早 的 中 国 英 语 广 州 英
语 。它是华人 和西洋人 为 了贸易和交往 的需
要 ，而发 明 的一种 中英 混 杂语 ，现在 学 者称 之 为广 州洋 泾 浜英 语 。它 是 英 语在 １ １ 纪那 个 特 ８ｔ １
收 稿 日期 ： ２ ０ －１ －０ ０９ ２ ６
作 者 简 介 ： 朱海 玲 （ ９ １ １ ８ 一），女 ， 湖 北十 堰 人 ，在 读硕 士研 究生 ，研 究 方 向 ：英语 翻译 。
和 中国商人进行 贸易往来 。而早在 １ １年 ，在清 ７５ 政 府 唯一 开 放 的 口岸 城 市广 州 ，就诞 生 了 中国 最 早 的洋 泾 浜英 语 广 州 英语 。广州 英 语是 广 州
人 为 了和西 洋 人进 行 商 贸 交易 和往 来 交 流而 发 明 的一种 独 特 的英 语 变 体 ，它 遵循 的是汉 语 语 法 ，用 粤语 发 英语 读 音 。广州 英 语 是 中华大 地 上诞 生 的第 一 种 洋泾 浜 英 语 ，也 是 中 国最早 的 英语 形 式 。广 州 英语 来 源 于较 早 出现 的广东 葡 语 ，根 据 马士 在 他 的名 著 《 印度 公 司对华 贸 东 易 编年 史 》中 的记 载 ，最 初 来 中 国贸易 的英 国 大 班首 先需 要 具 备 葡 萄牙 文 的 知识 ，因为那 是
晚清洋泾浜英语特征分析
摘要在当今经济全球化背景下，国际间交流日趋频繁。
英语作为一种世界交际语言发挥着越来越重要的作用。
英语在刚传入中国时被称为洋泾浜英语。
它作为一种中英交际语言产生于17世纪的广州。
洋泾浜英语在中国曾经存在了三个世纪之久，在近代对外贸易、外交和文化接触中扮演了重要的角色。
因此，有必要对洋泾浜英语的起源和发展进行回顾，并对洋泾浜英语和标准英语在语音、词汇以及语法方面的差异分析，归纳出洋泾浜英语的特点，以期有助于学界更好地了解在特定历史条件下洋泾浜英语的特点及其对当时中外交流所产生深远影响。
关键词：洋泾浜英语；特征；影响ABSTRACTIn the current background of economic globalization, international exchanges and cooperation between nations become more and more frequent. As a global language, English plays an important role. Pidgin English was a modified form of English developed in the 17th century as a trade language or lingua franca, which was used by foreigners and Chinese in the coastal ports. It has existed in China for almost three hundred years, making contribution to external trade, diplomacy and cultural communication. On the basis of tracing the origin and background of Pidgin English, the paper focused on the analysis of the differences between Standard English and Pidgin English on pronunciation, vocabulary and the grammar, and sum up the characteristics of Pidgin English with an aim of illustrating the significance and function of Pidgin English under that special circumstance.Key words：Pidgin English; characteristics; influencesContents1.Introduction (1)2.Background of Pidgin English (2)2.1 The origin of Pidgin English (2)2.2 The development of Pidgin English (3)3.The Characteristics of Pidgin English (5)3.1 Pronunciation (5)3.2 Grammar (7)3.3 V ocabulary (10)4. The Status and Influence of Pidgin English (12)Acknowledgements (14)References (15)1. IntroductionWith the development of science and technology, English has become one of the most important and useful languages in the world, and we should not ignore the importance of it.English is widely used in the whole world and some countries even have formed its unique English with its local color. When English was first introduced to China in the late Qing dynasty, we call it Pidgin English. Pidgin English has its distinctive characteristics and played an extremely important role at that time. But the study at home and abroad almost emphasize on the history and the evolution of it .They haven’t done much systematically research on it. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of Pidgin English with an aim of promoting readers’understanding of it.This paper consists of three parts. The first one is about the history and the origin of Pidgin English. The second part is to compare the differences between Standard English and Pidgin English in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, and clarify the characteristics of Pidgin English. The third part is to conclude the influence and functions of Pidgin English in order to give readers a systematical angle of Pidgin English.2. Background of Pidgin EnglishPidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. Expertly speaking, Pidgin is a contact language.Pidgin English came into being when it was needed during times of population upheaval. It arises when people of many language backgrounds engage in extensive trading or forced labour, often in coastal areas near major seaports [1]197.Pidgin English is a means of communication that has grown up among people who do not share a common language but want to talk to each other, usually for doing trade.Such languages typically have a limited vocabulary, a mixed, sometimes reduced grammatical structure, and a narrow range of functions, compared to the languages from which they derive [2]9.It is used only as a ―contact language‖ in circumstances where communication would not otherwise be possible. Pidgin English was used in the western Pacific, in western Africa, and in the Caribbean region.2.1 The Origin of Pidgin EnglishPidgin English originated during the first locally-regulated phase of trade between the Chinese and English since the late seventeenth century. It found a stable form in and around Canton for about a century (1748-1842), and was thereafter disseminated further up the Chinese coast during the nineteenth century, and beyond by the Chinese Diaspora to the Pacific and even the United States (1842-1890). The birth of Pidgin English was inevitable [3]10. First of all, Britain and America were the main countries traded with the Qing government and the Chinese people before the Opium War. The situation proved that the creation of the Canton English was adequately prepared with the English language environment. Secondly, the late Qing Dynasty adopted Religion Prohibition Policy in 1723, which prohibited the Chinese people to teach the foreigners Chinese and the foreigners to teach the Chinese people their languages. Those who dared to teach foreigners the language of the ―Celestial Empire‖were all criticized as traitors. Although the local officials on occasion imprisoned the Chinese people for teaching their language to foreigners, and evenexecuted some, the Qing government had no clear regulations concerning the ban of imitation or study of the foreign language by the Chinese people. That is to say, the creation of Pidgin English did not violate the rules made by the government.Besides, this kind of mixture of languages was not that easily understood by the officials, who helped the development of trade, particularly the smuggling of opium. Thirdly, the difficulty of learning Chinese by foreigners accelerated the birth of Pidgin English. For foreigners,“It is too hard to remember the Chinese characters, and it is almost impossible to remember so many symbols which seemed meaningless. Besides, the understanding of one phrase would cost a lot of time with little achievement.‖[4]121. Lastly, the economic profits brought by trade caused the creation of Pidgin English directly. Different from the reluctance of the foreigne rs’ learning Chinese, the Chinese people actively imitated and learned English out of their curiosity toward the foreigners who were from the place ―far away from China‖. Because there were no schools or places like schools where they could learn English, those Chinese who were willing to learn English had to ―take advantages of every chance, like lingering around the official organizations, shops or some other places where foreigners often stay.‖ Gradually, more and more Chinese people began to know a little English and started doing business with the foreigners via Pidgin English. Doubtlessly, Pidgin English was looked down upon by the foreigners, because at the very beginning, the foreigners were called devils and their language was called devilish language(鬼话). But for the abundant profits obtained from trading with Chinese people, the foreigners accepted and even began to actively learn Pidgin English soon.2.2 The Development of Pidgin EnglishPidgin English continued until the end of the eighteenth century. In 1796, the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty banned the opium trade, at which point the English turned to smuggling. In1840, a second attempt was made to ban opium, which led to the Opium War and the Nan King Treaty of 1842, forcing China to open its door. The focus of contact shifted from Canton to the northern port cities and to Hong Kong. As the monopoly of the Hong Kong merchants broke down, contacts began to proliferate between aspiring Chinese entrepreneurs and the quickly increasing number of foreigners in south China. The habit of resorting to Pidgin English was carried into new sites of trade where the status and practice of the language changed.As speakers of Standard English began entering the Chinese community from the late nineteenth century onward, Pidgin English became increasingly associated with the servants of foreigners, and was deprecated. Eventually, Pidgin English was conveyed first as far north along the coast as Shanghai and Tianjin, British traders taking their Cantonese servants with them as China was forced open to trade. After economic conditions worsened throughout the nineteenth century, there was a large Cantonese Diaspora to California, Hawaii, Australia and Singapore.Pidgin English reached its peak in the 1880s, and there were still a large number of people using this kind of English during 30s~40s in the 20th century. A number of trends emerged in foreign language teaching after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Up until the 1990s, Chinese education would experience a roller-coaster ride of changing policy directives, most dictated by the prevailing political winds [3]15.With the increasing popularity of English in China, more and more scholars became interested in the issue concerning English used by the Chinese people in China.3. The Characteristics of Pidgin EnglishPidgin or Yang Jing(洋泾)in Chinese was originally a river north of Shanghai city in the Qing Dynasty, which became the borderline between foreign lease domain and Chinese domain after the Opium War. People usually called the place from the south of French lease domain to Xiao Dongmen Pidgin, in which trade wharf was located. Shanghai people living around that place began to communicate with foreigners via English with Shanghai dialects.Pidgin English was marked with the English pronunciation of Chinese regional dialects. In order to quickly learn and know English, the Chinese people in different port cities began to label the pronunciation of English with their own dialects.After English-speaking westerners came into China, they had to deal with Chinese people, but how could they carry out successful communications? Body language must be one of feasible ways at the beginning, however, only communication through body language was far from enough, people needed to talk. Out of curiosity and economic benefits, Chinese people began to imitate the way of westerners’ speaking English.3.1 Pronunciation3.1.1 Consonant and VowelsPidgin English possessed the typical pronunciation features.It is very difficult for the Cantonese to exactly pronounce English words with polysyllables by their monosyllabic Canton dialect. Those Canton English adult speakers could not exactly pronounce the English words with three or four syllables, especially when several consonants are combined in a word. Their English became fallen apart the moment they began to speak, and the foreigners who were not familiar with Cantonese pronunciation could not understand at all. For example, the numbers from one to twenty were pronounced in Pidgin English as wun, too, te-le, faw, fi, sik-she,sum-wun,oot,ni,teng,lum-wun,te-lup,ta-teng,faw-teng,fi-teng,sik-she-teng,sm-wun-teng,oot-teng,ni-teng,tune-te. The pronunciation of the word January became che-na-wi-le, stove turned into sze-taw,west wind became wi-sze-wum, and buffalo was pronounced like pe-fu-law. It could be said inflexion is the main typical feature of Canton English[3]83. In Pidgin English, some English words ended with t, ch, k, d,etc, were pronounced with some added sounds. For example, ―want‖became wantchee when said by the Cantonese, ―catch‖ became catchee, ―tank‖ became tankee,―make‖ became makee, and ―send‖ turned into sendee, etc. Besides, there are no consonants like v, d, r, s, t in the Canton dialect, so the above consonants were replaced by b, t, l, s, z. Respectively, such as ―very‖ was pronounced like velly, and ―have‖ was replaced by hab[5]. Based on the book The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One, two main linguistic features could be summarized. One is the mixture of voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. The method of learning English in The Chinese and English V ocabulary was to label polysyllabic English words with monosyllabic Chinese pronunciations. (There are 32 phonemes in the court language, while 46 basic phonemes in English.) For example, ―k‖and ―g‖were labelled with Chinese pronunciation“Ji”(及),like“pock”as“Bo Ji”(薄及),“big”as“Bi Ji”(必及),etc.“s”,“z”,“ts”and“ds”were all labelled as“Shi”(士),like“peace”as“Bi Shi”(必士),“fields”as“Fei Li De Shi”(非力的士),etc.“p”and“b”were altered into “Bi”(必), like“hope”as“He Bi”(荷必),“bomb,pump”as“Bang Bi”(邦必),etc.The other is inflexion. For example,“th”was pronounced as“Te”(特),like“cloth”as “Ge LuoTe”(各罗特),etc.“sh”was pronounced as“Shi”(示/失),like“fish”as “Fei Shi”(非示),“ash”as“A Shi”(阿失),etc [6]. Because of the difference of dialects, the pronunciation of English in the third stage was featured by labelling with respective port cities’ dialects. During that period, the system of Chinese Pinyin had not been unified yet, so the Chinese labelling alterations of 26 English letters were different. For example, in the book The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One “a(啊),b(彼),c(西),d(地),e(衣),f(富),g(治),h(嘻),i(唉),j(这),k(其),l(啦),m(米), n(呢),o(啊或恶),p(被),q(旧),r(耳),s(士),t(体),u(友),v(非),w(武),x(刻士),y(外),z(洗)”were based on the court language. During the Tong Zhi(同治)perio，“a(灰),b(弥),c(西),d(哩),e(伊),f(阿夫),g(臬),h(阿池),i(爱),j(遮),k(格),l(阿耳),m(阿吾),n(温),o(阿),p(必),q(鸠),r(阿),s(阿时),t(低),u(呦),v(威),w(那不留),x(阿慈),y(歪),z(直)”were labelled according to Shanghai dialect. While during the period of Dao Guang(道光),“a(挨),b(碑),c(思),d(地),e(依),f(鸭符),g(芝),h(咽住),i(矮),j(遮),k(咖),l(挨儿),m(奄),n(燕),o(轲),p(丕),q(翘),r(鸦),s(挨时),t(梯),u(要),v(非),w(嗒布如),x(鸟时),y(威),z(思)”followed Cantonese[7]24.Generally speaking, the method of pronunciation of Pidgin English completely followed the rule of labelling English words with Chinese alteration.3.1.2 StressAnother phonetic feature of Pidgin English which differs from that of various other varieties of English is stress or syllabic prominence. In some varieties English, notably Standard English, there is a considerable difference between the stress on the most stressed syllable and that at the least, stresses one so that a word like company may appear to have only two syllables, with primary stress on the first, viz.Standard English Pidgin Englishce-le-bra-tion ce-le-bra-tioncom-mu-ni-ca-tion com-mu-ni-ca-tionincrease(verb)increase (verb&noun)increase(noun)comment(verb) comment(verb&noun)comment(noun)faculty facultycolleague colleagueCharacter CharacterEconomic Economicstréet lamp street lámpréal estate real estáteWhíte House White Hóuse3.2 GrammarPidgin may contain significant grammatical features of two or more language. Nevertheless, Pidgin seems to lack complicate grammar system, when compared with the standard languages related. It is simplified[8]185.Some of the syntactic features of Pidgin English which will be discussed below can be considered as diagnostic features for this speech variety, however, some shows that they, or rather the degree to which they are realized, are also markers for different sub varieties of Pidgin English[9]13. And between the Pidgin English and the Standard English, the grammar structure also plays a dispensable role, because we can find the differences obviously from many points, just as the following.3.2.1 Past tense markingIn Standard British English, verbs are marked for past tense in a number of ways, d/t, vowel change, change of verb form altogether as in go---went. There are four verb categories.(1)Vowel change: break, tear, and come.(2)Vowel+ d: try, play(3)Consonant + ed: depend, start, like(4)Consonant +d/t: pass, look.3.2.2 Third person singularIn Pidgin English, it is very common that no marking of verbs in the present tense for third person singular.For example, My mum, she come from China many years ago. In this sentence, it had deleted the letter s.This radio sound good. This food taste delicious. My brother wash his hair.But in Standard English, those sentences, we should use the third person singular marker, because, if we do not use this marker, the sentences are wrong.However, in Pidgin English, from the above sentences, we only can prove that the Pidgin English has no third person singular. And it is really so common that we can not say that those sentences are wrong.3.2.3 The verb “be”In Pidgin English, the verb to be is, not always be realized where it would appear in Standard English in the copula function. It is also not always realized as an auxiliary in construction such as ―She is shopping.‖The types of construction of the verb:(a)Pre-AdjectiveStandard EnglishThis car is very nice.Pidgin EnglishThis car— very nice.(b)Pre- PredicateStandard EnglishMy mother is a teacher.Pidgin EnglishMy mother— a teacher.(c)Pre- LocativeStandard EnglishMy friend is in England.Pidgin EnglishMy friend— in England.(d)Pre-v-ingStandard EnglishHe is studying.Pidgin EnglishHe –studying.And just by the examples those have been listed above, we can find that the deletion of the ―be‖ is really an obvious characteristic.3.2.4 The omissionThe omission could include the omission of articles and demonstratives the third person present tense, the mark of noun plural and so on. As a general rule, it can be said that in Standard British English most count nouns may be preceded by either a definite or indefinite article, such as the jug, a jug, whereas most non-count nouns may be preceded by a definite article only, for example, the furniture, but not a furniture. However, it is very noticeable in Pidgin English [10]7. For example, Maybe you better have microphone a bi(t) closer. I don’(t) have ticket. You have eraser or not?Pidgin EnglishThis food taste wonderful.Standard EnglishThis food tastes wonderful.It is hardly surprising that the plural affixation is quite often absent from nouns in Pidgin English, such as, how many bottle? My house got two bedroom.3.2.5 Positive tag question after positive statementsSuch as, they never study, is it?You check out now, is it?In Standard English, we will take those sentences as wrong sentences. Because, according to the grammar structure, they are really wrong, however, in Pidgin English, they are right.3.2.6 AspectAspect relates to the way in which an action or state is regarded, whether something has completed or whether it was or it is in progress, such as already, used to, usually and would.Take already for example, I have already been working for four years.Pidgin English, I work about four years.Use toWe consider use(d) to as a marker or Habitual Aspect, either past or present, which is frequently found in mesolectal, basilectal, or informal Singapore English.1. All Europeans use to go there. (It is common for Europeans to visit the spot)2. Sometime, we use to speak in Mandarin. (This is our practice now)UsuallyThis is another characteristic of Pidgin English which must be mentioned here in conjunction with Habitual Aspect is usually. This is partly because it is frequently stressed on the third syllable usually, with or without an additional secondary stress on the first ùsûɑllý, whereas in Standard English it is stressed on the first Úsûɑllÿ.From the examples, the meaning and the pronunciation of the words are very unique.3.3 Vocabulary3.3.1 The variable vocabularyThe vocabulary of English-based Pidgin mainly originates from English, but it has been given new meaning after being reconstructed. It is given new meaning without changing its form.It is said the quantity of English vocabulary has reached more than one million.It is doubtless that the English words were not that many during the 18th or the 19th century. In Pidgin English, there was only about 3,000 words, most of which were only used when doing business [3]276. The vocabulary of Pidgin English was confined to the ones used mainly for the names of trading goods and the prices, daily greetings and bargains, etc. From the data available, there were about four hundred words commonly used in Canton English [11]180. There were about 1,000words in thebook The Chinese and English V ocabulary, Part One, about 500 words, phrases and dialogues were concerned with trades, and the others were the daily used words, phrases and dialogues[8]180. Besides, there are two features of Canton English to which attention is worth paying. First, some words were originated from the Macao Portuguese, for example, the English word ―great‖ was considered being created from the corresponding Portuguese word ―grande‖[3]278.Second, some words of Pidgin English were created by Chinese folk ―linguists‖ .An American writer Hunter, who had compiled Canton Fangui Lu(《广东番鬼录》),thought that two words with pure Chinese origin should be paid attention to. One is the word ―chop‖, which meant a kind of document originally, was widely used in Pidgin English. For example, ―chop‖could be used to refer to the billing list of a shop owner, or notice from the government, and cargo could be replaced by chop-boat, etc. The other word is “chow-chow‖, which was widely used as well. The word could be used to describe something worthless, and also could be used to describe something marvellous [12]21. The lexical features of pidgin are also associated with two or more standard languages.(1)As the ordinary pidgin has a very stock of words, it is sometimes necessary to use this reduplicative pattern to avoid possible confusion or to express certain concepts, e.g., repetition. Consequently, we find pairs like talk(talk) and talktalk (chatter) , dry(dry) and drydry (unpalatable),look(look) and looklook (stare).3.3.2 The phraseThe same phrase in different countries has different meanings.When we meet the problems, we will say we are in hot water. However, in Pidgin English, they will say they are in the soup [13]57.1) Nice shirt! How much you pay?2) How much you earn?3) How many children you got?In the end of the sentence, there are some interjections. Such as,what is it you need hah? This belongs to her ah? Hah? What did you say? Can repeat or not?And in Standard English, we should say, nice shirt! How much did you pay? How much do you earn? How many children have you got? And this is another difference between the Pidgin English and the Standard English. When we have understood these regulations, we will not reckon the Pidgin English is incorrect English anymore.4. The Status and Influence of Pidgin EnglishWith the development of science and technology, the globalization of English is an inevitable tendency. And in some degree the globalization of English is the product of the development of the economy. It is more likely to happen to the development of a greater heterogeneity of English internationally, there will be a widely understood and used verity. And all over the world, China is developing with a high speed, and the position of Pidgin English is also upgrading. Without Pidgin English, the speed of economic globalization may be not so quick.English is the widest used language in the world[14]33. With the military support of the British Empire and the economic support of the United States, English is currently used in more than one hundred countries as the native language, second language or lingua franca. As a result, English is viewed as a world language.Nowadays, the tendency of the globalization of English will inevitably result in the tendency of the regionalizing of English. Regionalized Englishes are shown at various levels of the English language and distinct from each other.However, the world English is neither the English of Britain nor that of American. It has absorbed the nutritious of the national language and culture from all over the world. The world English is the common wealth of the people that speak English. Pidgin English has 3 main characters, such as phonetic, grammars and vocabulary. In Pidgin English, the grammar is very unique as well as the vocabulary. However, because of these features, it makes Pidgin English to be unique English. And from the English that a person speaks, we can know where he comes from [16]134.It is scarcely surprising that the English of a multi-ethnic community such as China should be distinctive, varied, and showing influences from the major speech varieties spoken there. What is perhaps surprising is the amount of system to be observed within Pidgin English and the increasing similarity of Pidgin English as spoken by those of different ethnic background. From a situation in which there was an Indian English, a Malay English and Singapore Chinese English of the numerically predominant group, there has developed a distinctively Pidgin English[17]29.While English is used by more people than any other language in the world, its mother tongue speakers make up only a quarter or a fifth of the total. It means that one’s language is a central element in one’s personal, national, and ethnic identity: itis not easy for the native speaker to come to terms with the variations that occur in non-native speaker use of what the native speaker feels to ―one’s own language‖As the number of English users in the world surges toward more and more numerous, but those for whom it is the mother tongue fall to a fifth or less of this total, as the functions and uses of English by native speaker and non-native speaker alike become ever more numerous and unrelated to the nationality of the speaker, so a number of consequences have started to become apparent.The result of extensive indigenization of English is emergence of New Englishes, among which Pidgin English is one typical example. It has thus attracted attention of linguists around the world. Researchers so far usually focus on the emergence, development and application of Pidgin English. Few studies pay attention to the position and function of English in Chinese society and culture.As Pidgin English does not comply with Standard English totally, sometimes, we will consider Pidgin English as mistaken English. On the other hand, it does not necessarily have an underlying sociolinguistic explanation: it may be essentially a marker of acquisitioned inadequacy, or it may indicate a stage in language acquisition [12]. A discerning native or non-native speaker will not consider a mistake to be within the linguistic code of English. In this world, only to distinguish British English and American English is not enough. We should master the different countries’various English to deepen the international communication. We should analyze the present situation of English use，and explore the English language utilization norms and the implications of the emerging new English for English classrooms, however, the Singapore exists in the world anyway, and also plays an essential part in the world, especially in the economical globalization. The world needs this English exists on the earth.Pidgin English incarnates national feeling, especially when people use the language that they like to use, no one could force them to give up their own language. Pidgin English is not the language taught in the school. People like to use Pidgin English because of convenience. When it is necessary to use the Standard English, such as taking exams, having a meeting and so on, people will also use the Standard English.Pidgin English is a normal phenomenon in the development of language. It has a strong relationship with world English and promotes the development of its own state and world English. We should cherish the splendid language and care about its future. Pidgin English is a symbol of Chinese culture and also a sign of China in the world. In my conclusion, we should view Pidgin English as a sign of economic development and a tool which can deepen international communication and cooperation.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Dr. Chen Xuefen, who provided me with cherished information and guidance step by step throughout my writing of this dissertation, and gave me enough time to prepare the thesis.Then I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my classmates for their sincere friendship and for offering me the precious sources.I’m also greatly indebted to all the teachers in English department, who educated me and cultivated me to be a useful person to get a good job.I am extremely grateful to my parents for their continued love, encouragement and support during my pursuit of study.The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.。
time加see高级句式
time加see高级句式
Long time no see 原本是一句中式英语（洋泾浜英语），用以直译汉语的“好久不见”，所以它确实不符合英语语法。
但它现在已被作为习语被英语所接受了（尤其见于美国英语中）。
比如《韦氏高级英语词典》就收录了该习语：
Long time no see! —used as a greeting for someone you have not seen for a long time（用作问候语，问候长期未见的朋友）好久不见：
Well hello there! Long time no see! 嗨，你好！好久不见了！
另据牛津英语字典所记载，long time no see 这一短句最早收录在美国陆军上尉卓尔能（W. F. Drannan）所著的《平原上的三十一年》（31 Years on Plain）一书中，根据书中的描述，一名男性印第安人用不太纯熟的英语向旁白员打招呼：Good mornin. Long time no see you.（早上好，很久没有见到你了），其中Good mornin 为Good Morning 漏掉尾音g的误读。
中国英语与中国式英语辨析
中国英语与中国式英语辨析摘要：英语在加速全球化的过程中也伴随着广泛的本土化。
一批带有地域特色的英语变体，如：日本英语、菲律宾英语、新加坡英语等也纷纷崛起，这其中也有具有中国特色的“中国英语”。
本文旨在通过对英语在中国发展三个阶段出现的变体进行对比分析，从而证明发展并弘扬带有中国文化特色的“中国英语”是极其必要的。
关键词：洋泾浜英语；中国式英语；中国英语；文化软实力中图分类号：g642文献标识码：a文章编号：1009-0118（2013）01-0393-02随着全球化进程的加快，英语已成为当今世界上使用最广泛的语言。
英语在世界各地广泛传播的同时也在其传播地生根发芽，并受当地语言、文化、习俗的影响，逐渐变化发展，其名称也由单一的“english”变成了“world englishes”（kachru，1990）。
在英语本土化的大背景下，“中国英语”（china english）的出现成为了客观存在，学界对此问题争论不休，甚至有很多人把“中国英语”和“中国式英语”（chinese english）混为一谈。
本文旨在通过对英语在中国发展三个阶段的背景、成因、特点等方面进行对比分析，说明积极承认“中国英语”的客观存在并大力发扬推广的意义，进而达到“提高国家文化软实力”的最终目标。
一、英语在中国的三个发展阶段英语自19世纪进入中国以来历经了三个主要阶段：洋泾浜英语（chinese pidgin english）、中国式英语（chinese english）和中国英语（china english）。
（一）洋泾浜英语（chinese pidgin english）洋泾浜英语形成于18世纪的广州，是中国人同外来商人、水手、传教士打交道时使用的语言，词汇以英语为主，夹杂有广东话、葡萄牙语、马来语及印地语等，而语法结构是广东话。
这一语言现象在中国沦为半殖民地后更加普遍。
“洋泾浜英语”没有严格规范的语音、语法系统，主要以口语的形式存在。
浅析广州洋泾浜英语产生之原因及历史意义
浅析广州洋泾浜英语产生之原因及历史意义作者：熊雪花来源：《大观》2014年第08期摘要：广州洋泾浜英语作为一种中西通用语言在中外交流中发挥了重要的作用，本文以《中国丛报》为考察对象，对广州洋泾浜英语产生的原因及历史意义作一粗浅的探讨。
关键词：晚清；广州；洋泾浜无论作为早期“通事”所掌握的主要外国语， [1] 还是清廷与西方列强进行外交、文化、教育和贸易交流的重要工具，英语在近代中国的正式传入和兴起都始于鸦片战争前后。
然而，产生于更早年代并盛行于沿海口岸城市的民间的洋泾浜英语（Pidgin English）—中西交往的语言基础—早在十八世纪初的广州就出现了。
[2]它的兴起和出现有着深刻的历史渊源，对近代中西贸易、思想、文化交流都起了举足轻重的作用，有着重大的历史意义。
一、广州洋泾浜英语产生之原因关于广州洋泾浜英语的前身，学术界普遍认为是广东葡语。
有关于广东葡语是广州英语的前身这个立论，学术界应该不存疑问和争议。
在亨特的著作里，[4]我们可以找到一些证据，如广州英语中的mandarin（官员）来源于葡语mandar（命令）一词；compradore（买办）来源于葡语compra（买）一词；joss（菩萨）来源于葡语Deos（宙斯）。
关于广州洋泾浜英语的起源《中国丛报》也有所记载：“在世界的其他地方，外国人都一定会花费时间去学习当地的语言，没有人会想到法国，德国或印度去居住的时候，用一种外国语言去交往。
但在这里，情况却完全不一样，外国人与中国贸易已经有几个世纪的历史，但还是需要使用外国语言来做生意。
现在有很多中国人已学到足够的广州英语来用于交易，但是几乎没有外国人会花费哪怕一小时的时间来学中文。
”[3]从中我们可以看到，外国人来中国的情况是完全不同于外国人去其他国家的，很少有外国人会花费一个小时的时间来学习中文，由此说来假如中国人要和外国人交流，那么中国人就得学习外国语言，而不是外国人学习当地语言，这样一种不中不西的洋泾浜英语便被中国人创造出来了。
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洋泾浜英语是19世纪中外商人使用的混杂语言，只有口头形式，没有统一的书面形式，变体很多。
它是英语与上海话结合的产物，并且在一定程度上受宁波话与粤语的影响。
其语法不符合英语习惯，语音受汉语影响。
该语言流行于当时的上海洋泾浜周边地区，故由此得名。
由于该语言已经退出历史舞台，现在“洋泾浜英语”一般被认为与中式英语具有相同的含义，但事实上它只是中式英语的一个代表，且在一定程度上具有更为特殊的历史意义。
目录1 名称2 演变3 学习4 影响4.1 音译词4.2 音译加意译4.3 有引申意义的5 参考资料6 参见[编辑] 名称主条目：洋泾浜洋泾浜是上海的一条小河流，与黄浦江相连，从今延安东路渡口西向流至今西藏南路[1]。
在19世纪中叶，英国、法国相继在上海设立租界区，洋泾浜正是英法租界的界河。
租界设置后，大量的商业机构出现在小河两岸，洋泾浜也因此成为上海对外贸易的一条重要的河流。
由于中外商人语言交流不便，“洋泾浜英语”便在这种历史条件下诞生了。
[2][编辑] 演变最初的洋泾浜英语多为英语和粤语的混合体，这是由于香港、澳门、广州的洋行纷纷在上海开设分支机构，一些广东地区的职员纷纷进入上海，在与英国商人的沟通中，逐步形成了最初的洋泾浜英语。
[3]随后，上海的其他籍商人为了获取直接与外商交流的机会，纷纷学习英语。
而此时，宁波商人也大量涌入上海，出版商看准商机，出版了《英话注解》[4]，该手册使用汉字对英语进行注音，由于该书六位作者全是宁波人，因此使用的汉字发音为宁波方言。
因此洋泾浜英语逐渐变为英语、上海话、宁波话的混合形式为标准，各种出版物也越来越多，成为当时被广泛使用的中英商业语言。
中华人民共和国成立后，洋泾浜英语由于使用环境的缺失，逐渐被人所摒弃。
改革开放后，上海的对外贸易重新被重视，而此时，人民的英语水平也日益提高，“洋泾浜英语”逐渐成为形容英语不标准的贬义词。
[5][编辑] 学习洋泾浜英语的著名教材当属下段手册，该手册应使用宁波方言朗读，汉字只是用来注音，短短的几句话中涵盖了英语的常用词汇。
该手册有很多版本，大同小异，下面是其中一种比较全的版本的全部内容：[6]来是康姆(come)去是谷(go)，廿四洋钿吞的福(twenty-four)。
是叫也司(yes)勿叫诺(no)，如此如此沙咸沙(so and so)。
真崭实货佛立谷(very good)，靴叫蒲脱(boot)鞋叫靴(shoe)。
洋行买办江摆渡(comprador)，小火轮叫司汀巴(steamer)。
翘梯(tea)翘梯请吃茶，雪堂(sit down)雪堂请侬坐。
烘山芋叫扑铁秃(potato)，东洋车子力克靴(rickshaw)。
打屁股叫班蒲曲(bamboo chop)，混账王八蛋风炉(daffy low)。
那摩温(number one)先生是阿大，跑街先生杀老夫(shroff)。
麦克(mark)麦克钞票多，毕的生司(empty cents)当票多。
红头阿三开泼度(keep door)，自家兄弟勃拉茶(brother)。
爷要发茶(father)娘卖茶(mother)，丈人阿伯发音落(father-in-law)。
[编辑] 影响虽然洋泾浜英语已经退出历史舞台，但它在一定程度上影响或增加了许多上海话甚至普通话中的词汇，例如：[编辑] 音译词马达（motor）、腊克（lacquer）、克罗米（chromium）、泡立水（polish）、马赛克（mosaic）、水门汀（cement）、水汀（steam）、戤司（gas,瓦斯）、吉普（jeep）、摩托车（motorcycle）、卡（Car）、派力司（palace）、开司米（cashmere）、柠檬（lemon）、沙拉（salad）、吐司（toast）、布丁（pudding）、三明治（sandwich）、白脱（butter）、咖啡（法语café英语coffee）、可可（cocoa）、咖喱（curry）、阿司匹林（aspirin）、来苏尔（lysol）、凡士林（vaseline）、课程（法语cours 英语course）、戳子（chop）、麦克风（microphone）、披耶那（piano）、梵哑铃（violin）、萨克斯风（saxophone）、倍司（bass）、沙蟹（show hand）、道勃儿（double）、司到婆（stop）、脱去包（touch ball）、搞儿（goal）、捎（shoot）、派司（pass）、维纳斯（venus）、沙发（sofa）、派队（party）、德律风（telephone）、扑落（插扑）（plug）、司答脱（start）、违司（waste）、司的克（stick）、行（hong）、康白度（comprador）、台头（title）、唛头(mark)、克拉（color）、圣（saint）、安琪儿（angel）、磅（pound）、打（dozen）、听（tin）、巧克力（chocolate）、牛轧（nougat）、厄戤（again）、派司（pass）、哈夫（half）、克符（cuff）。
[编辑] 音译加意译卡车（Camion）、卡片（card）、啤酒（beer）、酒吧（bar）、沙丁鱼（sardine）、雪茄烟（cigar）、雪纺绸（chiffon）、卡宾枪（cabine）、加农炮（canon）、来复枪（rifle）、米达尺（meter）、法兰盘（flan）、杏利蛋（omelet）、司必灵锁（spring）、道林纸（dauling）、拍纸薄（pad）、高尔夫球（golf）、华尔兹舞（waltz）、茄克衫（jacket）、车胎（tire）、派克大衣（parka）、贝雷帽（béret）冰激凌（ice cream）、苏打水（soda water）、罗宋汤（Russian soup）、求是糖（juice）、霓虹灯（neon light）、俱乐部（club）、维他命（vitamin）、引擎（engine）、幽默（humor）、乌托邦（utopia）老虎窗（roof）[编辑] 有引申意义的发嗲（dear）、轧朋友（get）、着台型（dashing）、坍招式（juice）、开大兴（dashy）、肮三（on sale）、蹩脚（bilge）、邋遢（litter）、小开（kite）、大班（banker）、嘎山河（gossip）、发格(fuck)这些外来语有的已经不被使用如：拨落头（plug，现在上海话一般用插拨，也就是插座+拨落头）、司的克(stick)、德律风(telephone)等，但有的仍被广泛使用，如：水门汀(cement)、肮三(on sale)等。
有的词语已经传至其他方言区（包括官话区），成为汉语中被普遍认同的词语，如：麦克风(microphone)、时髦(smart)等。
前一阵去Bath（南部的一个城市），在火车站想起了上海火车站检票的地方有这么一句英文，“Please show today's ticket”，明显是英语在非英语国家被滥用的结果。
当天有效的车票应该是“V alid ticket”，而不是“Today's ticket”。
由此联想到在很多国家的公共场所出现的那些不怎么地道的英语，这里把我知道的写给大家，饭后一笑而已。
以色列的特拉维夫有一间旅馆，房间里的服务册上有这样的一段话，英文写：“If you wish breakfast, lift the telephone and our waitress will arrive. This will be enough to bring up your food.”虽然那个“wish breakfast”不太地道，但是乍一看，除了句子不太通顺，也没有什么大错。
大概意思可以看出来：“要早饭的话，打个电话服务生就会帮你送上来”。
可是要命的是，“bring up”这个词在英语中，很多时候是指晕车晕船引起的呕吐！这个用法在字典里估计查不到，可怜的以色列人。
是旅馆，咱们来看看日本人的。
“Y ou are invited to take advantage of the chambermaid.”可能他们的意思是“有问题的话尽管找服务生”。
但是“take advantage”通常是做“利用”来讲的。
更糟糕的是，用在“女服务生”前面就成了“占便宜”的意思一家印度餐馆门口的广告牌写着“After one visit we guarantee you will be regular”，可能他们是想说“光临过一次，以后一定会常来”，问题是“be regular”在英语当中是一种很婉转的说法，意思是定时上厕所！要是印度人知道还有这层意思，估计他们就不会这么写广告了。
再看看法国的一家饭店，本来的意思应该是“贵重的物品请放前台”，他们却写了这么一个牌子，“Please leave your values at the front desk”。
法国人估计没有搞清楚“valuables”和“values”的区别。
前者是指“贵重物品”，而后者说的是“价值观”，或者“信仰”。
“把你的信仰留在前台”，这个表达也挺有腔调的。
最离谱的是西班牙巴塞罗那的一家旅行社，门口一个大大的logo：“Go away!”不知道他们是拉生意还是赶顾客呢。
其实，当英语逐渐变成了一种Lingua Franca（国际语言）之后，每个国家都以自己不同的方式处理这个语言。
他们对英语的不同认识，有时候的确会闹一些笑话，但是并不妨碍我们理解他们要表达的意思，不是吗？本人前天开始进行“深圳历史知多点”资料的收集,其实同时也在进行“上海历史知多点”资料的收集,毕竟深圳与上海同是移民城市,也在短时间内迅速崛起,这里面应该有一些值得相互参照的地方。
今天首先说说上海的“洋泾浜英语”。
“洋泾浜英语”,据民国汪仲贤撰文于1935年出版的《上海俗语图说》介绍:上海是一个特别区域,一切行政习惯,都与世界各地不同。
这特区之所以能存在于世间,就根据那几条“洋泾浜章程”(见后述),所以“洋泾浜”三字,是与上海历史最有关系的地名。
因为上海是一个特别区,所以样样东西都带几分特别色彩。
言语是沟通人类意见的工具,除非是哑巴,人生不可以一日无此君。
而特区之所以形成,就为了华洋杂处的原故,既然杂处,就不能不通言语。
但是中国话,洋人不懂,洋人说话,中国人不懂,华洋之间,欲交换意见,不能不特备一种特别言语,专在特区通行。
而那时既无英语专修学校,又无留学生教授英文,只得用口授的方法,传播了一种特别洋话,叫做“洋泾浜话”,表示这种言语是专在“洋泾浜”—带应付洋人的。
“洋泾浜语”是从英语转译出来的,但是真正的英国人到了上海,也要从师学习几个月“洋泾浜语”,才能与中国人通话。