陀思妥耶夫斯基【英文】
费奥多·陀思妥耶夫斯基
陀思妥耶夫斯基思想的文学纲领 ——《地下室手记》
1864年创作的中篇小说 《地下室手记》在陀思妥耶 夫斯基的创作发展中占有决 定性的地位，作品通过“地 下人”这一艺术形象，提出 了他后期创作的几乎所有思 想问题。德国作家托马斯· 曼曾评价《地下室手记》“ 是陀思妥耶夫斯基创作的转 折点，是他自身的一个突破 。”
小人物主题的内向化：《穷人》
1846年发表的中篇小说 《穷人》是陀思妥耶夫斯 基的成名作，作品继承了 普希金、果戈理开创的“ 小人物”传统，在表现小 人物的内在精神世界方面 进行了突破性的挖掘。作 品受到涅克拉索夫、别林 斯基等人的高度赞扬。
流放文学的奠基作：《死屋手记》
1862年发表的《死屋手 记》是陀思妥耶夫斯基 对自己监禁和流放的回 顾和反思，作品探讨了 人本性的复杂性以及俄 罗斯知识分子和普罗大 众的文化对立等命题， 开创了俄罗斯“流放文 学”主题的先河。
陀思妥耶夫斯基是最伟大的俄罗斯形而上学
家。（别尔嘉耶夫）
陀思妥耶夫斯基的独特经验
癫痫病
死亡体验 流放经历 西欧之旅
陀思妥耶夫斯基的思想
对人的复杂性的充分认识
反诸自己追寻社会和个人悲剧的原因 对理性主义、进步和乌托邦观念的批判 对宗教是人性价值最彻底的维护者的信念
《白痴》（一八六八）对俄 罗斯农奴制改革后俄罗斯的 道德状况和社会心理进行了 深入细致的剖析，表现了道 德的衰落和沦丧，个性的堕 落和退化，美的亵渎和毁灭 ，凸显了作家对社会状况的 浓重忧虑，寄托了作家期望 宗教和俄罗斯传统超越道德 困境的期待。
虚无主义者的群像：《群魔》
《群魔》（1873）以当 时轰动一时的“涅恰耶 夫案件”为素材，表现 了无神论和无政府主义 思想如何根本上否定人 的价值和尊严。小说是 作家创作中引起广泛争 议的作品，今天已被认 为是其最优秀的创作之 一。
陀思妥耶夫斯基语录
陀思妥耶夫斯基语录1. "Man is a creature that can get accustomed to anything, and I think that is the best definition of him." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground2. "To go wrong in one's own way is better than to go right in someone else's." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment3. "Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment4. "The soul is healed by being with children." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot5. "The second half of a man's life is made up of nothing but the habits he has acquired during the first half." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov6. "The mystery of human existence lies not in just staying alive, but in finding something to live for." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov7. "Pain and suffering are always inevitable for a large intelligence and a deep heart." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment8. "The cleverest of all, in my opinion, is the man who calls himself a fool at least once a month." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot9. "The darker the night, the brighter the stars, The deeper the grief, the closer is God!" - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment10. "The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead11. "The soul is healed by being with children." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot12. "To live without hope is to cease to live." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The BrothersKaramazov13. "The more I love humanity in general, the less I love man in particular." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov14. "The formula 'two plus two equals five' is not without its attractions." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground15. "The greatest happiness is to know the source of unhappiness." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot16. "I may not be the strongest, but I am the most persistent." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov17. "The world will be saved by beauty." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot18. "The soul is healed by being with children." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot19. "To suffer, one must love." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov20. "What is hell? I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov21. "The greatest happiness is to know the source of unhappiness." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot22. "Man only likes to count his troubles; he doesn't calculate his happiness." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground23. "The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The House of the Dead24. "To live without hope is to cease to live." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov25. "The darker the night, the brighter the stars, The deeper the grief, the closer is God!" - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Crime and Punishment26. "The cleverest of all, in my opinion, is the man who calls himself a fool at least once a month." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot27. "The formula 'two plus two equals five' is not without its attractions." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from Underground28. "The world will be saved by beauty." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Idiot29. "To suffer, one must love." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov30. "What is hell? I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love." - Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov。
俄国作家陀思妥耶夫斯基的生平与重要作品介绍
列宁称《死屋手记》为“不可逾越的作品”。
罪 与 罚
《罪与罚》《Преступление и наказание》
主要人物：
—拉斯柯尔尼科夫 穷大学生，杀人犯； —杜尼娅 拉斯柯尔尼科夫的妹妹，为了 哥哥被迫嫁给卢仁； —马美拉多夫 城市贫民，失业，酗酒， 车祸而死； —索尼亚 马美拉多夫之女，为全家生计， 被迫卖身；
小说通过这一形象，深刻地揭露了资产阶级的“弱肉强食”原则对小资 产阶级知识分子的毒害，有力地批判了这一原则的反人道主义的实质， 并且从客观上否定了建立在“超人”哲学基础上的无政府主义式的反抗， 因为这种反抗决不可能给被压迫者带来新生活的转机。
陀思妥耶夫斯基的生平：第二次婚姻
小说《罪与罚》和《赌徒》完成以后，陀氏遇到第二个 妻子安娜·格里戈里耶夫娜，她比陀氏小25岁，善良，温 柔，贤惠。1866年10月，安娜经老师推荐，到陀氏家当 速记员，帮助陀氏速记小说，整理和誊写《赌徒》的速 记稿。他们配合得很好，在20多天中便完成了《赌徒》， 他们也相爱了。陀氏十分渴望有一个正常生活的家庭， 过普通人的生活，而不想当什么天才、癫痫病患者、圣 人、苦役犯、荒淫之徒和理想主义者。他们很快结婚。
华尔戈夫斯基一手制造了两个家庭的悲剧，一是他侵吞了贫 穷、没落的伊赫德曼耶夫贵族家庭的仅有的一座田庄，并且为了 娶拥有百万家产的卡佳做儿媳而破坏了伊赫德曼耶夫的女儿娜达 莎同自己的儿子阿辽沙的婚事。另一个是斯密司老人一家，他的 女儿被华尔戈夫斯基始乱终弃，骗走了财产，死于贫病交迫之中， 斯密司也最终死于贫困。斯密司的外孙女不能宽恕她的父亲——华 尔戈夫斯基，她的倔强、带有疯狂的反抗精神引起人们对“被侮 辱与被损害”者的同情，对黑暗社会的憎恨，显示了小说的现实 主义力量。而小说当中这些不幸的人往往是逆来顺受，流露出毫 无出路的绝望情绪。
陀思妥耶夫斯基的著名诗句
费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基（Fyodor Dostoevsky）是俄国文学巨匠，被认为是世界文学的巅峰之一。
以下是一些陀思妥耶夫斯基的著名诗句：1. "Man is a mystery. It needs to be unravelled, and if you spend your whole life unravelling it, don't say that you've wasted time. I am studying that mystery because I want to be a human being." - 人是一个谜，需要被解开。
如果你一生都在解开这个谜，不要说你浪费了时间。
我研究这个谜，因为我想成为一个人。
2. "The mystery of human existence lies not in just staying alive, but in finding something to live for." - 人类存在的奥秘不仅在于维持生命，更在于找到值得生活的东西。
3. "The greatest happiness you can have is knowing that you do not necessarily require happiness." - 最大的幸福是知道你并不一定需要幸福。
4. "Taking a new step, uttering a new word, is what people fear most." - 人们最害怕的是迈出新的一步，说出新的一句话。
5. "The soul is healed by being with children." - 与儿童在一起，灵魂会得到治愈。
6. "A real man, as long as he remains free, is bound to strive for the happiness and the practical prosperity of all." - 一个真正的人，只要他保持自由，就必定要为所有人的幸福和实际繁荣而努力。
陀思妥耶夫斯基名言英文版
陀思妥耶夫斯基名⾔英⽂版FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY QUOTESBeauty is a terrible and awful thing! It is terrible because it has not been fathomed, for God sets us nothing but riddles. Here the boundaries meet and all contradictions exist side by side.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Brothers KaramazovWhen there is love, you can live even without happiness.FYODOR DOSTOYEVSKY, Notes From Underground Even as I approach the gambling hall, as soon as I hear, two rooms away, the jingle of money poured out on the table, I almost go into convulsions.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Gambler Power is given only to those who dare to lower themselves and pick it up. Only one thing matters, one thing; to be able to dare!FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentWhat do you think, would not one tiny crime be wiped out by thousands of good deeds?FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and Punishment A cultivated and decent man cannot be vain without setting a fearfully high standard for himself, and without despising and almost hating himself at certain moments.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from UndergroundThe soul is healed by being with children.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Idiot The darker the night, the brighter the stars,The deeper the grief, the closer is God.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentIf they drive God from the earth, we shall shelter Him underground.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Brothers KaramazovThe cleverest of all, in my opinion, is the man who calls himself a fool at least once a month.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, BobokI say let the world go to hell, but I should always have my tea.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from the UndergroundThe more I love humanity in general, the less I love man in particular.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Brothers KaramazovThe best definition of man is: a being that goes on two legs and is ungrateful.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from the Underground There is something at the bottom of every new human thought, every thought of genius, or even every earnest thought that springs up in any brain, which can never be communicated to others, even if one were to write volumes about it and were explaining one's idea for thirty-five years; there's something left which cannot be induced to emerge from your brain, and remains with you forever.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The IdiotBut how could you live and have no story to tell?FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, White NightsIf not reason, then the devil.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentDreams, as we all know, are very queer things: some parts are presented with appalling vividness, with details worked up with the elaborate finish of jewellery, while others one gallops through, as it were, without noticing them at all, as, for instance, through space and time. Dreams seem to be spurred on not by reason but by desire, not by the head but by the heart, and yet what complicated tricks my reason has played sometimes in dreams, what utterly incomprehensible things happen to it!FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Dream of a Ridiculous ManThe fear of appearances is the first symptom of impotence.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentTo go wrong in one's own way is better then to go right in someone else's.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and Punishment Man is a mystery: if you spend your entire life trying to puzzle it out, then do not say that you have wasted your time. I occupy myself with this mystery, because I want to be a man.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, letter, 1839, attributed in Dostoevsky: His Life and Work (Mochulski) We're always thinking of eternity as an idea that cannot be understood, something immense. But why must it be? What if, instead of all this, you suddenly find just a little room there, something like a village bath-house, grimy, and spiders in every corner, and that's all eternity is. Sometimes, you know, I can't help feeling that that's what it is.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentDestroy my desires, eradicate my ideals, show me something better, and I will follow you.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from the UndergroundLying is a delightful thing for it leads to the truth.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentWhat is hell? I maintain that it is the suffering of being unable to love.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, The Brothers Karamazov Every man has some reminiscences which he would not tell to everyone, but only to his friends. He has others which he would not reveal even to his friends, but only to himself, and that in secret. But finally there are still others which a man is even afraid to tell himself, and every decent man has a considerable number of such things stored away. That is, one can even say that the more decent he is, the greater the number of such things in his mind.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from the UndergroundCivilization has made man, if not always more bloodthirsty, at least more viciously, more horribly bloodthirsty.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Notes from the UndergroundMan grows used to everything, the scoundrel.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and PunishmentFor, after all, you do grow up, you do outgrow your ideals, which turn to dust and ashes, which are shattered into fragments; and if you have no other life, you just have to build one up out of these fragments. And all the time your soul is craving and longing for something else. And in vain does the dreamer rummage about in his old dreams, raking them over as though they were a heap of cinders, looking in these cinders for some spark, however tiny, to fan it into a flame so as to warm his chilled blood by it and revive in it all that he held so dear before, all that touched his heart, that made his blood course through his veins, that drew tears from his eyes, and that so splendidly deceived him.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, White NightsIt takes something more than intelligence to act intelligently.FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY, Crime and Punishment。
陀思妥耶夫斯基同“俄罗斯思想”
陀思妥耶夫斯基同“俄罗斯思想”陀思妥耶夫斯基（Fyodor Dostoevsky）是19世纪俄罗斯文学的巨匠，他的作品在俄罗斯文学史上占据了重要的地位。
他的作品不仅在文学领域有着深远的影响，同时也对俄罗斯思想产生了重要的影响。
在陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中，我们可以看到对“俄罗斯思想”的深刻探讨，他对人性、宗教、政治等领域的思考，都为俄罗斯思想传统树立了重要的基石。
陀思妥耶夫斯基对人性的深刻洞察对俄罗斯思想的形成产生了重要影响。
在他的作品中，我们可以看到对人性的深刻揭示和探讨。
陀思妥耶夫斯基认为人性的本质是复杂的，人既有自私和邪恶的一面，也有充满爱和善良的一面。
在他的作品中，主人公们往往有着复杂的内心世界，他们既可能做出残忍的行为，也可能展现出深刻的同情心。
这种对人性的深刻洞察，影响了俄罗斯文学和思想的发展，也为之后的一系列作家和思想家提供了重要的启示。
陀思妥耶夫斯基对宗教的思考也对俄罗斯思想产生了深远的影响。
陀思妥耶夫斯基是一位虔诚的东正教徒，他的作品中充满了对宗教的探讨和思考。
他认为宗教是人类内心的支点，是人类道德和精神生活的基础。
在他的作品中，宗教常常被描绘为人性的救赎之道，是对人性境况的一种超脱和拯救。
这种对宗教的思考有助于俄罗斯人对宗教及信仰的理解和认识，也帮助俄罗斯思想在宗教领域得到了深入的发展。
陀思妥耶夫斯基对政治的思考也对俄罗斯思想产生了重要的影响。
在他的作品中，我们可以看到对政治权力和社会压迫的强烈批判。
陀思妥耶夫斯基关注的是人民的命运和幸福，他深刻认识到政治的腐败和社会的不公，并试图通过自己的作品呐喊这一问题。
在他的作品中，主人公们面对着政治上的迫害和社会的压迫，他们不断地挣扎和反抗。
这种对政治的思考和批判，对俄罗斯的政治发展和社会变革产生了深远的影响，也为俄罗斯的政治和社会思想提供了重要的思想资源。
陀思妥耶夫斯基
1860年，陀思妥耶夫斯基返回圣彼得堡，次年发表了第一部长篇《被侮辱 与被损害的》 。这部作品可以被看作是他前后期的过渡作品，既有前期的对社 会苦难人民的描写，又带有后期的宗教与哲学探讨 。这段时间他文学上有所进 展，但生活却连遭打击。1864 年他的妻子和兄长相继逝世，他还需要照顾兄 长的家人，这使得他濒临破产。他希望通过赌博来还清债务，却欠下更多债， 整个人陷入消沉之中。 为了躲避债主，他被迫到欧洲避债。 出版商答应给他预付款，但是要求他 要在半年内写一部长篇小说。陀思妥耶夫斯基当时正在写《罪与罚》，没有时 间再写一部，但是出于生计只得同意。1866年他的代表作《罪与罚》出版，可 视作近代世界推理小说鼻祖；事实上陀思妥耶夫斯基许多世界文学杰作都是先 发表于报章文艺副刊，受到俄国人普遍欢迎欲罢不能，再予出版社出版；受欢 迎程度达到陀思妥耶夫斯基以口述说话方式，同时说不同三篇小说故事给三位 秘书写，堪称文学特技。而另一部长篇离交稿一个月，还没有写。在朋友介绍 下，他认识了速记学校的高材生安娜 ，两人高效率的工作，一个月内完成了 《赌徒》，于1867年出版。同年两人结婚 ，在安娜的鼓励与帮助下，他的生 活才开始安定下来 。1868年他完成了《白痴》 。1872年完成了《群魔》。 1873年开始他创办“作家日记”期刊，很受欢迎。1880年他发表了 《卡拉马 佐夫兄弟》这部他后期最重要的作品。1881年陀思妥耶夫斯基准备写作《卡拉 马佐夫兄弟》第二部。2月9日他的笔筒掉到地上，滚到柜子底下，他在搬柜子 过程中用力过大，结果导致血管破裂，当天去世，弥留前妻子为他朗诵圣经。 葬于圣彼得堡。
陀思妥耶夫斯基（1821～1881 ） Фёдор Михаилович Достоевский 是19世纪群星灿烂的俄国文坛上一颗 耀眼的明星，与列夫.托尔斯泰、屠格涅 夫等人齐名，是俄国文学的卓越代表，他 所走过的是一条极为艰辛、复杂的生活与 创作道路，是俄国文学史上最复杂、最矛 盾的作家之一。即如有人所说“托尔斯泰 代表了俄罗斯文学的广度，陀思妥耶夫斯 基则代表了俄罗斯文学的深度”。 代表作品有《罪与罚》，《白痴》， 《穷人》，《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》，《被凌 辱与被损害德》，《赌徒》，《群魔》等。
奥斯托洛夫斯基英文简介
奥斯托洛夫斯基英文简介Fyodor Dostoevsky, born on November 11, 1821, in Moscow, Russia, was one of the most influential and renowned writers in world literature. Dostoevsky's unique writing style and deep exploration of human psychology have made him a master of the psychological novel.Dostoevsky's early years were marked by hardship and tragedy. His father, a former army doctor, was murdered by his own serfs, leaving the family in financial and emotional distress. Despite these difficulties, Dostoevsky was able to study engineering at the St. Petersburg Institute of Military Engineering.While at the institute, Dostoevsky discovered his passion for literature and soon began writing his first novel, "Poor Folk". The novel, published in 1846, brought him critical acclaim and established his reputation as a talented and innovative writer.In 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested for participating in a discussion group critical of the Russian government. He was sentenced to death by firing squad but was granted a last-minute reprieve and instead served four years in a Siberian prison camp. This traumatic experience had a profound impact on Dostoevsky's writing, as he often explored themes of suffering, redemption, and the human condition in his later works.After his release from prison, Dostoevsky faced numerous personal and financial hardships. He struggled with gambling addiction, which led to significant debt and forced him to publish his novels serially to earn money. Despite these challenges, Dostoevskycontinued to produce some of his most celebrated works during this period.One of Dostoevsky's most well-known novels is "Crime and Punishment", published in 1866. The novel tells the story of Raskolnikov, a impoverished student who murders an elderly pawnbroker and her sister. As Raskolnikov grapples with guilt and psychological turmoil, the novel delves into complex moral and philosophical questions.Dostoevsky's later works, such as "The Brothers Karamazov" and "The Idiot", also explore themes of morality, spirituality, and the nature of evil. These novels, characterized by their intricate plots and rich character development, solidified Dostoevsky's reputation as one of the greatest writers of his time.In addition to his literary achievements, Dostoevsky was also a prolific journalist and social commentator. Through his writings, he critiqued the social and political institutions of his time and advocated for the rights of the individual. His works continue to be studied and analyzed by scholars and readers worldwide.On February 9, 1881, Dostoevsky passed away in St Petersburg. His legacy, however, lives on in his works, which continue to captivate readers with their profound insights into the human soul. In conclusion, Fyodor Dostoevsky was a seminal figure in world literature, known for his unique writing style and exploration of human psychology. His novels, such as "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov", continue to be regarded asmasterpieces, and his influence on literature and philosophy is still felt today. Dostoevsky's ability to portray the complexities of the human condition and tackle timeless moral questions makes him one of the most important writers in literary history.在19世纪的文学史上，费奥多尔·陀思妥耶夫斯基是一位极具影响力和知名度的作家。
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• His conservative religious and philosophical inclination is evident throughout his works written after this period, including The Brother’s Karamazov • For instance, Dostoevsky specifically questions whether good and evil can exist in a world in which there is no God. • Through the character of Rakitin, from The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoevsky parodies the progressive theories of his contemporaries, intellectuals who move from popular idea to popular idea according to the whims of fashion, without regard for the truth.
– He portrays the experience of epilepsy through the character of Smerdyakov in The Brothers Karamazov.
• The second important change that Dostoevsky underwent in prison was his rejection of the radical socialist positions that had led to his arrest, and his development of a conservative concern for traditional values..
• Dostoevsky’s time in prison affected him in at least two important ways. • First, during his imprisonment Dostoevsky began suffering epileptic seizures, a condition from which he suffered for the rest of his life.
• But the execution turned out to be a mere show, meant to punish the prisoners psychologically. • Dostoevsky then spent four years at a labor camp in Siberia, followed by four years of military service. • Raskolnikov’s time in a Siberian prison, described in the Epilogue of Crime and Punishment, is based on Dostoevsky’s own experiences at a similar prison, and he devoted many passages in his other books to scenes involving criminal justice, including the courtroom scenes of The Brothers Karamazov.
• Another experience that greatly affected Dostoevsky, and that found its way into his writing, was the time he spent in prison. • On April 23, 1849, Dostoevsky was arrested for his participation in a group that illegally printed and distributed socialist propaganda. • After spending eight months in prison, Dostoevsky was sentenced to death for membership in the group and was led, with other members of the group, to be shot.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
(1821-1881)
• Fyodor Dostoevsky is renowned as one of the world’s greatest novelists and literary psychologists. • Born in Moscow in 1821, the son of a doctor, Dostoevsky was educated first at home and then at a boarding school. • When Dostoevsky was a young boy, his father sent him to the St. Petersburg Academy of Military Engineering, from which he graduated in 1843. • Dostoevsky had long been interested in writing, and he immediately resigned from his position as a sub lieutenant to devote his time to his craft. • His first book, Poor Folk (1846), was immediately popular with critics.
• Dostoevsky’s early view of the world was shaped by his experience of social injustice. • At the age of twenty-six, Dostoevsky became active in socialist circles, largely because of his opposition to the institution of serfdom. • His political opinions were influenced by his experiences as a young boy—his father was murdered by his own serfs while Dostoevsky was away at school.