seed-2-DEVELOPMENT & Morphology
国际商务英语写作模板商业计划书
国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书篇一：商业计划书模板---英文版精编资料商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-4567[Your Name][DATE]TABLE OF CONTENTS...商业计划书商业计划书模板---英文版BUSINESS PLAN TEMPLATEBUSINESS PLAN[My Company]123 Main StreetAnytown, USA 10000123-45671[Your Name][DATE]2TABLE OF CONTENTSExecutive Summary ....................................................................................... (1)Management ................................................................................ (2)[Company] History ............................................................................................ . (5)[Product/Service] Description ................................................................................... .. (7)Objectives....................................................................................... . (9)Competitors ................................................................................. .. (10)Competitive Advantages ................................................................................... . (11)Innovation ..................................................................................... . (13)Pricing ............................................................................................ .. (14)Specific Markets .......................................................................................... . (15)Growth Strategy .......................................................................................... . (16)Market Size and Share ............................................................................................... . (17)Targeting New Markets .......................................................................................... .. (18)Location ......................................................................................... (19)Manufacturing Plan .................................................................................................. (20)Research &Development ............................................................................... (21)Historical Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (22)Proforma Financial Data ................................................................................................. .. (23)Proforma Balance Sheet ............................................................................................... . (26)Cost Control ........................................................................................... (27)Effects of Loan or Investment .................................................................................... . (28)Attachments ................................................................................. . (29)3Executive Summary [My Company] was formed asa [proprietorship, partnership, corporation] in [Month, Year] in [City, State], by [John Doe] in response to the following market conditions:[Startup, growth] opportunities exist in [Product/Service].The need for use of efficient distribution (转载于: 小龙文档网:国际商务英语写作模板：商业计划书)and financial methods in these overlooked markets.[I/We] have several customers who are willing to place large [orders,contracts] within the next three months.Several other prospective [customers/clients] have expressed serious interest in doing business within six months. [I/We] previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. Over the past few years I spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. This plan is a result of that study. The basic components of this plan are:1. Competitive pricing2. Expand the markets3. Increased advertising4. Lower our unit costs,5. Thereby achieving higher profits.1. Sign contracts2. Increased advertising3. Increase office staffTo this end, [I/we] need investment from private individuals and/or companies. A total of $XXX is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. The company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. The company will be run as a [proprietorship, partnership, corporation].Financial Goals Sales Net Income Earnings pershareYear 1 $25,000 .01 Year 2 $250,000 .12 Year 3 $375,000 .141Management[Name] [Title]??[Experience]??Sales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.??Led market in market share - 30%.Formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.Pioneered new distribution channels. Established national sales force.Established national repair & service centers.Brought new and innovative products to the market.Designed point-of-purchase materials.[Education}University of BostonBoston, MA- Computer SciencesPresidentJohn Q. Doe, Chief Executive Officer, and Director since February 1988 and President since January 1990. Mr. Doe was the founder and Chief Executive Officer of the original operating company known as Random Excess, Inc. He has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, John Doe Co., of Oshkosh (Wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. This firm was sold to FatCat Widgets, Inc. in 1987.篇二：商务英语写作(商业计划书写作格式)商务英语写作:商业计划书写作格式XX-03-24 13:39:08 来源：爱词霸资讯官网封面(Title page)企业的名称和地址Name and address of business负责人的姓名和地址Name(s) and address(es) of principals企业的性质Nature of business报告机密性的陈述Statement of confidentiality目录(Table of contents)1. 概述/总结(Executive summary)2. 行业及市场分析(Industry analysis)对未来的展望和发展趋势(Future outlook and trends)竞争者分析(Analysis of competitors)市场划分(Market segmentation)行业预测(Industry forecasts)3. 企业的描述(The description of the venture)企业的宗旨和目标（Mission statement and objectives）产品或服务的描述(Description of the product or service)企业的规模(Size of business)产品的进一步开发(Future potential/product development)竞争优势(Competitive advantage)办公设备和人员(Office equipment and personnel)创业者的背景(Backgrounds of entrepreneurs)4. 生产计划(Production plan)制造进程/被分包的数量(Manufacturing process / amount subcontracted)选址(Location)厂房(Physical plant）机械和设备(Machinery and equipment）原材料的供给情况(Sources of raw materials to be supplied)生产能力和提高的可能性(Output limitations，if any，and scale-up possibilities）质量控制计划(Quality control plans)5. 营销计划(The marketing plan)定价(Pricing)分销(Distribution)促销(Promotion)产品预测(Product forecasts)预见的涨价(Anticipated mark-up)竞争对手的反映(Competitors’response)市场份额预测(Market share projection)控制(Controls)6. 组织计划(Organizational plan)所有权的形式(Form of ownership)合作者或主要股权所有人的身份(Identification of partners or principal shareholders)负责人的权利(Authority of principals)管理层成员的背景(Management team background)组织成员的角色和责任(Roles and responsibilities of members of organization)7. 风险与对策分析(Assessment of risks)企业弱点的评价(Evaluate weakness if business)新技术(New technologies)应急计划(Contingency plan)8. 财务计划(Financial plan)各类业绩比率和投资回报(Summary of performance ratios, ROI etc.)销售预测(Sales forecasts)财务预测的假设(Assumptions underpinning financial forecasts)损益表(Income statement / Profit and lossstatement)预测现金流量表(Cash flow projections)资产欠债预估表(Pro forma balance sheet)量本利分析(Break-even analysis)资金来源和运用(Sources and applications of funds)9. 融资需求(Financing requirements)融资前的活动小结(Summary of operations prior to financing)此刻的股东和未付债款(Current shareholders, loans outstanding)资金需要量及时间(Funds required and timing)投资回报(The deal on offer)资本欠债比率和盈利与利息比率(Anticipated gearing and interest cover)投资者退出方式(Exit routes for investors)附录(Appendix)1. 管理人员简历(Management team biographies)2. 职业咨询人员背景(Names and details of professional advisors)3. 技术参数和图纸(Technical data and drawings)4. 专利、版权、设计等(Details of patents,copyright, designs）5. 审计的报表(Audited accounts)6. 信件(Letters)7. 市场调研数据(Market research data)8. 租约或合同(Leaser or contracts)9. 供给商的报价单(Price lists from suppliers)10. 客户的定单(Orders from customers)篇三：英文商业计划书模板英语商业计划书（Business Plan）第一讲：概述第二讲：现状分析第三讲：目标肯定第四讲：组织结构第五讲：产品分析第六讲：市场分析第七讲：市场策略第八讲：生产分析第九讲：财务分析第十讲：附件第一讲：概述(executive summary)概述是整个商业计划的第一部份，相当于整个商业计划的浓缩，使整个商业计划的精华所在。
SEED信息安全实验系列：缓冲区溢出漏洞实验
缓冲区溢出漏洞实验一、实验描述缓冲区溢出是指程序试图向缓冲区写入超出预分配固定长度数据的情况。
这一漏洞可以被恶意用户利用来改变程序的流控制，甚至执行代码的任意片段。
这一漏洞的出现是由于数据缓冲器和返回地址的暂时关闭，溢出会引起返回地址被重写。
二、实验准备本次实验为了方便观察汇编语句，我们需要在32位环境下作操作，因此实验之前需要做一些准备。
1、输入命令安装一些用于编译32位C程序的东西：sudo apt-get updatesudo apt-get install lib32z1 libc6-dev-i386sudo apt-get install lib32readline-gplv2-dev2、输入命令“linux32”进入32位linux环境。
此时你会发现，命令行用起来没那么爽了，比如不能tab补全了，所以输入“/bin/bash”使用bash：三、实验步骤3.1 初始设置Ubuntu和其他一些Linux系统中，使用地址空间随机化来随机堆（heap）和栈（stack）的初始地址，这使得猜测准确的内存地址变得十分困难，而猜测内存地址是缓冲区溢出攻击的关键。
因此本次实验中，我们使用以下命令关闭这一功能：sudo sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0此外，为了进一步防范缓冲区溢出攻击及其它利用shell程序的攻击，许多shell程序在被调用时自动放弃它们的特权。
因此，即使你能欺骗一个Set-UID程序调用一个shell，也不能在这个shell中保持root权限，这个防护措施在/bin/bash中实现。
linux系统中，/bin/sh实际是指向/bin/bash或/bin/dash的一个符号链接。
为了重现这一防护措施被实现之前的情形，我们使用另一个shell程序（zsh）代替/bin/bash。
下面的指令描述了如何设置zsh程序：sudo sucd /binrm shln -s zsh shexit3.2 shellcode一般情况下，缓冲区溢出会造成程序崩溃，在程序中，溢出的数据覆盖了返回地址。
植物种子的进化
植物种子的进化周峰【摘要】种子的出现，是植物发展和进化过程中的一个巨大飞跃。
它的进化演变是植物生活史明显改变的一个过程，对植物的繁衍和传播具有重要意义，能保证种子植物广泛分布和长期生存。
文章从种子植物、胚乳组织、种子休眠、种子结构和种子大小等方面概述了种子的进化和演变。
这对于明确种子进化、结构和萌发分子机制等生命系统组成的基本原则具有重要意义，同时可应用于种子的分子改良，并将种子作为转基因产物生产的优良平台。
【期刊名称】种子【年(卷),期】2015(034)010【总页数】3【关键词】种子；胚乳；休眠；进化·综述·种子，是高等植物由胚珠发育而成的繁殖器官，一般包括胚、胚乳和种皮3部分。
种子的出现，是植物发展和进化过程中的一个巨大飞跃。
它的进化演变是植物生活史明显改变的一个过程，对植物的繁衍和传播具有重要意义，能保证种子植物广泛分布和长期生存。
史前人类就以采集种子为食，新石器农业革命之后，人类开始对植物进行驯化，驯化和选择的最终结果也影响到种子的进化[1]。
1 种子植物的进化种子是维管植物进行有性生殖最成功和最复杂的习性。
种子植物(Spermatophyta)分为两类，一类是裸子植物(Acrogymnospermae)，现存约800种；另一类是被子植物(Angiospermae)，现存约25万种。
现存的种子植物主要包括5个进化分支：被子植物和4个裸子植物进化分支，即针叶树(conifers)、苏铁植物(cycads)、银杏树(ginkgos)和买麻藤目植物(Gnetales)[2]。
经典的“有花植物假说”认为被子植物和买麻藤植物进化关系密切，共同形成一个进化支，但现在已被否定。
所有的分子生物学和形态学证据表明，被子植物是一个单独的进化分支。
通过分子系统发育学研究发现，现存的裸子植物类群是单系群，买麻藤目植物与针叶树进化相关，没有发现现存的裸子植物群与被子植物进化上直接相关。
对化石群的研究发现，“有花植物分支”包括已灭绝的裸子植物群如舌羊齿(glossopterids)、五柱木(Pentoxylon)、本内苏铁目(Bennettitales)和开通果属(Caytonia)，它们是被子植物进化关系上的姐妹。
第三节 大豆的一生
二、营养生长阶段与发育 1、播种到出苗阶段
大豆吸收到自身重量50%的水分时开始萌发.
播种到出苗期
• 播种后5-14天出苗 • 查看是否需要旋转锄除草 • 评估雹灾
根系生长
• 适宜条件下，主根和一些侧根快速生长，到v6期可以长到 76-100cm深
• 从V6到 R2,根系快速扩展，土壤条件适宜的条件下，生长 主要集中在地表到30 cm的空间。
真叶全展，第1片复叶叶缘分离 Fully developed leaves at unifoliolate nodes. A node with a fully developed leaf is one that has a leaflet above it whose edges are not touching.
主茎最上面4个全展复叶节中出现一个5mm长的荚
Pod is 3/16 inch long at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf. Stage length 5 to 15 days: average 9
营养生长阶段Vegetative Stages VE 出苗期Emergence VC子叶期 Cotyledon V1 第一节龄期First-node V2第二节龄期Second-node V3第三节龄期Third-node * * V(n)第n节龄期nth-node
生殖生长阶段Reproductive Stages R1 开花始期Beginning bloom R2开花盛期 Full bloom R3结荚始期 Beginning pod R4 结荚盛期Full pod R5鼓粒始期 Beginning seed R6 鼓粒盛期Full seed R7 成熟始期Beginning maturity R8 完熟期Full maturity
高中英语Module2DevelopingandDevelopedCountriesSectionⅠ
该报告最重要的部分之一是人类发展的指数。这是对 175 个国家 成就的检验。这项指标从三个方面衡量一个国家的成就：寿命、教育 和收入。这项指标显示了一些令人感到意外的情况。挪威高居榜首， 而美国则排在第七。其他排名前五的国家分别是：冰岛(2)，瑞典(3)， 澳大利亚(4)，荷兰(5)。英国排在第十三位，而中国则排在名单的中 间。处于末端的十个国家均是非洲国家，塞拉利昂(西非)排在最后。
D．n.收入
( )5.measure
E．n.贫穷
( )6.goal
Fposition ( )cate ( )10.figure
G．vt.教育；培养；训练 H．vt.测定；测量；评估 I．n.位置 J．n.(与动物等对比的)人
【答案】 1－5 CDEBH 6－10 AJIGF
while the US is at number 7.③ The other top five countries are: Iceland (2)，Sweden(3)，Australia(4)，the Netherlands(5)．The UK is in the thirteenth position，while China is in the middle of the list.The bottom ten countries are all African countries，with Sierra Leone (in West Africa) at the bottom of the list④.
Module 2 Developing and Developed Countries
发展中国家在第二次世界大战之后迅速崛起，其经济、政治、教 育日益发展，但是在其教育发展的过程中，还存在着一系列的问题和 挑战。
大豆的一生
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•此期减产以降低每株总荚数为主 ，荚粒数次之，也可能会影响种 子大小。 •如果R5.5后环境条件好转，种子 大小会自动得到一定补偿， 但补 偿通常是有限的。. •综上，植株对 R4.5 到R5.5所受 的逆境引起的脱落的损失的补偿 能力是有限的 •只要有条件, 此期土壤干旱时灌 溉是必要的。
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种子与肥料
• 土壤冷凉的条件下，少量的肥料放在种下2.5-5cm可以刺激早期大豆植株 的生长。
•
根系不被肥料所吸引,所以肥料必须施到根系能够达到的地方。
• 如果肥料过近或随种子施入会对幼苗造成伤害。
播种深度30－40mm
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根瘤菌与氮肥施用
• 根接种根瘤菌可以使大豆早在V1期结瘤，整个营养生长时期, 大豆固氮率 随根瘤数增长而增长。
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杂草控制
• 杂草与大豆争水、争肥争光。
•
耕作、除草剂、机械除草和轮作是控制杂草的有效途径。
• 旋转锄是在大豆没有出苗前或出苗早期控制大豆田杂草的优秀工具。
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2、V2 时期
•根瘤菌侵染根系。. •固氮已经开始. •根系遍布顶层15cm土壤.
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V3 时期
• 子叶上有三节。 • 子叶脱落。 • 侧芽可以使植株在伤
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4、V6 时期
• 在此期前大豆侧根会完成 76cm垄距垄间的相互交叉. • 此后大豆每3天长一节 • 此期大豆叶片50%脱落，会造成大约3%的减产.
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三、生殖生长阶段与发育
Reproductive Stages and Development
第4讲土地利用潜力评价
……
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三、评定潜力等级
实例：美国的斯托利指数分等系统
➢ 因素X——其它条件的评分 无碱化 轻度影响 中度影响 中强度影响 严重影响
100 60~95 30~60 15~30 5~15
……
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三、评定潜力等级
实例：美国的斯托利指数分等系统
SIR=X1·X2·……Xn/100（n-1）
土壤潜力级
分值
土地开发整理的投资预算：平均成本约 121500元/公顷(8100元/亩)，其中土地 整理约157500元/公顷(10500元/亩)， 土地复垦约122700元/公顷(8180元/亩)， 土地开发约39750元/公顷(2650元/亩)。
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小知识
土地整理及其潜力评价
土地 整理 的重 点区 域
土地整理 土地复垦
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三、评定潜力等级
2.定量方法
——关联度法实例
计算评价因素与土种平均产量的关联度： r1=0.5030， r2=0.7514， r3=0.8563， r4=0.9265， r5=0.3624， r6=0.8414， r7=0.5413， r8=0.4828， r9=0.6149， r10=0.6348
60%
占潜力的
28%
土地复垦约 35万公顷
13%
23%
土地开发约 73万公顷
27%
12%
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小知识
土地整理及其潜力评价
占土地的 占投入的
274 土地整理 60% 78% 2610亿元
万
公
顷
土地复垦 13% 13% 430亿元
土地开发 27% 9% 290亿元
投入 约 3330 亿元
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小知识
2024年1月浙江省首考普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题
2024年1月浙江省首考普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题一、阅读理解Tom Sawyer Play Is an AdventureA 35-minute hand-clapping, foot-stomping musical version of a Mark Twain favorite returns with this Tall Stacks festival.“Tom Sawyer: A River Adventure” has all the good stuff, including the fence painting, the graveyard, the island and the cave. It is adapted by Joe McDonough, with music by David Kisor. That’s the local stage writing team that creates many of the Children’s Theatre of Cincinnati’s original musicals, along with the holiday family musicals at Ensemble Theatre.This year Nathan Turner of Burlington is Tom Sawyer, and Robbie McMath of Fort Mitchell is Huck Finn.Tumer, a 10th-grader at School for Creative and Performing Arts, is a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages. He is a star act or of Children’s Theatre, having played leading roles in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Wizard of Oz,” and is fresh from Jersey Production “Ragtime”.McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School. He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular, with five shows to his credit. This summer he attended Kentucky’s Governor’s School for the Arts in Musical Theatre.Note to teachers: Children’s Theatre has a study guide demonstrating how math and science can be taught through “Tom Sawyer.” For downloadable lessons, visit the official website of Children’s Theatre.1．Who wrote the music for “Tom Sawyer: A River Adventure”?A．David Kisor.B．Joe McDonough.C．Nathan Turner.D．Robbie McMath.2．What can we learn about the two actors?A．They study in the same school.B．They worked together in ”Ragtime“.C．They are experienced on stage.D．They became friends ten years ago.3．What does Children’s Theatre provide for teachers?A．Research funding.B．Training opportunities.C．Technical support.D．Educational resources.【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D【解析】1．根据第二段中的“It is adapted by Joe McDonough, with music by David Kisor.(本剧由乔·麦克多诺改编，大卫·基索作曲。
种子形成过程英语作文
种子形成过程英语作文Title: The Process of Seed Formation。
Seed formation, also known as seed development or seed maturation, is a crucial stage in the plant life cycle. It involves intricate biological processes that ultimately lead to the production of viable seeds capable of germination. In this essay, we will delve into the detailed steps of seed formation.1. Pollination: Seed formation begins with the process of pollination. Pollen grains containing male gametes are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the flower. This can occur through various mechanisms such as wind, insects, birds, or other animals.2. Fertilization: Once the pollen grain lands on the stigma, it germinates and grows a pollen tube, which delivers the male gametes to the ovule contained within the ovary of the flower. Fertilization occurs when one of themale gametes fuses with the egg cell inside the ovule, forming a zygote. This fertilized egg will develop into the embryo of the seed.3. Embryo Development: After fertilization, the zygote undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, eventually forming an embryo. The embryo consists of the embryonic axis, which will develop into the future plant, and one or more cotyledons, which are seed leaves that provide nutrients to the developing embryo.4. Endosperm Formation: In some plant species, atriploid cell called the endosperm is formed through the fusion of a second male gamete with two polar nuclei in the embryo sac. The endosperm serves as a nutrient reserve for the developing embryo, providing essential substances such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.5. Seed Coat Formation: As the embryo and endosperm develop, layers of tissue surrounding the ovuledifferentiate and harden to form the seed coat or testa. The seed coat protects the embryo and endosperm frommechanical damage, desiccation, and pathogens.6. Maturation: During seed maturation, the embryo continues to grow and accumulate reserves of nutrients from the endosperm. At the same time, the seed undergoes physiological changes, such as a decrease in water content and metabolic activity, preparing it for dormancy and dispersal.7. Seed Dispersal: Once the seeds are fully matured, they are dispersed from the parent plant to new locations where they can germinate and grow into new plants. Seed dispersal mechanisms vary among plant species and can include wind dispersal, animal dispersal through ingestion and excretion, water dispersal, and ballistic dispersal.8. Dormancy: Many seeds enter a state of dormancy after dispersal, during which their metabolic activity is greatly reduced, allowing them to survive unfavorable environmental conditions such as drought, cold, or lack of light. Dormancy is often broken by specific environmental cues such as temperature changes, light exposure, or moisture.In conclusion, seed formation is a complex biological process that involves pollination, fertilization, embryo development, endosperm formation, seed coat formation, maturation, dispersal, and dormancy. These sequential steps ensure the production of viable seeds capable of surviving and germinating under suitable environmental conditions, contributing to the perpetuation of plant species.。
ABA调控种子发育的研究进展
ABA调控种子发育的研究进展作者：宋松泉唐翠芳雷华平费思恬陈海波来源：《广西植物》2023年第09期摘要：種子发育是一个复杂的生物学过程，受各种遗传和外界因素的调节，显著影响农作物特别是禾谷类作物的种子活力和产量与质量。
脱落酸（ABA）是调控种子发育和萌发最重要的植物激素之一，其活性水平、信号转导及其LAFL网络在种子发育包括胚胎发生和成熟过程的调控中起关键作用。
该文主要综述了近年来ABA调控种子发育的研究取得的重要进展，包括ABA代谢和信号转导对种子发育的调控，ABA与种子成熟转录因子（AFL-B3、FUS3、ABI3、LEC2等）的作用，以及ABA在种子发育中的作用机制，并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题，为深入理解种子发育的分子机制提供参考，从而提高种子的活力、产量和质量。
关键词： ABA代谢，脱落酸，转录因子网络，种子发育，信号转导中图分类号：Q944文献标识码：A文章编号：1000-3142（2023）09-1553-15收稿日期：2023-05-20基金项目：国家科技支撑计划项目（2012BAC01B05）; 郴州国家可持续发展议程创新示范区建设省级专项（2022sfq06）。
第一作者：宋松泉（1957-），博士，研究员，研究方向为种子生理与生物技术，（E-mail）*******************通信作者Research progress on seed development regulated by ABASONG Songquan 1，2*， TANG Cuifang 1，3， LEI Huaping 1， FEI Sitian 1， CHEN Haibo 1（ 1. Nanling Research Institute for Modern Seed Industry， Xiangnan University， Chenzhou 423099， Hunan， China; 2. Institute of Botany， ChineseAcademy of Sciences， Beijing 100093， China; 3. College of Life Sciences， Hunan Normal University， Changsha 410081， China ）Abstract：Seed development is a complex biological process that is controlled by various genetic and external factors， and significantly affects the seed vigor， yield and quality of crops，especially cereal plant crops. Abscisic acid （ABA） is one of the most important phytohormones that regulate seed development and germination， and plays a key role in regulation of seed development through its activity level， signaling， and LAFL network， including embryogenesis and maturation process. In recent years， important progresses have been acquired in the research of seed development regulated by ABA. In the present paper， we have mainly reviewed the research achievements in this field， including the regulation of ABA metabolism and signaling on seeddevelopment， the action between ABA and transcription factors of seed maturation （AFL-B3，FUS3， ABI3， LEC2， etc.）， and the action mechanism of ABA in seed development. In addition， we also propose some scientific questions that need to be further investigated in this field to provide some information for deeplyunderstanding the molecular mechanism of seed development， so as to improve seed vigor and increasing yield and quality.Key words： abscisic acid （ABA） metabolism， abscisic acid， network of transcription factor， seed development， signaling在大多数被子植物中，种子是双受精（double fertilization）过程的产物，其中一个精核与卵细胞融合产生二倍体的合子，另一个精核与双核中央细胞融合形成三倍体的初生胚乳核（Baroux & Grossniklaus， 2019）。
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返青后50天左右
返青后65-66天 返青后60天左右 6月中、下旬 6月中、下旬 6月中、下旬 6月上、中旬 6月上、中旬 5月下至6月上旬 6月中、下旬 6月上、中旬 8月上旬 出苗后80-90天
16天，以开第6天达最高峰
13天，以第8天为最高峰 16天，以第3、4天为高峰 4-6天 6-8天，5-6天达高峰 6-8天，以2-5天达高峰 7-8天，3-7日大量开放 6-8天，以3-5天达高峰 8-10天，4-7日大量开放 7-8天，大量开花为3-5天 6-8日 7-8天，大量开花为4-6天 7-8天，大量开花为4--5天
Perennial ryegrass
smooth brome( short-day)
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
Ⅱ Flowering, pollination and fertilization
• Flowering Flowering occurs when the florets extrude their anthers (anthesis) and liberate pollen.
? Identification of seed (Morphological Feature) Related with seed testing technology, such as purity, other seed ! Remember seed morphology
? Seed maturity Related with production technologies, ---seeding (germination and dormancy), ---harvesting (completely mature seed), ---cleaning (immature seed lost)
GRASS
Formation of the inflorescences is often named young spike differentiation Important role: ---determining the suitable time for adopting the agronomic technologies, and improving the yield components
---presuming the status of the forage plant growing and developing, also reflecting the resistance of adverse environment conditions such as freezing or drought dangers etc. ---as the reference for the application of fertilization, irrigation and plant growth regulator
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
•The differentiation of shoot apical of Elymus sibirica was designed 8 stages
Vegetative stage
Elongation stage
Yellow alfalfa
Birdfoot trefoil
Thickspike wheatgrass
Smooth brome
Basin wildrye
Creeping foxtail
部分禾草的开花习性
种类 开花期 单序开放期 一日内开花的时期
羊草
冰草 无芒雀麦 猫尾草 草地羊茅 高燕麦草 鸭茅 虉草 看麦娘 多年生黑麦草 草地早熟禾 披碱草 苏丹草
Single ridge stage
Double ridge stage
Spikelet protuberances stage Glume protuberances stage
Floret initiation stage
Stamen and gynoecium initiation stage
Classification of forage species according to induction requirement
nduction long-day annual species
e.g.
annual grass: Italian ryegrass perennial grass: timothy annual legume: crimson clover perennial legumes: alfalfa, red clover, birdsfoot trefoil
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
Floral Induction
Principal factors controlling the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in grasses and legumes are: photoperiod and temperature
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
分化的等级和时期，尚未形成完全统一的看法。
Martin等将多年生黑麦草茎尖生长锥从营养生长期到抽 穗期的分化概括为12个时期，并且指出茎长的对数 [log10(茎长+1)]同茎尖分化阶段具有很好的相关性。 云锦凤等将冰草茎尖生长锥的分化分为8个时期，分别 为初生期、伸长期、结节期、小穗突起期、颖片突起期、 小花突起期、雌雄蕊形成期和抽穗始期。 章崇玲等将多花黑麦草幼穗分化过程分为伸长期、单棱 期、二棱期、护颖原基分化期、小花原基分化期、雌雄 蕊原基分化期、药隔分化期和抽穗期共8个时期
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
In lucerne floral initiation usually occurs at the 10th to 14th node from the crown in the first spring growth, and at the 6th to 10th during summer growth. The stems of lucerne are indeterminate, and the stem continues to produce both leaves and flowers. In red clover, the first inflorescence arose from a bud in the axil of the second or third leaf, the axillary bud gives rise to a lateral stem or shoot with terminal inflorescence. In white clover, a bud will develop in the axil of the next leaf primordium to form at the apex of the stolon. This youngest leaf primordium and its subtended bud together form a ‘double ridge’. The bud gives rise to a flower head on the peduncle.
参考书： 实用牧草种子学、牧草种子学 Forage Seed Production Vol 1:Temperate Species
教材: 牧草与草坪草种子科学与技术
Chapter 2
Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Development and Morphological Feature
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
The relationship between the developing of reproductive and vegetative apparatus
Phenonmenon: ---different stage shoot apicals appeared simultaneously because of the variance of differentiation rate among the fertile tillers in the grasses ---elongating and tillering were almost concurrent, which caused some difficulties and errors for the right determining the corelation degree
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology
Dual-induction ：
SD
vegetative plant primary induced
LD
secondary induced flowering (anthesis)
Low temp. (LD)
Induction: the perception of the environmental signals, either directly by the apices, as for temperature, or by leaves, as for photoperiod
Chapter 2—Herbage and Turfgrass Seed Technology