WTO《政府采购协议》
我国政府采购与WTO《政府采购协议》
比重 一 般 在 ｌ ％左 右 ， 由此 ０
际 标 准 。 它 强 调 ：在 政 府 采 购 活 动 中 ， 要 保 证 政 府 采 购 的 国 际 竞 争 性 ， 对 国 内 产 品 和 供 应 商 只 能 进 行 有 限 的 保 护 ，不 能 对 国 外 产 品 和 供 应
商 歧 视 ， 国 内 有 关 的政 府 采
开 放 政 府 采 购 市 场 ，让 我 们
的 企业 积极 开拓 国 际市 场 ，
ＷＴ 《 府 采 购 协 议 》， 提 Ｏ 政
前 做 好 准 备 ，及 早 研 究 政 府
提 高 企业 的竞 争 力 及 效 率 。
五 是 政 府 采 购 制 度 还 可 以 有 效 地 防 止 采 购 活 动 中 可 能 出
国 的 法 律 法 规 ，有 效 地 保 护 我 国 经 济 。 同 时 ，鼓 励 我 国 企 业 积 极 走 向 国 际 公 共 市 中走 向 成 熟 。 我 们 必 须 从 我 国 的 国情 出 发 ，建 立 与 国 际 法 规 要 求 接 轨 的 、符 合 市 场 经 济 规 范 和 公 共 财 政 框 架 要 求 的 政 府 采 购 制 度 ，尽 快 建 立 政 府 采 购 的法 律 体 系 ，依
看 来 ，政 府 采 购 是 一 个 庞 大
的 市 场 ， 吸 引 着 全 国 及 ‘ 界 世 各 地 供 应 商 。政 府 采 购 市 场
的 开 放 是 世 界 经 济 一 体 化 的 必 然 趋 势 。 根 据 ＷＴＯ统 计 ， 发 展 中 国家 向外 国 供 应 商 采 购 的 项 目和 产 品 几 乎 占采 购 总 额 的 ６ ％ 。ＷＴ 要 求 政 府 ０ ０
法 管 理 和监 督 政 府 采 购行 为 ， 加 强 对 政 府 采 购 从 业 人 员 的 培 训 和 管 理 ，理 顺 政 府 采 购 管理 机 构 与操 作 机 构 的 职 能 ， 加 大 对 政府 采 购 的宣 传 力度 ，
中国加入WTO《政府采购协议》谈判的战略思考
新 加 坡 、 中 国香 港 和 以 色 列 等 。
其 中，中 国香 港是 １ ９ ７ ９年 首 批 ＧＰ Ａ创 始缔 约 方 之一 ，中 国台湾 于２ ０ ０ ９年 ７ 月 加入 了 ＧＰ Ａ。不难 看 出 ， 目前 ，ＧＰ Ａ 的缔 约 方 仍 以 发达 经济体 为主 。 由于 ２ ０ ０ １年 加 入 ＷＴ Ｏ 时，
购 协 议 的谈 判包 括 两 个 部 分 ： 一
设 备 和 机 械租 赁 、 国外 培 训 等两
５１
研 究 探 讨
Ｉ ｎｖｅｓｔｉ ｇａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ
法 律政 策 和 政 府组 织 结 构 ，加 拿
大 、韩 国对 我 国集 中采 购 制 度 和 政府 采购规模提 出 了问题 。 ＧＰ Ａ谈判 除了市场开放 之外 ， 法 律 调 整是 另 一 大 重 点 内容 。按 照 要 求 ，我 国 提 交 了 国情 报 告 ，
系统 梳 理 了我 国政府 采 购 法律 体 系和管 理体 制 、并 对 Ｇ Ｐ Ａ缔 约方 的 问题进 行 了 答复 。对 于 与 Ｇ Ｐ Ａ
国、 瑞 士 、 挪 威 、 日本 、 韩 国、
一
、
《 政府 采购协 议 》的 内容
府 采 购 协 议 的谈 判 。 因此 ，可 以说 ， 当 时 我 国 尚未 完 成 ＷＴ Ｏ
和意 义
政府 采购协 议 （ Ｇ ｏ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｎ ｍｅ ｎ ｔ Ｐ ｒ ｏ ｃ ｕ ｒ ｅ ｍｅ ｎ ｔ Ａｇ ｒ ｅ ｅ ｍｅ ｎ ｔ ，简 称
关键 词 ： 世界 贸易组 织 政府采 购协议 谈 判
中图分类号 ： Ｆ ２ ５ ３ ． ２
文献标 识码 ： Ａ 文 章编号 ： ２ ０ ９ ５ — ６ ０ ２ ９（ ２ ０ １ ３ ）０ ２ — ０ ０ ５ １ — ０ ３
对我国加入WTO《政府采购协议》的几点看法
签 署 了这 个 协 议 ， 大 多 数是 绝 发 达 国 家 ，只有 韩 国 、新 加 坡
和 中 国香 港这 ３ 新 兴 工 业 国 个
同 我 国 的 经 济 发 展 水 平 相 适 应 。 济 全 球 化 是 世 界 经 济 发 经 展 的 客 观 趋 势 ，谁 也 回避 不
了 ， 要 参 加 进 去 。我 国 加 入 都
国 家和 地 区加入 了 世界 贸易 组
世 界 贸 易 组织 ， 是 顺 应 世 界 就 经 济 发 展 的潮 流 ， 极 参 与 国 积
际 经 济 分 工 与 竞 争 。但 是 ，我
织 ，而 没 有 签 署 《 府 采购 协 政 议 》 为 什 么 世 界 贸易 组 织 将 ， 《 府 采 购 协 议 作 为 一 个 复 政
议 的 问题 上 采取 主 动 ，争 取尽
也有 一 定 的 道 理 。 是 ， 各 但 从
个 方 面考 虑 ， 们 认 为 ， 国 我 我
还 是 不 宜 过 早 地 加 入 《 府 政
府 采 购 协 议 ，基 于 各 方 面 情 况和 考 虑 ， 国政 府 没有 作 出 我 承 诺 。 可是 ， 时 国 内却 有 人 当 认 为 ，我 国加 入 ｗ Ｔｏ．就 必 须 签 署 “ 府 采购 协 议 》 持 这 政 。
种 观 点 的 同志 可 能 是 对 “ 府 政
采购协议》 一位世界 著名 的 。
政 府 采 购 法 专 家 从 对 中 国情
况 的 了解 ， 以 及 目前 政 府 采
快 加 入 。应 当 说 这 些学 者对 《 政 府 采 购 协 议 的 性 质 是 了解 的 ，
他 们 提 出 的争 取尽 快 加 入 《 府 政
自愿 签 署 。 政 府 采 购 协 议 》 《 仅 适 用 于 签 字 方 ， 世 界 贸易 组 对
WTO《政府采购协定》
DSU
质疑
鼓励磋商
质疑：设立非歧视、及时、透明和有效的
质疑程序
GPA修改文本
一是GPA的文字更加简明、易懂
二是合并相关的条款，将分散在各个条款
的相关部分重新整合，使协议更具条理
三是重排条款次序，使其更加符合采购程
序的实际操作顺序
GPA修改文本
正文 导言 22个条款 附录一 附录二 附录 附录三 附录四
从事商业销售活动以外的国有企业和国家
投资企业 --为履行公共职能，使用公共性资金所进行
的货物、工程和服务的采购。
政府采购的重要性
占GDP
10-15%
占财政支出30%
我国相当于1万亿人民币
WTO的职能
管理WTO各项协定 提供贸易谈判场所 处理贸易争端
监督各国贸易政策
政府采购的主体
中央政府实体
地方政府实体
其他实体
政府采购的范围
货物：全部货物，协调制度或FSC
服务：CPC分类，金融（银行、电信、保
险）、电信（基础、增值）、运输、教育 等
建筑服务：CPC，51章
门槛价
（单位：SDR）
成员 货物 加拿大 欧盟 中国香港 冰岛 以色列 日本 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 附件一 服务 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 130,000 建筑服务 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000 建筑设计服务: 450,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 货物 355,000 200,000 n.a 200,000 250,000 200,000 附件二 服务 355,000 200,000 n.a 200,000 250,000 200,000 建筑服务 5,000,000 5,000,000 n.a 5,000,000 5,000,000 15,000,000 建筑设计服务: 1,500,000 15,000,000 5,000,000 n.a. 5,000,000 n.a 5,000,000 5,000,000 货物 355,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 355,000 130,000 附件三 服务 355,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 355,000 130,000 建筑服务 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 4,500,000或 15,000,000 建筑设计服务: 450,000 15,000,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 250,000 (USD) 或 400,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000
WTO 与《政府采购协议》
WTO 与《政府采购协议》《政府采购协议》 的宗旨是， 通过消除针对外国货物、 服务和供应商的歧视， 增强透明度，将国际竞争引人传统上属于国内公共财政管理的政府采购领域，实 现国际贸易更大程度的自由化和世界贸易的扩大。
政府采购是指，政府为政府机 关自用或为公共目的而选择购买货物或服务的活动， 其所购买的货物或服务不用 于商业转售，也不用于供商业销售的生产。
一、产生背景关税与贸易总协定创立之初将政府采购排除在外。
缔约方在政府采购领域没 有义务对外国货物实行最惠国待遇。
《1947年关税与贸易总协定》中有关国民待 遇的规定，不适用于政府采购。
这一规定，实际上允许缔约方在进行政府采购时 可以优先购买本国货物。
20世纪50年代以后，随着国家公共服务职能的加强，许多国家的政府及其 控制的机构成为重要的产品和服务采购人， 政府采购占据的货物和服务市场份额 不断增加。
为消除政府采购政策可能引起的贸易壁垒，促进政府采购市场的对外 开放和扩大国际贸易，需要一个有约束力的政府间公共采购协议。
20世纪70年代，欧洲共同体首先颁布了《关于协调公共工程服务合同、公 共供货合同的授予规则和程序》的指令。
欧洲共同体的这个重要步骤，促使关税 与贸易总协定在"东京回合"中正式将政府采购纳入了谈判议题?quot;东京回合" 达成的《政府采购守则》于1981年生效，仅适用于签署方。
《政府采购守则》将关税与贸易总协定的非歧视、透明度、公平竞争等基本 原则引入了政府采购领域，但该守则所规定的贸易自由化程度是有限的。
第一， 它只适用于货物的采购，没有包括服务(包括工程服务)的采购，而后者在政府采 购中占有越来越重要的份额。
第二，它只约束中央政府采购实体，排除了地方政 府和公用事业单位等重要的公共采购实体。
为此，签署《政府采购守则》的 12 个缔约方在"乌拉圭回合"期间，通过谈判对该守则作了修订和补充，达成了《政 府采购协议》。
WTO《政府采购协议》
７ 中 国 政府 采 购 ８
知 识 窗 ｊ ｏ ｅｇ Ｋｎ ｗｌｄ ｅ
尽管到 目前为止 Ｇ Ａ还属于 ＷＴＯ缔约方 自愿 签署并 只适用 Ｐ
乐 观的态度 。
二 、我 国政府采购发展 情况及加入 Ｇ Ａ的利弊 Ｐ
（ ） 国政 府 采 购 的 发 展 与加 入 Ｇ Ａ。 一 我 Ｐ 政 府 采 购 制 度 在 西 方 国 家 已有 ２ ０多年 的 历 史 ，而 在 我 国 ０ 却 是 从 １ ９ 年 才 开 始 实 施 ，至 今 仅 １ 年 。２ ０ ９６ ２ ０ ０年 中 国颁 布 了
行 。此 外 ， Ｐ 明 确 了 政 府 采 购 的 非 歧 视 待 遇 原 则 、透 明 度原 则 Ｇ Ａ 和对发展 中国家的优惠待遇原则 。 ２ 适 用 范 围 。 Ａ 的适 用 范 围 包括 采 购 主 体 、 购 对 象 、 ． ＧＰ 采 采
达 国家还是 发展 中国家对政府 采购相关 问题 的解 决都抱着 积极
不 决 。然 而 ，政 府 采 购 市 场 是 整 个 市 场 中 的 最 后 一块 领 地 ， 它 的 开 放 意 味 着 经 济 全球 化 的 不 断 深 入 和 拓 展 。 因 此 ，不 管 是 发
化的进一步发展 ，ＷＴＯ对世界经济管理范 围的扩 大 ，Ｇ Ａ很可 Ｐ
能成为 ＷＴＯ一揽子协议 的组 成部分 ，其影响范 围也 势必扩大。
同 。但 事 关 国 家 安 全 所 需 物 资 的 政 府 采 购 可 以 适 用 于 Ｇ Ａ 的 例 Ｐ
WTO《政府采购协议》
WTO《政府采购协议》（2012版）中文序言本协议各参加方（以下简称“参加方”）：认识到需要就政府采购建立一个有效的多边框架，以期实现国际贸易进一步自由化和扩大、改善国际贸易行为框架；认识到有关政府采购措施的制定、采纳或应用，不应用于对本国供应商、货物或服务的保护，或者对外国供应商、货物或服务造成歧视；认识到政府采购制度的完整性和可预见性，对公共资源管理的效率和效力，对参加方经济运行和发挥多边贸易体制功能都是必不可少的；认识到本协议下的程序性承诺，应当在适应每一参加方特殊情况方面有充分的灵活性；认识到应当考虑发展中国家特别是最不发达国家，在发展、财政和贸易方面的需要；认识到政府采购透明性措施的重要性，以透明和公正方式实施政府采购的重要性，按照《联合国反腐败公约》等可适用的国际文件避免利益冲突和腐败行为的重要性；认识到对本协议涵盖的采购，使用和鼓励使用电子手段的重要性；期待尚不是本协议参加方的世界贸易组织成员接受并加入本协议；为实现上述目标将进行进一步谈判；特此达成以下协议：第1条定义就本协议而言：（a）商业性货物和服务，是指一种在商业性市场上已普遍出售或待售的货物和服务，通常由非政府购买者为非政府目的买入；（b）委员会指的是根据第21条第1款成立的政府采购委员会；（c）建筑服务，是指一种根据《联合国暂行中央产品分类》（CPC）第51类，以任何土木或者建筑工程手段实现其目的的服务；（d）国家，包括作为本协议参加方的任何独立关税区。
对于作为本协议参加方的独立关税区，在本协议中用“国家的”一词表述的，该表述应当被理解为与该关税区有关，除非另有规定；（e）日，是指日历日；（f）电子反拍，是指一种通过电子手段展示投标供应商的最新报价或可量化非价格评标因素折算的价值或两者兼有，从而产生投标排序或重新排序的迭代过程；（g）以书面形式或者书面的，是指以任何可阅读、复制和传播的文字措辞或数字记数的表达方式。
可包括以电子方式传输和存储的信息；（h）限制性招标，是指采购实体与其选择的一个或数个供应商接触的采购方式；（i）措施，是指与涵盖采购有关的任何法律、法规、程序、行政指南或者做法，或采购实体的任何行为；（j）常用清单，是指一种供应商清单。
WTO政府采购协定(Government Procurement Agreement)
政府采购协定AGREEMENT ON GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT1994-4-15 0:0 来源：法律教育网【大中小】【我要纠错】发布日期：1994-4-15执行日期：1994-4-15Parties to this Agreement (hereinafter referred to as "Parties"),Recognizing the need for an effective multilateral framework of rights and obligations with respect to laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement with a view to achieving greater liberalization and expansion of world trade and improving the international framework for the conduct of world trade;Recognizing that laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement should not be prepared, adopted or applied to foreign or domestic products and services and to foreign or domestic suppliers so as to afford protection to domestic products or services or domestic suppliers and should not discriminate among foreign products or services or among foreign suppliers;Recognizing that it is desirable to provide transparency of laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement;Recognizing the need to establish international procedures on notification, consultation, surveillance and dispute settlement with a view to ensuring a fair, prompt and effective enforcement of the international provisions on government procurement and to maintain the balance of rights and obligations at the highest possible level;Recognizing the need to take into account the development, financial and trade needs of developing countries, in particular the least-developed countries;Desiring, in accordance with paragraph 6(b) of Article IX of the Agreement on Government Procurement done on 12 April 1979, as amended on 2 February 1987, to broaden and improve the Agreement on the basis of mutual reciprocity and to expand the coverage of the Agreement to include service contracts;Desiring to encourage acceptance of and accession to this Agreement by governments not party to it;Having undertaken further negotiations in pursuance of these objectives;Hereby agree as follows:Article IScope and Coverage1.This Agreement applies to any law, regulation, procedure or practice regarding any procurement by entities covered by this Agreement, as specified in Appendix I.2.This Agreement applies to procurement by any contractual means, including through such methods as purchase or as lease, rental or hire purchase, with or without an option to buy, including any combination of products and services.3.Where entities, in the context of procurement covered under this Agreement, require enterprises not included in Appendix I to award contracts in accordance with particular requirements, Article III shall apply mutatis mutandis to such requirements.4.This Agreement applies to any procurement contract of a value of not less than the relevant threshold specified in Appendix I.Article IIValuation of Contracts1.The following provisions shall apply in determining the value of contracts for purposes of implementing this Agreement.2.Valuation shall take into account all forms of remuneration, including any premiums, fees, commissions and interest receivable.3.The selection of the valuation method by the entity shall not be used, nor shall any procurement requirement be divided, with the intention of avoiding the application of this Agreement.4.If an individual requirement for a procurement results in the award of more than one contract, or in contracts being awarded in separate parts, the basis for valuation shall be either:(a)the actual value of similar recurring contracts concluded over the previous fiscal year or 12 months adjusted, where possible, for anticipated changes in quantity and value over the subsequent 12 months; or(b)the estimated value of recurring contracts in the fiscal year or 12 months subsequent to the initial contract.5.In cases of contracts for the lease, rental or hire purchase of products or services, or in the case of contracts which do not specify a total price, the basis for valuation shall be:(a)in the case of fixed-term contracts, where their term is 12 months or less, the total contract value for their duration, or, where their term exceeds 12 months, their total value including the estimated residual value;(b)in the case of contracts for an indefinite period, the monthly instalment multiplied by 48.If there is any doubt, the second basis for valuation, namely (b), is to be used.6.In cases where an intended procurement specifies the need for option clauses, the basis for valuation shall be the total value of the maximum permissible procurement, inclusive of optional purchases.Article IIINational Treatment and Non-discrimination1.With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Agreement, each Party shall provide immediately and unconditionally to the products, services and suppliers of other Parties offering products or services of the Parties, treatment no less favourable than:(a)that accorded to domestic products, services and suppliers; and(b)that accorded to products, services and suppliers of any other Party.2.With respect to all laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Agreement, each Party shall ensure:(a)that its entities shall not treat a locally-established supplier less favourably than another locally-established supplier on the basis of degree of foreign affiliation or ownership; and(b)that its entities shall not discriminate against locally-established suppliers on the basis of the country of production of the good or service being supplied, provided that the country of production is a Party to the Agreement in accordance with the provisions of Article IV.3.The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation, the method of levying such duties and charges, other import regulations and formalities, and measures affecting trade in services other than laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement covered by this Agreement.Article IVRules of Origin1.A Party shall not apply rules of origin to products or services imported or supplied for purposes of government procurement covered by this Agreement from other Parties, which are different from the rules of origin applied in the normal course of trade and at the time of the transaction in question to imports or supplies of the same products or services from the same Parties.2.Following the conclusion of the work programme for the harmonization of rules of origin for goods to be undertaken under the Agreement on Rules of Origin in Annex 1A of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as "WTO Agreement") and negotiations regarding trade in services, Parties shall take the results of that work programme and those negotiations into account in amending paragraph 1 as appropriate.Article VSpecial and Differential Treatment for Developing CountriesObjectives1.Parties shall, in the implementation and administration of this Agreement, through the provisions set out in this Article, duly take into account the development, financial and trade needs of developing countries, in particular least-developed countries, in their need to:(a)safeguard their balance-of-payments position and ensure a level of reserves adequate for the implementation of programmes of economic development;(b)promote the establishment or development of domestic industries including the development of small-scale and cottage industries in rural or backward areas; and economic development of other sectors of the economy;(c)support industrial units so long as they are wholly or substantially dependent on government procurement; and(d)encourage their economic development through regional or global arrangements among developing countries presented to the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as the "WTO") and not disapproved by it.2.Consistently with the provisions of this Agreement, each Party shall, in the preparation and application of laws, regulations and procedures affecting government procurement, facilitate increased imports from developing countries, bearing in mind the special problems of least-developed countries and of those countries at low stages of economic development.Coverage3.With a view to ensuring that developing countries are able to adhere to this Agreement on terms consistent with their development, financial and trade needs, the objectives listed in paragraph 1 shall be duly taken into account in the course of negotiations with respect to the procurement of developing countries to be covered by the provisions of this Agreement. Developed countries, in the preparation of their coverage lists under the provisions of this Agreement, shall endeavour to include entities procuring products and services of export interest to developing countries.Agreed Exclusions4.A developing country may negotiate with other participants in negotiations under this Agreement mutually acceptable exclusions from the rules on national treatment with respect to certain entities, products or services that are included in its coverage lists, having regard to the particular circumstances of each case. In such negotiations, the considerations mentioned in subparagraphs 1(a) through 1(c) shall be duly taken into account. A developing country participating in regional or global arrangements among developing countries referred to in subparagraph 1(d) may also negotiate exclusions to its lists, having regard to the particular circumstances of each case, taking into account, inter alia, the provisions on government procurement provided for in the regional or global arrangements concerned and, in particular, products or services which may be subject to common industrial development programmes.5.After entry into force of this Agreement, a developing country Party may modify its coverage lists in accordance with the provisions for modification of such lists contained in paragraph 6 of Article XXIV, having regard to its development, financial and trade needs, or may request the Committee on Government Procurement (hereinafter referred to as "the Committee") to grant exclusions from the rules on national treatment for certain entities, products or services that are included in its coverage lists, having regard to the particular circumstances of each case and taking duly into account the provisions of subparagraphs 1(a) through 1(c). After entry into force of this Agreement, a developing country Party may also request the Committee to grant exclusions for certain entities, products or services that are included in its coverage lists in the light of its participation in regional or global arrangements among developing countries, having regard to the particular circumstances of each case and taking duly into account the provisions of subparagraph 1(d). Each request to the Committee by a developing country Party relating to modification of a list shall be accompanied by documentation relevant to the request or by such information as may be necessary for consideration of the matter.6.Paragraphs 4 and 5 shall apply mutatis mutandis to developing countries acceding to this Agreement after its entry into force.7.Such agreed exclusions as mentioned in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 shall be subject to review in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 14 below.Technical Assistance for Developing Country Parties8.Each developed country Party shall, upon request, provide all technical assistance which it may deem appropriate to developing country Parties in resolving their problems in the field of government procurement.9.This assistance, which shall be provided on the basis of non-discrimination among developing country Parties, shall relate, inter alia, to:-the solution of particular technical problems relating to the award of a specific contract; and-any other problem which the Party making the request and another Party agree to deal with in the context of this assistance.10.Technical assistance referred to in paragraphs 8 and 9 would include translation of qualification documentation and tenders made by suppliers of developing country Parties into an official language of the WTO designated by the entity, unless developed country Parties deem translation to be burdensome, and in that case explanation shall be given to developing country Parties upon their request addressed either to the developed country Parties or to their entities.Information Centres11.Developed country Parties shall establish, individually or jointly, information centres to respond to reasonable requests from developing country Parties for information relating to, inter alia, laws, regulations, procedures and practices regarding government procurement, notices about intended procurements which have been published, addresses of the entities covered by this Agreement, and the nature and volume of products or services procured or to be procured, including available information about future tenders. The Committee may also set up an information centre.Special Treatment for Least-Developed Countries12.Having regard to paragraph 6 of the Decision of the CONTRACTING PARTIES to GATT 1947 of 28 November 1979 on Differential and More Favourable Treatment, Reciprocity and Fuller Participation of Developing Countries (BISD 26S/203-205), special treatment shall be granted to least-developed country Parties and to the suppliers in those Parties with respect to products or services originating in thoseParties, in the context of any general or specific measures in favour of developing country Parties. A Party may also grant the benefits of this Agreement to suppliers in least-developed countries which are not Parties, with respect to products or services originating in those countries.13.Each developed country Party shall, upon request, provide assistance which it may deem appropriate to potential tenderers in least-developed countries in submitting their tenders and selecting the products or services which are likely to be of interest to its entities as well as to suppliers in least-developed countries, and likewise assist them to comply with technical regulations and standards relating to products or services which are the subject of the intended procurement.Review14.The Committee shall review annually the operation and effectiveness of this Article and, after each three years of its operation on the basis of reports to be submitted by Parties, shall carry out a major review in order to evaluate its effects. As part of the three-yearly reviews and with a view to achieving the maximum implementation of the provisions of this Agreement, including in particular Article III, and having regard to the development, financial and trade situation of the developing countries concerned, the Committee shall examine whether exclusions provided for in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 4 through 6 of this Article shall be modified or extended.15.In the course of further rounds of negotiations in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 7 of Article XXIV, each developing country Party shall give consideration to the possibility of enlarging its coverage lists, having regard to its economic, financial and trade situation.Article VITechnical Specifications1.Technical specifications laying down the characteristics of the products or services to be procured, such as quality, performance, safety and dimensions, symbols, terminology, packaging, marking and labelling, or the processes and methods for their production and requirements relating to conformity assessment procedures prescribed by procuring entities, shall not be prepared, adopted or applied with a view to, or with the effect of, creating unnecessary obstacles to international trade.2.Technical specifications prescribed by procuring entities shall, where appropriate:(a)be in terms of performance rather than design or descriptive characteristics; and(b)be based on international standards, where such exist; otherwise, on national technical regulations , recognized national standards , or building codes.3.There shall be no requirement or reference to a particular trademark or trade name, patent, design or type, specific origin, producer or supplier, unless there is no sufficiently precise or intelligible way of describing the procurement requirements and provided that words such as "or equivalent" are included in the tender documentation.4.Entities shall not seek or accept, in a manner which would have the effect of precluding competition, advice which may be used in the preparation of specifications for a specific procurement from a firm that may have a commercial interest in the procurement.Article VIITendering Procedures1. Each Party shall ensure that the tendering procedures of its entities are applied in a non-discriminatory manner and are consistent with the provisions contained in Articles VII through XVI.2.Entities shall not provide to any supplier information with regard to a specific procurement in a manner which would have the effect of precluding competition.3.For the purposes of this Agreement:(a)Open tendering procedures are those procedures under which all interested suppliers may submit a tender.(b)Selective tendering procedures are those procedures under which, consistent with paragraph 3 of Article X and other relevant provisions of this Agreement, those suppliers invited to do so by the entity may submit a tender.(c)Limited tendering procedures are those procedures where the entity contacts suppliers individually, only under the conditions specified in Article XV.Article VIIIQualification of SuppliersIn the process of qualifying suppliers, entities shall not discriminate among suppliers of other Parties or between domestic suppliers and suppliers of other Parties. Qualification procedures shall be consistent with the following:(a)any conditions for participation in tendering procedures shall be published in adequate time to enable interested suppliers to initiate and, to the extent that it is compatible with efficient operation of the procurement process, complete the qualification procedures;(b)any conditions for participation in tendering procedures shall be limited to those which are essential to ensure the firm's capability to fulfil the contract in question. Any conditions for participation required from suppliers, including financial guarantees, technical qualifications and information necessary for establishing the financial, commercial and technical capacity of suppliers, as well as the verification of qualifications, shall be no less favourable to suppliers of other Parties than to domestic suppliers and shall not discriminate among suppliers of other Parties. The financial, commercial and technical capacity of a supplier shall be judged on the basis both of that supplier's global business activity as well as of its activity in the territory of the procuring entity, taking due account of the legal relationship between the supply organizations;(c)the process of, and the time required for, qualifying suppliers shall not be used in order to keep suppliers of other Parties off a suppliers' list or from being considered for a particular intended procurement. Entities shall recognize as qualified suppliers such domestic suppliers or suppliers of other Parties who meet the conditions for participation in a particular intended procurement. Suppliers requesting to participate in a particular intended procurement who may not yet be qualified shall also be considered, provided there is sufficient time to complete the qualification procedure;(d)entities maintaining permanent lists of qualified suppliers shall ensure that suppliers may apply for qualification at any time; and that all qualified suppliers so requesting are included in the lists within a reasonably short time;(e)if, after publication of the notice under paragraph 1 of Article IX, a supplier not yet qualified requests to participate in an intended procurement, the entity shall promptly start procedures for qualification;(f)any supplier having requested to become a qualified supplier shall be advised by the entities concerned of the decision in this regard. Qualified suppliers included on permanent lists by entities shall also be notified of the termination of any such lists or of their removal from them;(g)each Party shall ensure that:(i)each entity and its constituent parts follow a single qualification procedure, except in cases of duly substantiated need for a different procedure; and(ii)efforts be made to minimize differences in qualification procedures between entities.(h)nothing in subparagraphs (a) through (g) shall preclude the exclusion of any supplier on grounds such as bankruptcy or false declarations, provided that such an action is consistent with the national treatment and non-discrimination provisions of this Agreement.Article IXInvitation to Participate Regarding Intended Procurement1.In accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3, entities shall publish an invitation to participate for all cases of intended procurement, except as otherwise provided for in Article XV (limited tendering). The notice shall be published in the appropriate publication listed in Appendix II.2.The invitation to participate may take the form of a notice of proposed procurement, as provided for in paragraph 6.3.Entities in Annexes 2 and 3 may use a notice of planned procurement, as provided for in paragraph 7, or a notice regarding a qualification system, as provided for in paragraph 9, as an invitation to participate.4.Entities which use a notice of planned procurement as an invitation to participate shall subsequently invite all suppliers who have expressed an interest to confirm their interest on the basis of information which shall include at least the information referred to in paragraph 6.5.Entities which use a notice regarding a qualification system as an invitation to participate shall provide, subject to the considerations referred to in paragraph 4 of Article XVIII and in a timely manner, information which allows all those who have expressed an interest to have a meaningful opportunity to assess their interest in participating in the procurement. This information shall include the information contained in the notices referred to in paragraphs 6 and 8, to the extent such information is available. Information provided to one interested supplier shall be provided in a non-discriminatory manner to the other interested suppliers.6.Each notice of proposed procurement, referred to in paragraph 2, shall contain the following information:(a)the nature and quantity, including any options for further procurement and, if possible, an estimate of the timing when such options may be exercised; in the case of recurring contracts the nature and quantity and, if possible, an estimate of the timing of the subsequent tender notices for the products or services to be procured;(b)whether the procedure is open or selective or will involve negotiation;(c)any date for starting delivery or completion of delivery of goods or services;(d)the address and final date for submitting an application to be invited to tender or for qualifying for the suppliers' lists, or for receiving tenders, as well as the language or languages in which they must be submitted;(e)the address of the entity awarding the contract and providing any information necessary for obtaining specifications and other documents;(f)any economic and technical requirements, financial guarantees and information required from suppliers;(g)the amount and terms of payment of any sum payable for the tender documentation; and(h)whether the entity is inviting offers for purchase, lease, rental or hire purchase, or more than one of these methods.7.Each notice of planned procurement referred to in paragraph 3 shall contain as much of the information referred to in paragraph 6 as is available. It shall in any case include the information referred to in paragraph 8 and:(a)a statement that interested suppliers should express their interest in the procurement to the entity;(b)a contact point with the entity from which further information may be obtained.8.For each case of intended procurement, the entity shall publish a summary notice in one of the official languages of the WTO. The notice shall contain at least the following information:(a)the subject matter of the contract;(b)the time-limits set for the submission of tenders or an application to be invited to tender; and(c)the addresses from which documents relating to the contracts may be requested.9.In the case of selective tendering procedures, entities maintaining permanent lists of qualified suppliers shall publish annually in one of the publications listed in Appendix III a notice of the following:(a)the enumeration of the lists maintained, including their headings, in relation to the products or services or categories of products or services to be procured through the lists;(b)the conditions to be fulfilled by suppliers with a view to their inscription on those lists and the methods according to which each of those conditions will be verified by the entity concerned; and(c)the period of validity of the lists, and the formalities for their renewal.When such a notice is used as an invitation to participate in accordance with paragraph 3, the notice shall, in addition, include the following information:(d)the nature of the products or services concerned;(e)a statement that the notice constitutes an invitation to participate.However, when the duration of the qualification system is three years or less, and if the duration of the system is made clear in the notice and it is also made clear that further notices will not be published, it shall be sufficient to publish the notice once only, at the beginning of the system. Such a system shall not be used in a manner which circumvents the provisions of this Agreement.10.If, after publication of an invitation to participate in any case of intended procurement, but before the time set for opening or receipt of tenders as specified in the notices or the tender documentation, it becomes necessary to amend or re-issue the notice, the amendment or the re-issued notice shall be given the same circulation as the original documents upon which the amendment is based. Any significant information given to one supplier with respect to a particular intended procurement shall be given simultaneously to all other suppliers concerned in adequate time to permit the suppliers to consider such information and to respond to it.11.Entities shall make clear, in the notices referred to in this Article or in the publication in which the notices appear, that the procurement is covered by the Agreement.Article XSelection Procedures1.To ensure optimum effective international competition under selective tendering procedures, entities shall, for each intended procurement, invite tenders from the maximum number of domestic suppliers and suppliers of other Parties, consistent with the efficient operation of the procurement system. They shall select the suppliers to participate in the procedure in a fair and non-discriminatory manner.2.Entities maintaining permanent lists of qualified suppliers may select suppliers to be invited to tender from among those listed. Any selection shall allow for equitable opportunities for suppliers on the lists.3.Suppliers requesting to participate in a particular intended procurement shall be permitted to submit a tender and be considered, provided, in the case of those not yet qualified, there is sufficient time to complete the qualification procedure under Articles VIII and IX. The number of additional suppliers permitted to participate shall be limited only by the efficient operation of the procurement system.4.Requests to participate in selective tendering procedures may be submitted by telex, telegram or facsimile.Article XITime-limits for Tendering and DeliveryGeneral1.(a)Any prescribed time-limit shall be adequate to allow suppliers of other Parties as well as domestic suppliers to prepare and submit tenders before the closing of the tendering procedures. In determining any such time-limit, entities shall, consistent with their own reasonable needs, take into account such factors as the complexity of the intended procurement, the extent of subcontracting anticipated and the normal time for transmitting tenders by mail from foreign as well as domestic points.(b)Each Party shall ensure that its entities shall take due account of publication delays when setting the final date for receipt of tenders or of applications to be invited to tender.Deadlines2.Except in so far as provided in paragraph 3,(a)in open procedures, the period for the receipt of tenders shall not be less than 40 days from the date of publication referred to in paragraph 1 of Article IX;(b)in selective procedures not involving the use of a permanent list of qualified suppliers, the period for submitting an application to be invited to tender shall not be less than 25 days from the date of publication referred to in paragraph 1 of Article IX; the period for receipt of tenders shall in no case be less than 40 days from the date of issuance of the invitation to tender;(c)in selective procedures involving the use of a permanent list of qualified suppliers, the period for receipt of tenders shall not be less than 40 days from。
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WTO《政府采购协议》（2006年修订版）编者按 2006年12月，WTO采购委员会通过了对WTO《政府采购协议》的全面修订。
虽然此次修订大多只是对框架进行调整，但这是自1981年实施关税与贸易总协定《政府采购协议》（WTO《政府采购协定》的前身）以来，首次对该协议做出修改。
本协议当事方（以下简称缔约方）：一致认为有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序和做法，应建立一个有效的多边权利与义务框架，促进贸易的进一步自由化，扩大世界贸易，改善世界贸易行为的国际框架。
一致认为有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序和做法，对国外或国内产品、服务及国外或国内供应商，不应以保护国内产品或服务或国内供应商为目的而制定、实施，也不应对不同的国外产品、服务或供应商给予差别待遇。
一致认为应提高有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序和做法的透明度。
一致认为有必要就通知、协商、监督及争端解决建立国际程序，确保有关政府采购的国际规定公平、及时和有效实施，并尽可能维持权利与义务之间的平衡。
一致认为应考虑发展中国家，尤其是最不发达国家的发展、财政及贸易需要。
期望按1987年2月2日形成并于1979年4月12日修订的《政府采购守则》第九条第六款第二项规定，在互惠基础上再次对其修改，将适用范围扩大到服务项目。
鼓励非缔约方政府接受并加入本协议。
依照上述目标开展进一步谈判。
协议如下：第一条适用范围一、本协议适用于有关本协议附录一（注1）所列采购机构所有采购遵循的法律、规章、程序或做法。
二、本协议适用于所有以合同形式进行的采购，包括购买及不论是否附带购买选择权的租赁或租购，并包括既有货物又有服务的采购项目。
三、属于本协议的采购机构，要求未列入附录一的企业按特别要求授予合同时，执行第三条规定。
四、本协议适用于不低于附录一门槛价的采购项目。
第二条合同价值估算一、本协议范围内的采购项目，按下列规定估算合同价值（注2）。
二、估算合同价值时，应将各种形式的酬金考虑在内，包括溢价、费用、佣金及应收利息。
三、各采购机构不得因刻意规避本协议有关规定而选择估算合同价值及分割采购合同的方法。
四、采购机构将单一采购项目分为多个合同，或将其一部分分为多个合同，按下列方法估算合同价值：（a）前一年财政年度或前12个月内重复签订类似合同的实际金额。
如有可能，应按其后12个月内预计的数量和金额进行调整。
（b）首次合同之后的财政年度或12个月内所有重复签订合同的估算金额。
五、租赁或租购合同，或对未列明总价值合同，其价值估算方法如下：（a）有效期为12个月或少于12个月的定期合同，应按照合同期内合同总金额计算；有效期超过12个月的，按照总金额加上估计的残值计算。
（b）不定期合同按每月分摊金额乘以48计算。
存在异议的，按照上述第（b）项计算。
六、附带选择购买权的合同，按包括选购在内的最大值计算。
第三条国民待遇和非歧视一、本协议适用范围内的有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序和做法，各缔约方应立即无条件地向来自其他缔约方的货物、服务及供应商，给予不低于下列条件的待遇：(a)向国内货物、服务及供应商提供的待遇；（b）向其他缔约方的货物、服务及供应商提供的待遇。
二、本协议适用范围内有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序及做法，各签署方应确保：(a)其采购机构不应对在当地设立的企业以外资所占比例或所有制差别给予不同待遇；（b）其采购机构不应以所提供的货物或服务的生产地，歧视在本地设立的企业。
生产地是指根据第四条规定的本协议缔约方。
三、除本协议适用范围内有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序及做法外，上述第一、二款规定不适用于对进口或与进口有关征收的税费和相关的征管办法，以及影响服务贸易的其他进口规定、手续和措施。
第四条原产地规则一、各缔约方不应对适用本协议的政府采购在采购从其他缔约方进口的货物或服务时，采取有别于在交易时从同一缔约方进口相同货物或服务适用的一般贸易的原产地规则。
二、随着《建立世界贸易组织的协议》（以下简称《建立WTO的协议》）附件一（1）中《原产地规则协议》有关货物原产地统一工作方案的达成，以及在服务贸易谈判结束，各缔约方应按工作方案及谈判结果对本条第一款规定进行适当修订。
第五条对发展中国家的特殊及差别待遇目的一、各缔约方实施和执行本协议时，要切实考虑到发展中国家尤其是最不发达国家，在发展、财政及贸易方面的特殊情况，为他们：（a）保障国际收支平衡，有足够外汇储备实施经济发展计划；（b）促进国内产业的建立或发展，包括农村和落实地区的小型企业和家庭企业，以及其他经济部门的发展；（c）扶持完全或主要依赖政府采购的产业机构；（d）经世界贸易组织部长会议批准，鼓励他们加入发展中国家之间的区域性或全球性协议，促进经济发展。
二、在符合本协议规定情况下，各签署方在制定和实施影响政府采购法律、规章及程序时，应考虑最不发达以及经济发展水平较低国家的特殊问题，要有利于增加从发展中国家的进口量。
适用范围三、为了确保发展中国家在符合其发展、财政和贸易需要情况下遵守本协议，在与发展中成员就适用本协议范围进行谈判时，应考虑本条第一款确定的目标。
发达国家在拟定适用本协议的范围时，应尽量包括对采购发展中国家有兴趣出口的货物和服务的采购机构。
同意的例外项目四、依据本协议谈判时，发展中国家可与其他参与方针对特殊情况，对列入适用范围清单的机构、产品或服务，就相互接受国民待遇例外的事项进行谈判。
在谈判中，要考虑第一款第（a）至第（c）项有关规定。
参加第一款第（d）项提出的区域性或全球性协议的发展中国家，也可以针对特殊情况，在谈判其例外的适用范围时，应考虑区域性或全球性协议有关政府采购的规定，特别是属于共同产业发展规划中的货物和服务。
五、本协议生效后，发展中缔约成员考虑到发展、财政和贸易需要，可以按照本协议第二十四条第六款有关修订清单的规定，修改其适用清单，或针对特殊情况，按照第一款（a）至（c）项规定，要求政府采购委员会（以下简称委员会）对其适用清单中所列的某些机构、货物或服务不执行国民待遇原则。
发展中缔约方在本协议生效后，还可以针对特殊情况，并考虑第一款第（d）项规定，按照其参加的区域性或全球性协议，要求委员会对其适用清单中的某些机构、货物或服务，给予国民待遇的例外。
发展缔约方向委员会提出有关修改清单的请求时，应附有关文件或审查需要的有关资料。
六、本条第四、五款规定，适用于本协议生效后加入的发展中国家。
七、上述第四、五、六款提到的例外，应按本条第十四款规定进行审核。
技术援助八、发达缔约方应按发展中缔约方请求，向其提供适当的技术援助，解决发展中缔约方在政府采购领域遇到的问题。
九、按照非歧视原则对发展缔约方提供的技术援助，应具有针对性：（a）解决与具体定标有关的特定技术方法；（b）提出请求的缔约方与另一缔约方同意通过援助处理的其他问题。
十、本条第八、第九款所称技术援助，应包括将发展中缔约方供应商的资格文件和投标文件翻译成采购机构指定的世界贸易官方语言。
发达缔约方如将翻译工作视为沉重负担的例外。
在此情况下，发展中缔约方向发达缔约方或其采购机构提出请求时，应做出解释。
信息中心十一、发达缔约方应单独或共同建立信息中心，满足发展中缔约方对信息的合理要求，特别是有关政府采购的法律、规章、程序和做法、招标公告、适用本协议的采购机构地址、采购或拟采购的货物或服务的性质和数量，包括有关未来招标的现有资料。
委员会也可以设立信息中心。
对最不发达国家的特殊待遇十二、根据“1947年关贸总协定全体缔约方1979年11月28日《对发展中成员的差别及更优惠待遇、互惠和全面参与的决议》”第六款（见BISD26S/203～205页）规定，在对发展中缔约方给予的一般或特定优惠措施中，应给予最不发达缔约方及货物或服务原产于最不发达缔约方的供应商特殊待遇。
缔约方也应对货物或服务原产于非本协议缔约方的最不发达国家供应商，给予本协议的一切优惠。
十三、发达缔约方应按最不发达缔约方请求，对最不发达缔约方潜在投标供应商投标，以及在选择采购机构和最不发达国家供应商均可能有兴趣的货物或服务时，给予最不发达国家潜在投标供应商适当的援助，同时帮助他们遵循与采购项目有关的技术规定与标准。
十四、委员会应对本条执行情况与效果做年度审查，并每隔3年根据各缔约方提供的有关本条实施情况报告做一次全面审查，评估其效果。
为促进本协议尤其是第三条各项规定的实施，考核发展中成员的发展、财政和贸易状况，委员会在3年一次的全面审查中，应审核本条第四至六款规定的例外事项，并决定是否需要修改或延长。
十五、在按第二十四条第七款规定继续谈判时，发展中缔约方应依据其经济、财政及贸易状况，考虑扩大其适用范围的可能性。
第六条技术规格一、采购单位拟定、采用或通用的技术规格，是为了说明货物或服务的特性，如质量、性能、安全、大小、符号、术语、包装、标志、标签或生产工艺与方法，以及规定评估程序的有关要求，不得对国际贸易造成不必要的障碍。
二、采购机构在制定技术规格时，在通常情况应：（a）依照性能，而不是按设计或描述特征；（b）根据现有国际标准，没有国际标准的按国家技术规定（注3）、公认的国家标准（注4）或建筑规定。
三、不得要求或提出特定的商标或商品名称、专利、设计或型号以及特定来源地、生产者或供应者。
但难以准确或清楚描述采购要求，且在招标文件中注明“或同等情况”等字样的例外。
四、各采购机构在拟定技术规格时，不应向与该项采购有商业利益的供应商寻求或接受其有碍竞争的建议。
第七条招标程序一、各缔约方应确保其采购单位的采取非歧视的招标程序，并符合第七条至十六条的规定。
二、各采购机构不应以足以妨碍竞争方式对个别供应商提供特定采购有关的资料。
三、本协议所称：（a）公开招标程序是指所有潜在供应商均可以参与投标的一种采购方式；（b）选择性招标程序是指采购机构按照第十条第三款及本协议其他有关规定，邀请供应商进行投标的一种采购方式；（c）限制性招标程序是指采购机构根据第十五条规定，与特定供应商进行协商的一种采购方式。
第八条供应商资格各采购机构在审查供应商资格时，不应对不同缔约方的供应商，或在国内与其他缔约方供应商之间，实施差别待遇。
资格预审程序应遵循下列规定：（a）所有参加投标的条件应予公告，并留给潜在供应商充足的响应时间，在不影响采购效率的前提下，完成资格审查程序。
（b）参加投标的条件应以确认供应商履行合同能力为主，包括资金保障、技术资格和确定其财务、商业与技术能力所需资料以及其他确认资格的证据。
这些条件对国内和其他缔约方供应商之间不应有宽严区别，也不应在其他缔约方供应商之间实行差别待遇。
供应商的资金、商业与技术能力，应根据该供应商的全球性商业活动及其在采购机构所在地的活动进行综合判断，并考虑供应商组织之间的法律关系。