中西文化之鉴最终版
文素材：中西文化解读(整理精校版)
文素材：中西文化解读作文辅导1203 1202文素材：中西文化解读在现实生活中，我们能够深切地体会到中西方之间文化的差异。
在我们这个时代，任何狭隘的文化观点都是不可取的。
“闭关锁国”“夜郎自大”已成为我们过去的历史，但崇洋媚外、惟洋是举也不是我们的方向，知彼知已，在发扬本民族优秀文化传统的基础上实行“拿来主义”，方是明智之举。
文一：趣谈中西文化差异二三事王松绍饮食观念欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。
尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。
一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。
临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。
她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。
但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。
而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。
想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。
另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。
而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。
这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。
对色彩的认识每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。
有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。
中西文化对比PPT课件
西方文化有三大精神源流或胚胎： 古希腊的哲学精神：理性精神 古罗马的法律精神：法治思想 希伯莱的宗教精神：信仰意识
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古希腊的哲学
• 古希腊哲学，公元前6～公元5世纪出现在希腊本土以及地中海沿岸，特别是小亚细亚西部、意大利南部的 哲学学说。又称古希腊罗马哲学，是西方哲学最初发生和发展的阶段。古典希腊哲学，或称早期希腊哲学 集中在辩论与质询的任务。在很多方面，它同时为现代科学与现代哲学铺设了道路。早期希腊哲学家对后 世产生的影响从未间断，从早期穆斯林哲学到文艺复兴，再到启蒙运动和现代的普通科学。
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感谢您的欣赏
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古罗马的法律
• 古罗马对西方文明最重要的贡献之一就是其完备的法律体系，包括市民法(仅适 用于罗马公民)、自然法(适用于所有人)和国家关系法(用于调节罗马人与其它民 族之间的关系)。从公元二至六世纪，罗马法经历了一个不断补充和完善的过程， 至公元534年在东罗马帝国国王查士丁尼的主持下编撰完成并颁布施行，后人称 之为《民法大全》。该法典对西方文明的影响被认为仅次于《圣经》，其基本思 想和原则已融入西方乃至世界各国的法律中。
孔子的血亲情理精神认为血缘亲情是支配人的道德行为的终极因素将情感置于知识之上主张道德实践之理存在于血亲情感之中知识必须遵循和服从这种情血亲情理精神的先导儒家整理课件23具体表现整理课件24首先在孔子看来孝的根据就在于父母子女之间的血缘关系
中国文化 印度文化 阿拉伯文化 西方文化
东方文化
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人际关系
• 西方：“交相利”。 • 中国：“多个朋友多条路”。
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意见
• 西方：直言、快行。 • 中国：谨言、慎行。
中西方文化之鉴chapter7演讲稿[范文大全]
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中西方文化之鉴chapter7演讲稿[范文大全]第一篇：中西方文化之鉴chapter 7演讲稿Good morning everyone , today ,I’ll tell you something about ‘Perceiving Culturally’.Generally speaking , ‘Perceiving Culturally’ means feeling cultures with your every sense to perceive the world, such as eyes , ears , nose , fingers , skin , even the muscles and nerve endings.And all the human beings’ hardware are similar , no matter who he is or where he lives.Then we use our similar eyes , nose , ears and muscles sense the world.Besides , when we speak of culture, we have to talk about the world ,actually I mean physical world.As we all know , the physical world exist apart from our ability to sense it.The moon , the mountain ,the sun exist even we have never been there or talked to anyone who has been there, they are just there.There is a physical reality that others know these things too.Just as I said , the world and the sense are quite similar ,but we still have so many different cultures.this is because our sense and the world beyond our bodies are physical realities that have noting to with culture.The world is too big ,thousands of places , thousands races ,thousands of areas.people live in different places ,then they became familiar with the place they live.if one of them come to an another place ,he will be uncomfortable about it.For example ,a man from a tropical country ,when he sees snow , he can’t point out the differences among the various types of snow ,except the help from native.Well ,before I read the article ,I can’t point out the difference among them too.When a European coming to an Asian country ,such as china ,for the first time ,he may think all of the people there look alike ,cause these people he sees with black hair and dark eyes everywhere , witchis quite different from his hometown.After a whole time ,this pool outland can adapt the environment.it is the same with the taste of food and the sounds of musicFor foreigners, various kinds of rice just taste alike.He can’t figure it out either unless we tell him the difference.See？Our sense and the world beyond our bodies are physical realities that have noting to with culture, yet we interpret the information we receive from our sense and this process of interpretation is molded by our own culture.Just like we feel uncomfortable when we be other places.And that is why when we see something are strange but quite normal among native.This is culture ,this the difference among cultures.As the author of the book said ,when she came to china ,everything need to be learned again ,how to ride a bicycle ,how to ride a bus ,how to climb a mountain ,even though she knew how to do all these things before she came to china.Sometimes , You know when you come to a new country ,everything need to be learned from the start, it is so troublesome and irritating.you have to spend a whole time to adapt the new culture and environment.This is easy to understand ,I will show you an interesting phenomenon.In about 30 countries and areas ,people walk and drive on the left.Such as UK, Australia ,Island, Japan and Singapore.As a matter of fact ,the countries that people walk on the left are not too many ,most countries’ people walk and drive on the right.(不同的国家拥有不同的生活习惯，当到达一个国家时，你得清楚这个国家的基本生活习惯，以防闹出笑话。
中西文化比较 第四章 天人合一与物我两分
第四章天人合一与物我两分1、人与自然（人与天）思维方式2、人与社会（三层）3、人与人（我与他；我与我）第一节从宇宙观到认识论一、“天人合一”的整体思维**总结：“天人合一”成为中国哲学最基本最重要的命题，它构成了一个阴阳、天人、形神、理物、道器、内外等重大范畴统一的宇宙。
二、二元对立的认识前提* 萨特“地狱就是他人”。
* 二元的对立还表现为人自身的分裂。
（灵肉分裂）* 伊壁鸠鲁“是生活愉快的乃是清醒的理性，理性找出了一切我们的取舍的理由。
”（中世纪灵与肉的分裂达到绝对的程度）第二节直觉思维与逻辑推理一、主观联系的直觉思维* 直觉思维（联想思维）是非逻辑的思维。
* 直觉思维十分重视为认识者留下广大自由的主观空间，有极强的主观性。
* 直觉体验的个体主观性是不确定的，认识本身也就有极大的随意性，灵活性，这也许是直觉思维具有创造力量的原因，是中国哲学思维的绝妙之处。
* 重视个体性的西方文化，在思想和情感方面给了个人以诸多的限制，而重视群体的中国文化则给了个人以更多的自由。
* 直觉思维具有立体有机联系的特征。
（1,2,3）* 因为它是主观的，顿悟式的，是难以言说的；它是个体化的，是无法概括的。
* 联系性是直觉思维达到认识目的重要途径。
1、这种联系性首先建立在宇宙整体论的观念上的一切都在联系中。
“‘气’充一切虚，贯一切实。
”气无所不包，无所不在，它能贯穿一切有形无形之物。
2、思维的联系性还是互为因果，相互推动变化，彼此包容的联系；也是无所不在，超越时空、虚实的广泛联系。
3、中国思维的这种联系性还是辩证、转化的关系。
二、细剖精析的逻辑分析* 西方科学文化极发达，靠了两条重要的认知方法：一是可以理解的逻辑，一是可以控制的实验。
* 分析的方法包含两大步骤：1、细剖精析（* 在社会科学研究领域也不例外。
* 自古希腊的德谟克利特提出原子论起，原子一直被认为是构成物质的最小单元。
）2、建立逻辑的认识系统（* 切割细分得到单一、确定的认识，使认识具有可靠性、明晰性，是认识更深入。
(完整word版)中西文化之鉴跨文化交际教程
Chapter 3：Making GeneralizationsWhen people have little information about a group of people they are likely to think of them in a very general way。
If the other people with whom they interact also lack information about that group, they are likely to share an overly generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information is called stereotyping。
We all make generalizationsEveryone generalizes every day just to make sense of his experience。
No one can respond to every situation as if it were entirely new and unique。
A student anticipating a class taught by a teacher he has never met, generalizes from his experience that teachers have certain typical behaviors， opinions， and expectations。
The student interacts with the new teacher he meets based on the generalizations he has made from his previous teachers. This is normal and sensible. The student may have a problem, however， if the generalization he makes is too broad or is based on inadequate or outdated information。
中西文化对比与文化自信
传统文化与现代文化的融合：将传统文化与现代文化相结合，创造出具有中国特色的文化产 品。
创新传统文化的表现形式：运用现代科技手段，如VR、AR等，创新传统文化的表现形式， 使其更加生动、有趣。
加强文化交流与合作：加强与其他国家的文化交流与合作，吸收其他国家的优秀文化元素， 丰富中华文化的内涵。
培养具有国际视野的文化人才：培养具有国际视野的文化人才，使他们能够更好地理解和传 播中华文化，增强中华文化的国际影响力。
自我认同：对自身文化价值的肯定和认同，增强自我认同感 自我提升：通过学习和传承优秀文化，提升个人素质和能力 自我发展：在文化自信的基础上，实现个人发展和成长 自我实现：通过文化自信，实现个人价值和社会价值的统一
文化传承和创新是文化自信 的体现
文化自信是文化传承和创新 的基础
文化自信可以促进文化传承 和创新的发展
文化多样性是 社会发展的源 泉，可以促进
创新和进步
文化多样性可 以促进不同文 化之间的交流 和理解，增进 国际友谊和合
作
文化多样性可 以丰富人们的 精神世界，提
高生活质量
文化多样性可 以保护文化遗 产，传承和弘
扬民族文化
个人角色：作为跨文化交流的参与者，需要具备跨文化沟通能力，尊重和理解不同文化，积极 参与文化交流活动。
语言障碍：不同语言之间的交流和理解 存在困难
文化差异：不同文化背景下的价值观、 行为方式等存在差异
历史遗留问题：历史遗留问题可能导致 文化冲突
政治因素：政治因素可能导致文化交流 中的障碍和冲突
经济因素：经济因素可能导致文化交流 中的障碍和冲突
社会因素：社会因素可能导致文化交流 中的障碍和冲突
跨文化交流：促进中西文化的相互了解和交流 融合创新：中西文化融合可以产生新的文化形式和理念 合作共赢：中西文化合作可以带来经济、科技、教育等领域的共同发展 文化自信：中西文化交流可以增强中国文化的自信心和影响力
(完整word版)中西文化对比导论
中西方文化对比—-复习第一章导论比较文化或比较文明是20世纪人文科学研究的一大热点。
它的兴起不仅利益于人类在走向现代化进程中相互交流与合作的加强，也与后现代语境下价值多元化的趋势密不可分。
随着后殖民时代的到来，长期处在边缘的文明纷纷崛起，向西方中心主义的文化霸权发起挑战,形成了要求平等和对话的时代潮流。
在中国，文化比较研究的兴衰则与20世纪前后两期对外开放的潮流对古老传统的冲击,以及重新审视和发展中华民族文化的要求息息相关的.什么是中华文明的优秀传统?什么是当今世界的先进文化?只有把它放到人类文明发展演化的大背景下，放到全球文化多元共生的大视野中，才能得出清醒的判断。
回首人类文明的发生与交往史,东西文化的差异冲突是不容回避的话题。
长期以来,人们热衷于讨论中西文化孰优孰劣，究竟谁是先进或落后，但对其各自的渊源与特征却不甚了了，对文化差异与冲突的根本性质也缺乏认识.第一节全球语境下的文化选择1。
经济的全球化带动文化的全球化交通、信息和旅游业的发展使国际间的沟通与交流更加便捷和频繁，伴随而来的遍布世界各地的网吧、麦当劳快餐、摇滚乐和好莱坞电影，放佛让人感到自己正在成为地球村的公民。
这一切似乎向人们预示着一个文化全球化时代即所谓普世文明的到来。
联合国科教文组织2000年完成的《世界文化报告》指出：在进入21世纪时，全球化、长途通信和信息学正在改变人们界定和感受文化多样性的方法。
过去在文化相对主义背景下提出的“文化的马赛克”或“地球文化马赛克”的比喻已经过时，再也不能描述人们的文化偏爱了，“文化再也不是以前人们所认为的是个静止不变的、封闭的、固定的集装箱。
文化实际上变成了通过媒体和国际因特网在全球进行交流的跨越分界的创造.我们现在必须把问文化看作一个过程,而不是一个已经完成的产品。
"西方中心主义观念支配下，一些西方政治家和学者的观点：一个以西方式的自由民主制和自由主义价值观的普及为基础的全球一体化的时代的到来。
中西文化之鉴High context culture and the contrasting
Context in communication（09翻译2班黄子英 07号）AbstractContext is important in all communication,but it is relatively more important in some situations than in others.There are also some significant differences across cultures in the ways and the context to which people communicate through context.A high context(CH) communication or message is one in which most o f the informationis either in the physical context or internalization in the person, while very little is in the code,explicit,transmitted part of the information.Any transaction can be characterized as high , low or middle context.HC transaction feature preprogrammed information that is in the receiver and in the setting. With only minimal information in the transmitted message.LC transactions are the reverse. Most of the information must be in the transmitted message in order to make up what is missing in the context.Although on culture exists exclusively at one end of the scale, some are high while others are low. American culture , while not on the bottom,is toward the lower end of the scale.Key words : higher context,low context Time-Orientation, Humor ,AdaptationHigh context culture and the contrasting "low context culture" are terms presented by the anthropologist Edward T. Hall in his 1976 book Beyond Culture. It refers to a culture's tendency to use high context messages over low context messages in routine communication. This choice of communication styles translates into a culture that will cater to in-groups, an in-group being a group that has similar experiences and expectations, from which inferences are drawn. In a high context culture, many things are left unsaid, letting the culture explain. Words and word choice become very important in higher context communication, since a few words can communicate a complex message very effectively to an in-group (but less effectively outside that group), while in a lower context culture, the communicator needs to be much more explicit and the value of a single word is less important.General speaking, high context communication is economical, fast and efficient.It works as long as people communicating are looking for and understand the meaning in the context. It takes a long time to learn.It brings people together. Low-contextcommunication is more impersonal,but it is an effective way of transmitting information among people we do not share the same experience.It pays little attention to messages sent to non-verbally, they think communication is the exchange of verbal messages.They think that the speakers and writers are responsible for the success of communication. They should make meaning clear and understandable with their words.Context as a relativistic metric of culture cultural context does not rank as "high" or "low" in an absolute sense because each message can be presented on a continuum from high to low. Likewise, a culture (French Canadian) may be of a higher context than one (English Canadian) but lower context than another (Spanish or French). Likewise, a stereotypical individual from Texas (a higher context culture) may communicate more with a few words or use of a prolonged silence, than a stereotypical New Yorker who is being very explicit, although both being part of a culture which is lower-context overall.Higher context cultures tend to correlate with cultures that also have a strong sense of tradition and history, and change little over time. For example, the Native Americans is a higher context culture with a strong sense of tradition and history. The focus on tradition creates opportunities for higher context messages between individuals of each new generation. This is in contrast to lower context cultures in which the shared experiences upon which communication is built can change drastically from one generation to the next, creating communication gaps between parents and children, as in the United States.High-context joke from a high context culture will not translate well to someone of a different culture, even another high-context culture. Humor is very contextual, as a joke may not be considered very funny if it seems like it is over-explained using only low-context messages.Adaptation an individual moving to a higher or lower context culture may need to adapt and/or be accommodated in ways different than moving within cultures of similar context.High to Low: An individual from a higher context culture may need to adapt and/or be accommodated when shifting to a low context culture. A lower context culture demands more independence, and expects many relationships, but fewer intimate ones.A high context individual is more likely to ask questions rather than attempt to work out a solution independently, and the questions are likely to be asked from the same few people. The high context person may be frustrated by people appearing to not want to develop a relationship or continue to help them on an ongoing basis. The term 'Hand-holding' might be used in an unintentional derogatory sense.Low to High: An individual from a low context culture needs to adapt and/or be accommodated when shifting to a higher context culture. Higher context culturesexpect small close-knit groups, and reliance on that group. Groups can actually be relied upon to support each other, and it may be difficult to get support outside of your group. Professional and personal lives often intertwine. A lower context individual may be more likely to try to work things out on their own and feel there is a lack of self-service support or information, rather than ask questions and take time to develop the relationships needed to accomplish the things that need to be done.After the knowledge of the high and low context , we will have a relation of the proper communication codes. It will not only contribute to the grasp of information and the communication between and it will definitely boost the international relationship development.。
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Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.
原来我不是亲生的！
中国古人的官方解释
第一功臣：女娲——“大地之母”（孤独的女神）
女娲造人
某天，她灵机一动：“虽 然，世间各种各样的生物 都有了，可单单没有像自 己一样的生物，那为什么 不创造一种像自己一样的 生物加入到世间。”
以下皆为个人观点：
为什么会有女娲造人 的故事？
1.崇神。女娲是神，地位崇高，人是神造的， 自然不同凡响。 2.早期血缘时代是母系社会，女性占主导 地位。所以是 女娲 造人。
Example: A fish in unfamiliar waters
A Chinese student
Confident in her knowledge of American culture
American people
Take it for granted
Quoting famous people
-- Most part of culture is unconscious
Objective culture
art, literature, history music, dance, customs, language, game, cooking, clothes …
Subjective culture
Example:
Like any creature a fish scans its environment to find food, reproduce and protect itself from danger. It notices everything except the water it is swimming in.
Out-of –date metaphor
follow the prescribed order
Like to do something unexpected
People tell stories to tell who they are .
小时候，妈妈对我说~
你是哪里哪里船上抱来的。
…………
有位留学生汉语讲得很好，有一次对一个中国姑娘说 ：“你真漂亮。”姑娘谦虚地说：“哪里哪里。”留 学生一紧张母语就出来了，“every where， every where.”
这则笑话的产生是留学生一方面不懂得“哪里 哪里”的非疑问句法，另一方面是不了解中国 的文化，中国人听到称赞通常会谦虚，不然就 显得轻浮自大。
feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be …
Example:
称呼不同
西方
中国 非对等式 权势、尊卑 垂直式
价值观不同
称呼类型 文化取向 社会关系
对等式 平等 平行
Culture is the basic operation system that makes us human. We think of our physical selves as the hardware, but we cannot be human when programmed with the software of culture. Culture fades into the background, just know that we can be.
Values and beliefs, customs, gestures, certain foods and ways of eating, history and artifacts, artistic tradition
What causes members of a particular culture to agree that certain behaviors or historical events have certain meanings.
Culture is shared
Are meanings built into things?
Definitely NO. A gesture ,a painting, or a contract has no meaning until someone assigns it.
Humans are the meaning-making animals, and it is in making meanings that our human ancestors created culture and the particular cultures within which we all live.
Culture is like an iceberg.
Culture is our software.
Culture is like the water a fish swims in.
CULTURE
Culture is the story we tell ourselves.
Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
circumstances.
What is widely acknowledged now is that……
I
Mother
Grandmother
Great-great grand-mother ……
Great-grandmother
change
The ape（类人ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้）
Man has evolved from the ape.
神 的 子 民
Culture
the story of Adam & Eve
Garden of Eden
human beings
revere
dominate
Human beings are created by the Lord God
God
religion
But stories also change to adapt to changing
CONCLUSION: CULTURE IS
A MAN’S SECOND NATURE
A WAY OF OVERCOMING VULNERABILITY ACQUIRED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION
THUS, MAN IS THE PRODUCER OF CULTURE AND THE PRODUCT OF CULTURE
• People learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any society.
cultural grammars are repetitive.
Culture is shared
Are meanings built into things?
We are constantly but unconsciously creating order and predictability out of the raw material of our day-to-day experience by assigning meaning to it. Sharing culture is sharing meanings.
Practice seeing your culture the way others who
are not a part of it see it.
Gain some distance from your home culture by
looking at it as if you were a scientist observing it systematically with no prejudgment as to what you will find.
Chapter 2 Becoming Aware
What is culture?
Simply put, culture is a system of meaning. That is too abstract a definition to really understand, so consider the following images.
中
就餐习惯 聚餐围坐，共享一席
西
单盘独碟、分而食之
礼仪
相互敬酒、劝菜
自己动手
氛围
和睦、团圆
随意自由
Characteristics of culture
Culture is shared
People with the same culture
?
share ideas, ways of behaving, and a whole way of life
Cultures are always changing
The impact of events Contact with other cultures
Cultures are changing and evolving.
Beginning to do culture
Raise your level of awareness.