中美餐桌礼仪Table manners between China and America
中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文
中国和外国餐桌礼仪的不同英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Table Manners: A Cross-Cultural ExperienceAs a curious little kid, I've always been fascinated by the different customs and traditions around the world. One area that has caught my attention is the way people eat and behave at the dinner table. From my observations and experiences, I've noticed some intriguing differences between Chinese and foreign table manners.Let's start with the basics: at home, we Chinese often use chopsticks to eat our meals. These slender sticks require a certain level of dexterity and skill to handle properly. I remember the first time I tried using chopsticks; it felt like a challenging task, but with practice, it became second nature. In contrast, many foreigners use forks, knives, and spoons, which seem more straightforward to operate.Another interesting difference lies in the way we hold our bowls or plates. In Chinese culture, it's perfectly acceptable, and sometimes even encouraged, to lift our bowls close to ourmouths when eating. This is especially true when slurping noodles or sipping soup. However, in many Western cultures, it's considered impolite to lift plates or bowls off the table.Speaking of slurping, this is a behavior that's often frowned upon in Western etiquette but is perfectly acceptable, and even appreciated, in Chinese cuisine. When we enjoy a piping hot bowl of noodles or a flavorful broth, slurping is a way to express our enjoyment and appreciation for the dish. It's like a compliment to the chef!Table manners also extend to the way we treat our utensils. In Chinese culture, it's considered rude to stick chopsticks vertically into a bowl of rice or point them at others. These actions are associated with certain cultural beliefs and are best avoided. On the other hand, in many Western cultures, it's perfectly fine to rest utensils on the plate or table between bites.Another interesting aspect is the way we interact with others during meals. In Chinese culture, it's common to share dishes and serve others at the table, especially elders or honored guests. This is seen as a sign of respect and hospitality. However, in some Western cultures, it's more common for each person to have their own individual plate or portion.One thing that seems universal, though, is the importance of good table manners. Across cultures, it's generally considered polite to chew with our mouths closed, avoid talking with food in our mouths, and keep our elbows off the table. These basic etiquette rules help create a pleasant and respectful dining experience for everyone.While these differences may seem trivial to some, they reflect the rich tapestry of cultural traditions and beliefs surrounding the act of eating. As a curious child, I find it fascinating to observe and learn about these variations. It's a reminder that even in something as simple as sharing a meal, there's a world of diversity and beauty to explore.Whether it's the delicate art of wielding chopsticks or the proper way to hold a fork, table manners are more than just rules; they are windows into the cultural heritage and values of a society. By embracing and respecting these differences, we can not only enjoy delicious foods but also gain a deeper appreciation for the richness of human experiences.So, the next time you sit down for a meal, take a moment to observe and appreciate the unique customs and traditions that shape the way we dine. Who knows, you might just discover anewfound appreciation for the wonderful diversity that exists right at our dinner tables.篇2Table Manners: China vs. Other CountriesHave you ever noticed how different adults eat at the table in China compared to other places? I've travelled a bit with my family, and I've seen some really interesting differences in table manners between China and countries like the United States, France, and Japan. Let me tell you about a few of them!In China, it's totally normal and even polite to make some noise when you eat. Slurping your noodles or soup shows you're enjoying your food. But in many other countries like the U.S. and European nations, slurping is considered rude. You're supposed to eat very quietly without making any loud noises.Another big difference is how we use chopsticks in China. We hold them in one hand and pick up food with them. But in Japan and some other Asian countries, people hold the chopsticks with both hands, especially when eating rice or picking up food from shared dishes. I think using two hands makes it harder to eat!When it comes to sharing food, things are very different too. In China, it's totally normal and friendly to share dishes by picking food from them with your own chopsticks. But in many foreign countries, that's a big no-no. People think it's unhygienic to "double dip" your utensils in shared plates. Instead, you're supposed to put a portion on your own plate first before eating it.Speaking of sharing, in China we don't really use a lot of individual plates. We just eat family-style directly from the shared dishes in the middle of the table. But in western countries, everybody gets their own individual plate that only they eat off of. I guess that cuts down on germs being shared, but it's less fun!Here's another funny one – in China, it's perfectly fine to pick up small bones or pieces of food with your fingers if needed. As long as you use a clean hand, nobody minds. But in many western countries, using your fingers to eat anything at all is a major breach of etiquette. You have to use a utensil 100% of the time, even for small bites.One difference I actually kind of like is that in some other countries, like France, it's considered impolite to start eating before the hostess or eldest person starts. In China, we kind of alljust dig in whenever the food is ready. Having one person initiate the meal makes it feel a bit more formal and organized.On the flip side, there's a Chinese practice that some foreigners may find surprising or even rude. In China, it's not rude at all to leave a little food behind on your plate when you're done eating. It's meant to show that your host provided you with a nice, generous portion. But in many other countries, clearing your whole plate is expected as a sign of appreciation for the food.One last major difference: in China and some other Asian nations, drinking beverages or soup with a slurping sound is no big deal. But in Europe and North America, any slurping of liquids is considered unrefined and sloppy. You're supposed to silently sip your drink while keeping your mouth fairly closed.As you can see, there are so many interesting cultural differences when it comes to what's considered good manners for eating. What one country sees as polite, another may see as rude. It really makes you realize how these customs are just habits that different societies get used to over time.Personally, I'm glad we can be a bit more relaxed with eating sounds and sharing dishes in China. It feels more casual and sociable to me. But I do understand why other places try tominimize messiness and exposing shared food to potential germs. There are good reasons behind lots of these different protocols.No matter where I travel though, I always try my best to learn and respect the local customs around meals. After all, eating is a huge part of any culture. Following the expected manners is just a way of showing politeness and appreciation for my hosts. A few minor adjustments to how I eat is a small price to pay to avoid uncomfortable situations.I can't wait to experience even more fascinating food traditions as I continue exploring the world. Who knows, maybe I'll even pick up some great new habits to bring back home with me! Experiencing different cultures through food is one of the most fun parts of travelling if you ask me. It's just one more reason why I want to keep seeing as much of this planet as I can.篇3Table Manners: A Tale of Two CulturesHi there! My name is Lily, and I'm a 10-year-old student from Beijing. Today, I want to share with you an interesting topic that I've learned about – the differences between Chinese and foreigntable manners. It's fascinating how something as simple as eating can vary so much across cultures!In China, we have a beautiful set of traditions and etiquette when it comes to dining. For starters, we use chopsticks instead of forks and knives. I remember when I was little, my parents taught me how to hold them properly, and I practiced using them every day. It wasn't easy at first, but now I can wield chopsticks like a pro!When we sit down for a meal, we always wait for the elders or hosts to start eating first. It's a sign of respect. We also try to keep our elbows off the table and avoid making loud noises while chewing or slurping our soup. My grandma always reminds me to take small bites and chew with my mouth closed. She says it's impolite to talk with your mouth full, and I try my best to follow her advice.One thing that's really different from Western cultures is how we share our food. In China, it's common to have several dishes in the center of the table, and we all take a little bit from each one using our own chopsticks. This way, we get to try a variety of flavors and show our appreciation for the chef's hard work.Another unique aspect of Chinese table manners is the importance of maintaining harmony at the dining table. We try to avoid confrontation or heated discussions during meals, as it's considered disruptive and disrespectful. Instead, we focus on enjoying the food and each other's company.Now, let's talk about some foreign table manners that I've learned about. In many Western countries, people use forks, knives, and spoons to eat their food. They also have different utensils for different courses, which can be quite confusing for someone like me who's used to just using chopsticks!One thing that really stood out to me is how they often keep their elbows on the table while eating. In China, that's considered impolite, but in some Western cultures, it's perfectly acceptable. It's amazing how something so simple can have such different meanings across cultures.Another interesting difference is how Westerners often pass dishes around the table instead of sharing them from the center. They also tend to serve themselves individually, rather than taking from shared plates like we do in China.I've also noticed that in some Western cultures, it's perfectly fine to have lively discussions or even debates during meals. In China, we try to keep things more peaceful and harmonious atthe dining table, but in other parts of the world, it's seen as a way to stimulate conversation and engage in intellectual discourse.Overall, learning about these cultural differences has been really fascinating for me. It's made me appreciate the rich diversity of traditions and customs that exist around the world. At the same time, it's also reminded me that no matter where we come from, we all share the basic human need for nourishment and the joy of sharing a meal with loved ones.So, the next time you sit down for a meal, whether it's with chopsticks or a fork and knife, take a moment to appreciate the cultural significance of the table manners you're practicing. And who knows, maybe you'll even pick up a few new habits from another culture along the way!篇4Dining Etiquette: China vs. The WorldHi there! My name is Lily and I'm a 10-year-old student. Today, I want to share with you some interesting differences I've noticed between Chinese and foreign table manners. Get ready for a delicious adventure!Let's start with the basics: how we hold our chopsticks and spoons. In China, we use chopsticks for most dishes, and it's considered polite to hold them with your thumb and index finger towards the top end. But in many Western countries, people use forks, knives, and spoons instead. It felt really strange when I first tried using a fork and knife! My aunt had to show me how to hold them properly.Another big difference is the way we serve and eat food. In China, we usually share dishes from the middle of the table, using our own bowls and chopsticks to take food from the shared plates. It's like a big family feast! But in some other countries, each person gets their own plate with a separate serving of food. My friend Sarah was surprised when I tried to take food from her plate during our playdate!Speaking of sharing, Chinese table manners say it's perfectly fine to reach across the table to grab something you need, like a sauce dish or an extra pair of chopsticks. But in many Western cultures, that's considered rude. My teacher told me that in places like the United States or the United Kingdom, you should politely ask someone to pass you what you need.Here's a funny one: in China, it's totally normal to make slurping sounds when you're eating hot noodles or soup. In fact,some people even think it's a compliment to the chef, showing you're really enjoying the meal! But in other countries, slurping is seen as rude and impolite. I had to learn not to slurp when I visited my pen pal Emilia in France.Chinese table manners also have some interesting rules about serving and being served. For example, when an elder or guest is served first, it's considered respectful for them to refuse the first serve politely, and wait until the second or third time they are offered. On the other hand, in many Western cultures, it's seen as impolite to refuse the first serve.One thing that's the same almost everywhere is that it's considered rude to talk with your mouth full or chew with your mouth open. Nobody wants to see half-chewed food, right? Yuck!Now, let's talk about finishing your meal. In China, it's generally okay to leave a little bit of food on your plate or bowl when you're done eating. It shows that you've had enough and were satisfied with the meal. But in some other countries, like the United States, it's expected that you'll clean your plate completely. My grandpa was surprised when the waiter took his plate away even though he hadn't finished everything!Finally, let's not forget about using toothpicks after a meal. In China, it's perfectly acceptable to use a toothpick discreetly at the table to remove any food stuck in your teeth. But in many Western countries, it's considered impolite and should only be done in private, like in the restroom.Phew, that's a lot of differences, right? But don't worry, I'm not trying to say that one way is better than the other. These are just cultural differences, and it's important to respect and understand them when you're dining in different parts of the world.At the end of the day, good table manners are all about being considerate of others and making sure everyone feels comfortable and respected during the meal. Whether you're using chopsticks or a fork and knife, sharing dishes or having your own plate, the most important thing is to enjoy the delicious food and the company of your loved ones.So the next time you sit down for a meal, take a moment to appreciate the fascinating cultural traditions behind the way we eat. Who knows, you might even pick up some new tablema nners along the way! Bon appétit!篇5Table Manners in China and Other CountriesHi friends! Today I want to tell you about something I find really interesting - the different table manners in China compared to other countries. Table manners are the polite ways we are expected to behave when eating. While some manners are the same everywhere, there are also lots of differences between cultures. Let me share what I've learned!In China, we have certain rules about how to use chopsticks properly. First, you should never stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice bowl as this reminds people of incense stuck in ashes during funeral rituals. It's considered very unlucky! You also shouldn't cross or point your chopsticks at someone else, as that's impolite. When you aren't using your chopsticks, you're supposed to rest them across the top of your bowl or plate.Using chopsticks takes practice! Some foreign friends find it really hard. In many other countries, people mainly use forks, knives and spoons instead of chopsticks. Funny story - when I went to America, I actually struggled more with using the big fork and knife than they did with the chopsticks! I kept dropping my food.Another difference is how we treat rice and noodles. In China, it's normal to pick up your bowl and bring it closer to yourmouth when eating rice or noodles. Some people even make a nice little sauce plate out of their rice bowl by pushing the rice up around the sides. But in the West, picking up your plate or bowl is usually considered rude table manners.Here's something I found really weird when eating abroad - it's often expected that you keep your elbows off the table! Can you imagine? We're so used to resting our elbows on the table in China. But doing that in countries like America or Britain is seen as bad manners. Their tradition is to keep your arms off the table when eating.Speaking of arms, you're also not supposed to reach across the table for things in many Western countries. In China it's normal to stretch out and grab what you need. But elsewhere, you should politely ask for something to be passed to you instead of reaching over people's plates. It's consideredmore hygienic and courteous.Here's another big one - in China we can burp quietly after a nice meal to show we're full and satisfied with the food. But in most other places, any kind of burping is considered extremely rude and disgusting at the dinner table! You have to hold it in or excuse yourself. My cheeks got so puffed up trying not to burp when eating abroad.Slurping is also treated differently. In China, it's okay (and sometimes even encouraged!) to slurp your noodles and broth a bit to show you're enjoying it. But pretty much everywhere else, slurping loudly is seen as rude and impolite. You're supposed to stay silent when eating noodles and soups to have good manners.Let me tell you about one manner that's similar across cultures - it's rude pretty much everywhere to chew with your mouth open and make loud smacking sounds. No one wants to hear all those gross mouth noises! We're all expected to keep our mouths closed while chewing.Another shared manner is saying "Please" and "Thank you" when asking for things or being served food. It's the polite thing to do in China and in other countries too. Being grateful for what you're given to eat is good manners all around the world.One last thing I noticed - in many Western families, there are assigned seats at the dinner table. Like the parents sit at the ends and the kids have their own specific spots. But in my Chinese family, we don't really have assigned seats. We just kind of sit wherever when we eat!I could keep going, but I've already covered a lot! As you can see, there are quite a few differences in what's considered goodor bad table manners in Chinese culture compared to places like America or Europe. Some manners we share, but often the same behavior can be totally fine in one culture yet rude in another.Isn't it fascinating how many little customs and traditions vary around the simple act of eating a meal? I feel lucky to have experienced meals in multiple cultures. It's reminded me that there's no single right way to have good manners - it's all about understanding and respecting each culture's values and expectations around food. A little politeness can go a long way, no matter what side of the table you're on!篇6Table Manners: China vs. the WestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm a 10-year-old student. Today I want to talk to you about something I find really interesting - how table manners are different in China compared to Western countries. It's fun to learn about different cultures!In my Chinese family, we have certain ways of behaving properly when we eat meals together. Some of the rules are very different from what kids in the United States or Europe might be used to. Let me tell you about some of the biggest differences I've noticed.Holding UtensilsIn China, we use chopsticks instead of forks, knives, and spoons for most dishes. It's considered rude to stick your chopsticks straight up in your rice or food. That reminds people of incense sticks used at funerals, which is related to death. Yuck! Instead, you should lay your chopsticks neatly across your plate when you aren't using them.In the West, kids are usually taught to rest their fork and knife on their plate in a specific way when they aren't actively eating too. But the proper way to do it is a little different than with chopsticks.Serving & Passing FoodAnother big difference is how we serve and pass food around the table. In my Chinese family, there are usually lots of shared dishes in the middle that everyone takes food from. We never hand dishes or utensils directly to each other though. That's considered impolite.Instead, you're supposed to hold the dish with both hands and let the person take it from you. Or if you're giving utensils to someone, you lay them on the table first and let them pick them up. This shows respect.In America and other Western countries from what I've seen, it's normal to just hand food and utensils directly across the table to each other. To me that seems a little rude, but it's just what people are used to in their culture.Sounds at the TableThis one might seem a little weird, but in China it's okay to make louder eating sounds like slurping soup or noodles. In fact, those noises show you are enjoying your food! My grandma always tells me "The more noise, the more delicious."But in Western countries, those same eating sounds are usually considered bad manners. Kids are taught to eat quietly without making loud chewing, sipping, or slurping noises. I've had to be careful about that when eating with my American friends so I don't gross them out!Leaving Food BehindOne big no-no in Chinese dining etiquette is leaving a clean plate behind. It's seen as greedy, like you are looking for more food. My parents always tell me I have to leave at least a little food on my plate when I'm done to show I'm full and satisfied.On the other hand, cleaning your whole plate in Western meals is usually just fine. In fact, parents often praise kids forbeing "good members of the clean plate club" and not wasting any food. Sometimes they are even expected to ask for second helpings if they've cleared their plate.Using ToothpicksHere's another interesting difference - in China, it's perfectly okay to use a toothpick at the table after eating if you need to pick something out of your teeth. The polite way is to cover your mouth with one hand while using the toothpick with the other.But doing that at a meal is considered shockingly rude in most Western countries! You're supposed to excuse yourself and go to the bathroom if you need to use a toothpick. Just taking one out at the table would not be proper etiquette.There are lots of other small differences too, like:In China, burping is no big deal but in the West it's very rudeChinese people don't usually put their napkin in their lapsMost Westerners don't pick up bowls/plates and eat out of them like Chinese people doIt's really interesting to learn about the different manners and etiquette traditions around the world, isn't it? I'm glad I understand table manners in both Chinese and Western culture.That way, I can show respect no matter whose house I'm eating at!What about you? Do you know any unique food etiquette rules from other cultures? I'd love to hear about them. Studying different cultures and customs is not only fun but helps build understanding between people too. Maybe you can teach me some new things!。
关于时中美餐桌礼仪的英语作文
中美餐桌礼仪的文化差异**Table Manners: Cultural Differences between China and the United States**In the realm of international cultural exchange, the differences in dining customs and etiquette between China and the United States stand out as a particularly fascinating topic. These differences not only reflect the unique historical, social, and cultural backgrounds of the two nations but also serve as a window into their respective values and ways of life.**Chinese Dining Etiquette**In China, dining is often seen as a social event that goes beyond mere nourishment. It's a time for family and friends to gather, share stories, and bond over delicious meals. The dining table is often the center of family life, and etiquette plays a crucial role in maintaining harmony during these gatherings.When dining with Chinese hosts, it's customary to wait for the eldest or most respected person to take their seat before others follow suit. Once seated, it's polite tooffer food to others, particularly to the elderly or those in positions of authority. Using chopsticks to transfer food from one's own plate to another's is considered a sign of respect and affection.During meals, it's important to maintain a certainlevel of quietude and avoid noisy eating habits. Chewing with one's mouth closed and not speaking with one's mouth full are considered basic table manners. Additionally, it's customary to refrain from using personal mobile phones or other devices at the dining table, as this is considered a disruption to the flow of conversation and the overall atmosphere.**American Dining Etiquette**In contrast, American dining culture tends to be more informal and relaxed. Mealtimes are often seen as a break from daily activities, a chance to recharge and enjoy a variety of foods. While etiquette still plays a role in American dining, it tends to be less strict and more focused on personal comfort and convenience.When dining with Americans, it's generally acceptable to seat oneself without waiting for the host to direct you.Once seated, it's customary to wait for the host to begin eating before partaking oneself. During meals, it's common to engage in lively conversation and even debate,reflecting the American value of freedom of expression.Personal preferences and dietary restrictions are highly valued in American culture, and it's important to respect these when dining with others. Offering to pass dishes or pour drinks is considered polite, but it's not expected that everyone will do so. Additionally, it's common for Americans to use their mobile phones or other devices during meals, as they see this as a personal choice and not a disruption to the dining experience.**Cultural Differences and Understanding**The differences in dining etiquette between China and the United States reflect the distinct cultural values and social norms of the two nations. Chinese culture emphasizes respect for authority and elders, harmony, and collective well-being, while American culture values individual freedom, expression, and convenience.As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, it's important to have a basic understanding of the culturaldifferences that exist in dining etiquette. By being aware of and respectful of these differences, we can foster better cross-cultural communication and understanding. Whether dining with Chinese or American friends, remembering to adapt your behavior to the local cultural norms can help create a more enjoyable and harmonious dining experience for all involved.**中国餐桌礼仪与美国餐桌礼仪的文化差异**在国际文化交流中，中美两国餐桌礼仪的差异成为了一个特别引人入胜的话题。
Table Manners餐桌礼仪
FAST FOOD!
Finger Foods? Nein! Americans and other Europeans rarely eat with their hands! Especially in a fine restaurant or in a formal/semiformal dining situation, even pizza is eaten with a knife and fork. However, if you are at an outdoor Grillparty or eating informally, it’s okay to eat some foods, such as hamburgers or hotdogs, with your hands.
When you arrive at most restaurant,you should not just go in and sit down-unless you see a sign saying "Please seat yourself".Usually you will have to wait for a "hostess"or "captain"(领班)to escort(陪同)you to a table .Often there will be a sign that reads "Please wait to be seated".
Do not expect to share a table with other parties,even if the restaurant is crowed .It just isn't done.
中美餐桌礼仪差异
Differences between Chinese and American table manners Chinese table mannersIn China the host is very warm and modest to their guests. Before the coming of guests, the host would prepare a sumptuous feast. There are dainties of every kind preparing on the table. The dishes are placed in the center of the table for everybody to share. Then guests sit around round table and the most honorable guest or the eldest man sits in the "front seat", which usually faces the door.When the feast starts, host urges guests to drink and eat more and pick up food for their guest frequently with their own chopsticks. This is a sign of genuine friendship and politeness. Meanwhile they always say: “There is little to eat, please make this do for eating," or "these dishes are not so good, enjoy yourself."When the feast is finished, the host will invite there guests to drink tea. The host urges guests to drink tea but not overdo it. In the past, that guest urged guest to drink tea repeatedly hinted to guest that they should go now.In addition to these, here are some little tips. Never stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl and lay them on your dish instead. Never try to turn a fish over and debone it yourself since the separation of the fish skeleton from the lower half of the flesh will usually be performed by the host or a waiter.American table mannersIn western countries, before the coming of guests, the host never serves more than 6 dishes, soup or fresh fruit cup or melon or shellfish. Sometimes, the dishes prepared for guests are extremely simple. The westerners hope their guests feel joyful. Meanwhile, they think that invitation is just an occasion for intercourse, a chance of the maintenance of friendship. And the most important is to get much useful information by entertainment.When the feast starts, eating western food basic position is that the right hand with a knife, fork left-handed. You should also sit up straight on your chair and do not elbow on table. Do not put much food in your mouth at a time and drink only when there is no food in your mouth. Food is passed around the table so if something is out of your reach, you can ask politely for someone to pass it to you.It is impolite for a guest to leave the table during a meal, or before the hostess gives the signal at the end. When the hostess indicates that the dinner is over, she will start to rise from her seat and all the guests rise from theirs at the same time.At last I want to introduce the serving order briefly: 1.starter: drinks (juice), fruit or cold dish. 2. First dish along with bread and butter. 3. Side dish: vegetables or fish. 4. Main dish (usually meat) along with salad. 5. Food after dish: sully dessert, fruits or ice creams.。
论文 中西方餐桌礼仪英文版
Different Table Manners between China and the West 不同的国家和民族由于地区差异形成了不同的文化。
而不同国家的社会生活方式则形成了不同的饮食文化及餐桌礼仪。
饮食文化及餐桌礼仪是非语言文化的重要组成部分。
作为一名外语学习者，了解中西方饮食文化及餐桌礼仪方面的差异及其渊源是必要且必须的。
因为这不仅仅可以增加对所学语言文化的认识，更加有助于提高跨文化交际的成功率，以此避免由不合适的行为或方式所形成的误解。
本文第一部分分别对中西方餐桌礼仪做简要概括。
第二部分为本文核心，从餐具，座次，点餐及用餐氛围四个方面具体介绍中西方餐桌礼仪的差异。
第三部分从地理因素，价值观，及传统习俗入手，讲述形成中西方餐桌礼仪差异的缘由。
以此三个部分展现餐桌礼仪文化在中西方文化交流中占据重要地位。
Different countries and nations have different cultures as a result of regional differences. The social lifestyle of different countries form different diet culture and table manners, which are an important part of non language culture. As a foreign language learner, it is necessary to learn the differences between Chinese and Western food culture and table manners. Because it can not only increase the comprehension of the language culture, but also help to improve the success rate of intercultural communication, so as to avoid the misunderstanding caused by inproper behavior or manner.The first part of this paper gives a brief summary of Chinese and western table manners. The second part is the core of this paper, descriping specificly the difference between chinese and western table manner from four aspects that are tableware, seat arrangement, serving order and dining atmosphere. The third part from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs introduces the reasons that the differences between Chinese and western table manners from the geographical factors, values, and traditional customs. The purpose of this paper shows that table manner plays an important role in the process of communication and colliding between Chinese and western culture.Etiquette is the process that show respect for others and constrain ourselves with a certain and conventional way in interpersonal communication, involving dress, communication, emotional intelligence and so on. Etiquette is a language, a tool, and a set of communicational rules between people.Table manner refers to the common eating polite standard in human society. On the contrary, some behaviors when eating are regarded as rude or destroying other’s appitite. In accordence with different culture of different countries, there are different table manner.According to the literature, chinese table manner has formed a quite complete system since Zhou Dynasty. This traditional banquent are still remaining in most parts of China. As the saying goes, food is the paramount necesssity of the people. In this way we can see that eating diet plays a significant role in Chinese dailylife. Wheareas, table manner has high statue. While eating with traditional chinese family, we have to respect their manner, culture and custom. In addition, not to offend the taboo for Chinese believe that diet is closely related with fate. if you off end the taboo, it will lead to bad luck. For example, after dinner ,you can’t say I finish the meal, which it means you are dead and no chance to eat. Instead you should say I am full. Table manner occupies a important place in the modern chinese life order. They think that eating is not just to meet the basic phycial need, but also esencial social experience. Therefore it is particularly important to master some ceremorial knowledge about Chinese table manner, whether you are a host or a guest.dinnerwareWestern dinnerware are mainly the knife and fork which were widely used by France in the European continent in the 18th century. Westerners using knife and fork is consisted with their culture about nomadism and maritime, which shows vividly that they are competitive and adventurous . before eating, knife and fork are placed in accordance with the rule : left fork and right knifon both sides of the plate respectivly, with the blade took inward. At eating, right hand take the knife to cut food without blade outward, while left hand use the fork to eat food. If not to eat temporarily, one should place knife and fork in "eight" shape with the blade toward oneself. When the meal is finished, the fork is raised on the back and the blade is folded inward with the fork.Except knives and forks, spoon, napkin, glass are also essential for Western dishes. Spoons divide two types: soup spoon and sweet spoon. A large spoon is next to the knife, while small dessert spoon are placed on the top of the dessert dish. When drinking soup, one should take the spoon with the right hand. After drinking, one should place it in the opposite side of the plate. The napkin is usually prepared on the plate before the meal.The wine glasses are placed with the order :liqueur glass, red wine glasses, champagne glasses, beer mugs, and the type of wine is the same as the type of wine. The wine glass is usually on the top of the right side of the knife.Chopsticks, which has a long history of 3000 years, is the typical Chinese tableware, consistent with the traditional "harmony" thought. Pay attention to 2 notes about the use of chopsticks: first, place chopsticks neatly on the right side of the bowl before eating. Second, do not use chopsticks to make a sound, lick chopsticks, or not to point at anyone with chopsticks.Taking particular notice, do not insert the chopsticks in rice or pasta, because it is very similar to the ancient ritual candles and symbolizes infelicity. In addition to chopsticks, spoons, plates, cups, napkins, toothpicks are necessary. The spoon is used for soup or other small morsels. Attentiuon, do not put soup too full to smear the table cloth or clothing. After using, put the food into the plate immediately. In general, the big plate is for a variety of dishes, small dishes for the food dish, to hold the incoming food from the public plate.Remember not to put too many things in the disk cover so as not to avoid oil to spill , and put thorns on the front end of theplate. Napkins are often used in some large hotels. Before dinner, the waiters will prepare a hot wet towel for the guests. The cup is usually on the left of the dish, not to pour fully.Serving orderAppetizers, the first dish, are sometime made of four kinds of cold platet representative appetizers are the cold jellyfish skin, preserved eggs and so on. After the cold plate, it is followed by four hot plate that commonly is fried shrimp, fried chicken and so on. However, hot plates are mostly omitted.While placing the hot plate, one ought to serve from the left of the opposite seats of guests of honor. The heads of the whole fish and duck should not be pointed at the chief seat.?The following are the main course, also known as large dishes,will be taken on table. If the menu is marked "eight pieces", it says that there are a total of eight main course. The number of courses in the main course is usually four, six, eight and so even, since the Chinese people think that even is the number of Kyrgyzstan. In the luxurious banquet, the main course even can be up to ten kinds of species. These dishes are made of different materials, added acid, sweet, bitter, spicy, salty flavors, with fried, steamed, boiled, fried, roasted, fried and other cooking methods .Most of the order of the dishes are matched interactively, for example, combining light taste with oily and greaty taste. Soup is the end. Dessert, such as pies, cakes, buns, almonds and so on, is provided after the maincourse. Last is the fruit, which is good for digesting.In western banquent, the appetizer is also the first dish which is specialty. As for the first dish , it usually match with aperitif. It is with acid and crisp taste and westerners’ favorite snack. The following dish, extremly different from China, is soup which is classified genelly into five categories: vegetable soup, cold soup, cream soup, pureed soup,and clear soup. Next is side dish, also called fish dish, including a viatery of seafood such as shellfish and molluscs for the seafood is full of nutrition and good for lung and eye. The fourth dish is main course, which also known as poultry or meat dish. Delicious steak or lamb is the most common main course. It is more tasty when drizzling fresh foie gras. After greasy meat dish, it is right time for salad, refreshing vegetable dish, such as tomato, broccoli, onion and so on. The following dish is dessert which have many different kinds. It can be chocolate cookie, croissant, mousse cake,macarons. Coffee is the final drinking, which can be added milk and sugar according to own taste. It also has different kinds such as blue mountain coffee, latte, macchino, mocha and so on. Table settingIn the Chinese table manner, at the begining, let guests attend the seats, then please the elderly seat next to the guests. One should seat from the left side of the chair. When sitting on the chair, one should not move the chopsticks, or make noise, let alone walk casually unless having urgency. Host should invites guest to have a seat and notice that do not let guest sit close to the place that is seryeddishes. If you are the master, you should point to a chair and say to the guests with a gentle tone: "please sit here." There are four fountamental way for sitting arrangement: first, taking the table of the host sitting as a sign, the guest on its right is honor and the left is low. Second, first host should sit facing the main door, then guest of honor sit on the right of the host and deputy chief gust on the left. Third, if the position of the host is inferior to the guest of honor, the host is able to ask guest to sit where the host should have seated, then the host sit on the right, host should have a seat that is faced the main door, and the guest of honor sit on the right of master. As for deputy chief guest, he should sit on the left. Western people believe that the right is honor and the left is low. when hostess announces that the dinner is ready, the host will lead the guests to sit in turn, with the hostess walking last.Some careful master willplace name card on the table in order to show seats. while, if there is no such arrangement, then the seat arrangement is generally:men and women sit separatedlly, male host first, gewhose seat is in the hostess On the right of hostess.the other couples are diagonally seated. Couple sitting dividually shows the opening and lively nature of the American banquet. They hope that the banquet can be used to enhance the relationship of each other and relaxing atmosphere. In the informal party, seat arrangment follows that women is first. If a gentlman shares a supper with a woman, the man should not let the woman sit near the passageway and should let the woman sit on his right; the man should let the woman sit inside. If two men with a woman, men ought to lead the woman sit in the middle．What is more,men should remove the chairs and let women sit first．When two man have a dinner，the junior sit outside．AtmosphereWhen chinese people enjoy yummy food they usually talk a lot, which shows the sincere and hospitality of hostess. Besides, lively table can reflect the guests’joy. The active atmosphere reflects the warmth of family, and harmony of the nation in a sence. However, in the western tradition, people think that excessive noise is rude, and only the quiet and orderly looks noble. There not exist these phenomenon such as pesuading to drink alcohol and carrying dish for others. This reflects the respect for the individual in the western culture. people hardly talk with each other but cut and eat their food with fork quietly. They avoid making noise while eating and drinking. Even if they have something important to talk, they keep the sound that both of them can heard.When chinese invited guests to have dinner, they usually prepare a wild variety of dishes, which is no less than seven or eight dishes. The more delicious and expensive the dishes are, the more important guests are. Although the hostness elaborate perpectly, she would say: I am so sorry that the dish does not cook well, eat more. Hope you bear with me. Please forgive me, there are not so much food for you all. Or some modest words similar like this. In addition, the host will ask the guest: Would you like some more? And maybe the host will ask this later. The guest answer with a little shame: just a little more. While inwestern dinner, there are four or five dishes. If it is at home, the guest had better eat all of the food, so the hostness will be very happy because of her good cook. Usually, host simply say to guest: heip yourself. When the host ask: would you like more fried chicken? The guest just answer according to himself. If he is full enough, he say: no , thanks. If not, he should answer: yes, I would like some more chickens. After dinner, guest could say it was out of the world！So delicious！I licked the plate clean. or I made a pig of myself. In this way can make hostness happy. By comparing this, we can know that Chinese obey the principle that is to belittle themselves and to respect others. Western people pay more attention to keeping their prestige and saving face. For example, western people never talk adout the disguesting things on table. They will try their best to use implicit and elegent words to replace toilet. such as: "Where can I wash my hand", "I wonder if I could go somewhere.", "Can I add some powder? "?Geography?China is located in the east Asia-Europe continental monsoon climate zone, rain and heat over the same period, very suitable for growing plant, which forms Chinese people's plant character. Most western countries are located in temperate maritime climate zone, which is the perfect place for natural pasture. So western people are fond of meat. For Europeans, pasture means food, and food means survival, which in turn leads to their expansion and the formation of aggressive character. There are big animals such as cattle and sheep in the vast ranch, so their diets are mainly steak and lamb, and thus have the argument that is "fromBerlin to Los Angeles, steak is a taste" . This is why milk from Europe and the United States is spreaded into China. as we all know, chopsticks, fork and knife are the most foundemental difference between Chinese and western table manner. Chopsticks originate from the place where there is bamboo. More wood in the north , more bamboo in the south, ancestors use local materials, cuting bamboo and wood for making chopsticks. anyway, chopsticks play an indispensable role in Chinese daily life. knife and fork later than the chopsticks is the representative of Western tableware, which originated in the ancient European living nomadic habits. Before and after the 15th century, there appeared two- teeth fork, the emergence of four- teeth fork in the 18th century. They cut down and eat meat as soon as it cooked. From then on, western people use knife and fork as their tableware.The view of valueIn China, a state of ceremony, table manner reflects Chinese "solidarity" collectivist values. During the dinner, seat arrangement can give expression to it obviously. Chinese people emphasis that to respect the old and cherish the young, to be filial first. Relativly speaking, in western countries, the value of individualism occupies a position of importance, which shows individual valve and strength. Because they emphasis personality development, self-expression in their philosophical thought. They believe that it is not fate but your own laziness to contribute to your faiure. During Chinese dinner, seniority would give dish to the junior so that displays their kindness to children. This is lively andharmonious atmosphere conforming to chinese traditional value. On the contrary, western people eat their own food and pick up food they want to have. They refuse others to force themselve eating food they do not like. Different from chinese traditional food culture, western diet is more rational, more emphasis on science and health. Regarding nutrition as the highest standard, they eating food is just like adding a fuel to a biological machine, with particular emphasis on the nutrition of the food. Whether the amount of Protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic elements is reasonable, whether the supply of calories is proper, whether nutrients can be fully absorbed by the body, which are the westerners’focus. Western diet that demonstrate strong pragmatism and utilitarianism will not combine the diet with spiritual enjoyment together. Chinese diet has always been pursuing the taste as the primary purpose of eating. A folk saying goes: "hunger breeds discontentment, and whether the food i9os delicious or not depends on taste. Chinese cook create a lot of cooking methods in ordre to make dish tasteful. Even if the dish name is poetic. Making food and eating food having special cultural connotation, to a certain extent, is the embodiment of the art. Although we attach importance to eating for keeping in good health, our cooking methods result in a lack of many nutrients in the processing process that is one disadvantage.cultureThe different national ethnic and historical development can lead to different history. Confucianism and Taoism are the origion of Chinese traditional culture,which have a long and profound influence on Chinese society. Faith, propriety, righteousness, wisdom, benevolence are the core of Chinese traditional culture. Mr. Yi Zhongtian, in the book Culture on Dinner Table said that the core thought of Chinese culture is group consciousness while the western corn thought is individual consciousness.Edward Hall, a famous American anthropologist, propose that time concept of human has two cultural patterns, Monochronic-time and Polychronic-time. Western people insisting on M-time follow close to the line of scheduling program, deal with things with time correspondently. By contrast, eastern people holding P-time are more flexible on time. In the Chinese banquet, the M- time model makes the guests more inclined to be late and the host seems to have prepared for the guests who arrive on time some intresting activities to kill time such as chating, watching TV so that the?guests?who?come?earlier?would?not?feel?boring.In China, especially in ancient times, women are not allowed to participate in formal banquets which is identical to the Chinese traditional feudal thought Males are supposed to be worth more than the other sex. In the book of the Chinese, Lin Yutang even said: "since the primitive times,women has not occupied the deserved status in the Chinese people's blood ." in the chinese traditional culture, woman has been in a subordinate position, Although Chinese women's status been significantly improved, but when there exist collision between the "old" principle and the "lady first" principle , Chinese choose theformer instead of later. On the contrary, "ladies first" is a traditional culture in the west, and an absolutely necessary etiquette in social activities. Women can enjoy many traditional customs of the knigh: When a woman enters a restaurant, all the men have to stand up; and in front of the table, the man take the chair for the lady.ConclusionIn recent years, with the rapid development of China, the trade and cultural exchanges between China and Western countries have become more and more frequent. Comparing the difference of table manner between China and west, we can see that it is important to improve the international image of our country, strengthen the cultivation of personal qualities, and promote the further cooperation between China and the west.。
中美餐桌礼仪差异 ——table manners
进餐时的礼仪：（General manners while dining）在家庭式的用餐中常常是把一盘菜传到各位的面前，有时由主人把菜拿到客人面前，稍微讲究一点的会有佣人把菜呈到客人面前。
如果是传的话，你要按其他盘子传的同一个方向把菜传给下一位。
当你拿到传过来的菜盘子，你可以从中取菜。
在取的时候，不要取超过餐桌上人数比例的量，这样的话餐桌上的每一个人都能得到一份。
如果你不想吃传过来的菜，那就把它递给下一位，但是千万不要解释你为什么不吃或者作什么评论。
如果是有人把菜盘子端给你，他会问你是否需要，你可以简单地回答“是的，请给一些”或者“谢谢，我不需要”。
（When a dish is offered from a serving dish (a.k.a.family style), as is the traditional manner, the food may be passed around or served by a host or staff. If passed, you should pass on the serving dish to the next person i n the same direction as the other dishes are being passed. Place the serving dish on your left, take some, and pass to the person next to you. You should consider how m uch is on the serving dish and not take more than a proportional amount so that eve ryone may have some. If you do not care for any of the dish, pass it to the next pers on without comment. If being served by a single person, the server should request if the guest would like any of the dish. The guest may say "Yes, please," or "No, thank you."）当为进餐人士服务的时候，上菜都是从进餐者的左边放到他（她）的前面；而撤盘子的时候，都是从进餐者的右边拿走。
中西方餐桌礼仪差异 (课堂PPT)
Table setting
We prefer to the round table in the Chinese banquets, In the west, the long tables are the choice in the banquet
Western dinner table
Chinese dinner table
Western people prefer long table to round table when entertaining friends. The host and the hostess seat at both end of the table, while guests seat at other seats. The chief guest sits at the upper right side of the hostess, and the wife of the chief guest seats at the upper right side of the host.
tablewares
In China
tea–pot
table cloth
plate
chopsticks
bowl
soup spoon
In the west
fork
knife
spoon
glasses
Serving order
cold dishes meat dishes Vegetable plate soup pastries
In china
People begin to talk at the time they sit down, and they would keep talking during the whole dinner. Everybody at the table talking, drinking, eating, and enjoying the pulsating(活跃 的) atmosphere. Noisy atmosphere can reflect the guests’ happiness from their hearts.
Table Manners China vs America：中国与美国的餐桌礼仪
Food is paomething is out of your reach, you ask politely for someone to pass it to you
Not rude to leave plate full
Not rude to leave your plate empty
After meal place napkin loosely near plate
Napkin should not be crumpled or twisted
At informal occasion is used to clean up mess that occurred during meal
Extra cooking and preparing
Values in China
Still have customs and traditions Have not let things become
unimportant Significance into their meals Personal approach
consist of 10 or more courses Rice is not served
Special Occasions in America
Usually only gather for special occasions or holidays
Families travel across country for special meals
Fish fork and knife
Most inner fork and knife are for meat
If tea or coffee or going to be served a teaspoon will be brought out with it
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Table manner is an essential part of a culture and it’s a mirror of certain culture. Different countries have different table manners. America can be the most typical country in the West, while China, the counterpart in the East. Also, the United States is the biggest economy and developed country in the world, while China, the second biggest economy and the largest developing country. For these reasons and cultural gaps, the differences in table manners can be large. What is polite in china may not be polite in the United States.
THE WAY TO EAT
Unlike the American, where people have their own plate and eat separately, the dishes are placed on the same plate and all the people in the banquet shares. No matter of the banquet is a ordinary family meal or a formal banquet, all the people sit around at the same table and share food together. When eating, Chinese always have the habits of sharing regardless of age, gender, social status. For Chinese people share food in some plate can be a signal of good relationship and same interests. When you have a meal with someone not very familiar, it’s rude and impolite to eat separately. Chinese pay a great attention to the cuisine and take pride in the culture of food. No matter whether they are eating at home or at the restaurant, the host always tries their best to entertain the guest. For old friends, Chinese people usually order the enough food. If for friends whose relationship is polite or at a business banquet, Chinese people usually order a large amount of food which more than enough. By these the host can express the friendly and respect for the guests and can make the guests know that the host is a person worth to get along with.
Many people in china still hold the old say, when you are good friends and the friendship is deer ,you should always dry the bottle. When asking people drink a toast, the toaster must have some causes to congratulate the drinker. This called toast in china. If a person asks someone to drink a toast, the one being asked must respond positively and drink without any hesitation. The more a group of people drink, the closer is their relationship. If you do not drink the toaster may think that you are not friendly to him and do not give his face.
THE WAY TO INVITE GUESTS
Chinese people regard banquet as an important way to facilitate interpersonal relationship and an essential part of social communication. There are two traditional ways to invite guests in China depends on the importance of the banquet. One is the family meal, the host can tell the guests orally. The other one is the formal banquet, the host must to meet the guest personally with a formal invitation card. These processes are not only a method of expressing courtesy but also the way of showing the social status of the guests and the value of the banquet. No matter whether the banquet is the ordinary one or the formal one, host has the responsibility to inform the guests of the time, location and the list of the participants in advance.
In America when people say that he or she want to invite you to have a meal, you should differentiate the situation. If the host do not inform you of the time and location of the banquet, it’s just for politeness and the host do not really want to invite you. This can be puzzling to Chinese. When you are invited to a banquet, the guests must have the sense of punctuality. It’s rude to come in advance or come too late. Just minutes before the ordered time can be appropriate. Also in America, the guests should take the food when they join a party.
For a family meal it may be several days in advance, while for a formal banquet it may need months in advance. The host should stand at the door to welcome the guests personally before the guests come to attend the banquet. When the most honorable guests enter into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated. Before the banquet, host usually prepares some good tea to entertain the guests. Tea can be an indispensable part of a Chinese banquet. Tea has the effect of relax the guests and make a comfortable atmosphere. The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent. The dishes will be brought into the table. The host will make a brief talk to start the banquet when some good dishes are on the table. Traditionally, the most important guests will be the first one to start to eat.