温室效应阅读答案
【2021高考地理环境保护】 温室效应含答案
温室效应1.海洋与大气之间相互影响、相互作用,组成一个复杂的系统。
海洋可以给予大气热量与水汽,影响气候特征;大气运动可以带动海水运动,产生风海流等,当海水结冰时,风与洋流的关系会被切断。
资料表明,2010-2019年是有气象记录以来全球最热的10年,下图所示海域对此反应明显。
据此完成下面小题。
（1）全球气候变暖,反映到甲海域有( )A.海水盐度降低,洋流加速B.海水盐度降低,洋流减速C.海水盐度升高,洋流加速D.海水盐度升高,洋流减速（2）专家预测,全球气候再持续变暖,可能会使图示海区海水积累过多,进而可能异变而流出到北大西洋。
一旦该入海洋永冻界假设出现,欧洲西部能( )A.气温升高,降水增加B.气温降低.降水减少C.气温升高,降水减少D.气温降低.降水增加2.冈底斯山脉横贯中国西藏自治区西南部,与喜马拉雅山脉大致平行,呈西北—东南走向,为内陆水系和印度洋水系的分水岭。
冈底斯山现代冰川规模较小,主要分布于高山地区。
下图是2015—2016年冈底斯山不同面积等级冰川数量与面积统计图。
据此完成下面小题。
（1）冈底斯山冰川以小冰川为主的主要原因是( )A.雪线海拔低B.山体整体坡度小C.宽广山谷多D.山体破碎陡峭（2）在全球气候变暖背景下,冈底斯山冰川数量、面积及冰储量的变化( )A.与气温相比,降水量变化影响更大B.海拔越高,冰川退缩面积越大C.冰湖溃决使洪水和泥石流灾害加剧D.直接影响太平洋流域的水量平衡3.天山山区不同海拔地带积雪覆盖率季节变化差异显著。
下图示意天山山区不同海拔地带多年平均积雪覆盖率季节变化情况。
据此完成下面小题。
（1）天山不同海拔积雪变化规律为( )A.海拔越高,夏季积雪覆盖率越高B.海拔越高,积雪的面积越大C.海拔越高,积雪覆盖率变化越大D.积雪覆盖率年际变化大（2）影响天山海拔>5000米地区积雪覆盖率变化的主要因素是( )A.气温B.降水C.植被D.地形（3）随着全球气候变暖,天山山区( )A.不同海拔地带积雪覆盖率均减小B.低海拔处积雪面积减小C.积雪覆盖率季节变化变大D.高海拔处积雪面积增大4.冰川物质平衡又称冰川物质收支,是指某时段冰川固、液态水的收支状况(正平衡说明冰川增加,负平衡说明冰川退缩)。
部编人教版语文六年级上册课外阅读及答案
部编人教版语文六年级上册课外阅读及答案-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN部编人教版语文六年级上册课外阅读及答案（一）《昆仑山巅的葵花》昆仑山巅似乎只有冬天,不知道是上个冬天最迟的,还是下个冬天最早的一股冷风,冻死了绝大部分葵花,只奇迹般地保存下一棵幼苗。
这棵幸运的葵花,一往情深地看着太阳,勇敢地展开桃形的枝叶。
茎上纤巧的绒毛像蜜蜂翅膀一样,在寒风中抖个不停。
也许它感到了昆仑山喜怒无常的威严,急匆匆地压缩了自己的生命历程,才长到一尺高,就萌发出了纽扣大的花蕾,压得最高处的茎叶微微下垂,好像惭愧自己为什么不长得更高一些。
那一年没有秋天,寒凝一切的风雷,毫无先兆地骤然降临。
早晨起来,天地一片苍茫,我们几乎是跌跌撞撞地扑向葵花。
向日葵却凝然不动地站立在那里,在冰雕玉琢的莹白之中,保持着凄清的翠绿。
叶片傲然舒展,像一面玻璃做的旗,发出环佩般的叮当之声。
最不可思议的是,在它生命的最后一刻,居然绽开一朵明艳的花。
那花盘只有一元硬币那么大,薄而平整冰雪凝冻其上。
最令人警醒的是花盘四周弹射出密集的黄色花瓣,箭头般怒放着,像一颗永不泯灭的星。
我不知道它是不是世界上最小的葵花,但我知道它是世界上最高的葵花。
练一练1、文中多处出现比喻,用“_____”画出你印象最深的两处,完成填空:(1)把_____比喻成_________。
感受：__________________(2)把_____比喻成_________。
感受:___________________2.文章结尾:“我不知道它是不是世界上最小的葵花,但我知道它是世界上最高的葵花。
”说“最小”是因为什么_________________说“最高”是因为什么_________________3、由葵花联想到人，你觉得谁是葵花一样的人为什么————————————————————（二）《翠鸟吃食》①普通翠鸟只有麻雀大小。
通常情况下,按照体形比例,它的猎物个头都相当大。
极端天气-《极端天气频繁出现是大自然敲响警钟》阅读答案(1)
极端天气-《极端天气频繁出现是大自然敲响警钟》阅读答案(1)极端天气频繁出现是大自然敲响警钟近年来全球范围内呈现出极端天气的越发频繁。
台风、龙卷风、暴雨、大雪、干旱等极端天气频繁出现，不仅给人们的生活、生产和环境带来了严重影响，也让人们更加直观地感受到了全球气候变化的压力，大自然也在敲响警钟。
一、极端天气会给人类带来什么样的影响？极端天气的出现对于社会的各个方面都造成了深远的影响，从经济、生态、社会等多个方面来看，它的影响是全方位、长期化的。
1.经济方面：极端天气对于经济的影响最为深远，因为它可能会对农业生产、工业生产、交通运输和电力供应等多方面产生影响。
比如，干旱和水灾会影响粮食种植和收成，台风和暴雨会影响海上和陆上交通以及城市的供电和供水。
极端天气的影响一旦导致了生产力的下降，就会直接导致物价或服务费的上涨，给居民生活带来很大的压力。
2.生态方面：极端天气不仅会对经济产生影响，而且还会对环境产生深远的影响。
例如，台风、龙卷风和大雨等极端天气常常造成山体滑坡和水土流失。
同时，也会对动植物的生长和栖息环境产生影响。
因此，极端天气会加剧地球上生物多样性的流失，这也是大家应该关注的问题。
3.社会方面：极端天气还会引发一些社会问题，例如，人们的生活受到威胁时，社会治安问题就会变得日益突出。
极端天气也会导致城市停电、断水、交通瘫痪等问题，这些问题会影响到居民的日常生活，也可能会导致社会治安问题。
二、多因素导致极端天气频繁出现1.温室效应：近年来全球气候变暖、肆虐的珊瑚热浪、灾难性气候事件等现象都显示出地球温度和温室气体浓度逐渐上升的趋势，激起了人们对全球气候变化的担忧。
随着全球气候变暖趋势不断加剧，全球气候出现了前所未有的变化，这就是造成极端天气频繁出现的主要原因之一。
2.城市化：随着城市化的不断加快，大量的建筑和有机物质的堆积，会导致城市热岛效应的加强，气象条件恶化，降雨量也增多了，这也是极端天气频繁发生的原因之一。
2023年最新的什么是温室效应答案
2023年最新的什么是温室效应答案温室效应人类正面临着全球变暖的挑战。
联合国的一份报告向我们描述了气候变化产生的灾难性后果：森林消失和沙漠扩大，将使非洲成为受影响最广的地区；热带流行的疟疾和寄生虫病将向北蔓延，使欧洲出现流行病；地中海地区由于严重缺水会半沙漠化，滑雪运动在欧洲将荡然无存；在英国，肆虐的冬季风暴将变得司空见惯，东部的某些地方可能变得过于干旱而无法种植各类作物。
另外，一些河流水量将大大减少甚至干涸，饮用水源遭到破坏；昔日绕道而行的台风将频频袭击日本，致使短时间内大量降水，洪水泛滥，城市淹没，山体滑坡，交通中断。
而最为严重的影响，将是地球上数以百万计的人由于海岸线受侵蚀、海岸被淹没和农业生产遭破坏而被迫离开家园。
最新的一项研究表明，到本世纪末，地球平均气温将比现在升高3℃。
这一预测是以近年来地球气温升高的现象和温室效为依据的。
温室效应，在物理学上是指透射阳光的密闭空间由于与外界缺乏对流等热交换而产生的保温效应。
大气层中的二氧化碳在大气层中的含量直接影响着地表热量向空间散失，使大气层保持一定的热能。
二氧化碳在大气层中的含量直接影响着地表气温，当大气层中的二氧化碳增加时，地表气温就相应升高。
科学家认为，大气中的二氧化碳在地球环境的演化中起了极其重要的作用，如果没有大气层的保温作用，全球气温将为－40℃，而现在全球平均气温为16℃。
科学家们预言，人类如不采取果断和必要的措施，到2030年，大气中二氧化碳的含量将比1850年工业geming时增加一倍。
导致大气层中二氧化碳含量上升的原因是显而易见的。
工业geming开始以后，化石燃料（煤炭、石油、天然气）的燃烧量越来越大，使大气中二氧化碳的浓度不断增加。
同时，雷击、虫害、砍伐造成的森林火灾、草地衰退和森林破坏也使能够吸收二氧化碳的绿色植物遭到破坏。
所以，要控制全球变暖，必须改变能源结构，大力植树造林。
有科学家指出，只有以核燃料代替化石燃料，才能从根本上防止温室效应的加剧。
中考英语阅读理解推断题单选题40题
中考英语阅读理解推断题单选题40题1.The author of the story is probably a(n) _____.A.studentB.teacherC.writerD.artist答案：C。
本题考查对作者身份的推断。
文章中可能会提到作者对故事的叙述方式、用词等方面体现出一定的写作能力和技巧，所以推断作者是一位writer。
选项A student 通常在学校学习，不太可能以这样的方式讲述一个故事；选项B teacher 主要职责是教学，与故事的讲述风格不太相符；选项D artist 主要从事艺术创作，与故事写作的关联性较小。
2.The main character in the story is likely to be _____.A.braveB.cowardlyC.cleverzy答案：A。
文中可能描述了主人公面对困难或挑战时的表现，展现出勇敢的品质。
选项B cowardly 与文中可能出现的积极面对挑战的情节不符；选项C clever 可能不是主要体现的品质；选项D lazy 也不符合故事中可能展现的积极形象。
3.The story probably takes place in _____.A.a cityB.a villageC.a forestD.a school答案：A。
文章中可能出现一些城市的特征，如高楼大厦、繁忙的交通等。
选项 B village 通常比较宁静、乡村气息浓厚；选项 C forest 有很多树木等自然景观；选项D school 主要是学习的场所，与故事中可能出现的场景不太一致。
4.The relationship between the main character and his friend is _____.A.closeB.distantC.hostileD.indifferent答案：A。
文中可能描述了主人公和朋友之间的互动、帮助等，体现出亲密的关系。
化学化学科普阅读题专题练习(及答案)含解析
化学化学科普阅读题专题练习(及答案)含解析一、中考化学科普阅读题1．阅读下列科普短文。
温室效应，又称“花房效应”，是大气保温效应的俗称。
自工业革命以来，人类向大气中排入的二氧化碳等吸热性强的温室气体逐年增加，大气的温室效应也随之增强。
防止温室效应进一步增强的根本对策是全球参与控制大气中二氧化碳的含量。
为此科学家提出：制定措施限制过多的二氧化碳的排放；有效利用过多的二氧化碳。
具体做法有：将二氧化碳捕获并使之隔离于地下或海底；将二氧化碳催化转化成有价值的碳资源，研究人员借助氧化铜纳米棒和阳光，将水溶液中的CO2转化成甲醇（CH4O）和氧气，这项技术减少了二氧化碳向空气中的排放，同时获得了燃料。
除二氧化碳外，还有一些气体也可以产生温室效应。
下面是主要温室气体对全球气候变暖的影响程度对照表。
为缓解全球气候变暖，各国采取各种措施控制其他温室气体排放量的增长。
如新西兰从2004年开始征收牛、羊和鹿等的“放屁税”。
某研究发现，袋鼠的屁中不含甲烷，是因为它的胃里有一种特别的细菌。
若把这种细菌移植到能释放大量甲烷的动物体内，可以减少甲烷的排放。
总之，我们要积极采取有效措施，保护好人类赖以生存的大气环境。
依据文章内容，回答下列问题。
（1）甲醇（CH4O）属于（填字母序号，下同）。
A．单质 B．氧化物 C．化合物（2）新西兰地区收取“放屁税”，针对的温室气体是。
（3）依据表格中的数据，分析“二氧化碳对全球气候变暖的贡献率最大”的主要原因是。
A．二氧化碳的年增长率大于其他温室气体B．二氧化碳的浓度远高于其他温室气体C．二氧化碳的温室强度大于其他温室气体（4）请你提出一条减少空气中二氧化碳的措施：。
【答案】（1）C （2）甲烷（3）B （4）减少使用化石燃料等【解析】试题分析：（1）甲醇是由C、H、O三元素组成的化合物；（2）根据资料“袋鼠的屁中不含甲烷”即牛、羊和鹿等动物中放出的是甲烷；（3）由表格信息可知二氧化碳的浓度远远比其他温室效应的气体更高；（4）化石燃料的燃烧会产生大量的二氧化碳气体，故要减少空气中的二氧化碳既要减少化石燃料的使用。
新目标七年级下册英语Unit7阅读理解练习题及答案
新目标七年级下册英语Unit7阅读理解练习题阅读理解ASmall talk is a good way to kill time and make friends. If you travel to other countries，do you know what to say to start small talk with foreign people?In Britain，the best topic is the weather. British weather changes quite often. It's also a safe topic. You can start small talk simply by saying “It's a lovely day today，isn't it？”Besides weather，it's good to talk about gardens with the British. For example，you could say，“Those roses look really beautiful，don't they？” English people love their pets. So it's also nice to start with “What a lovely dog！What is his name？”In America，people like to talk about sports，such as American football. They also talk about clothes by saying “It's a nice shirt！Where did you get it？” Weather is a safe topic there，too.Of course，there are also a lot of topics to avoid (避免) during small talk in Western countries.Don't ask people “How old are you？” Age，especially for women，is usually a secret. Never ask “How much money do you make？” It makes people uncomfortable.Don't ask strangers whether they are married or if they have a girlfriend or a boyfriend. Politics or religion (宗教) is not a good topic for two people that have just met either. ( )1.What does “small talk” mean?A．打招呼B．小声交谈C．随意聊天( )2.What is a safe topic for both Americans and the British? A．Clothes. B．Weather. C．Money.( )3.If two people haven't met before，we call them _____. A．friends B．relatives C．strangers( )4.Which is NOT a good topic for small talk in Western countries?A．Are you married?B．Lovely weather，isn't it?C．Where did you get that nice shirt?( )5.What's the main idea of this story?A．Why do we start small talk?B．Good and bad topics for small talk.C．How to kill time and make friends?BIn England, people don’t often talk to eachother when they travel. If you are on a bus or on atrain, you can always see some people sitting andlooking out of the window and other people readingbooks or newspapers.English people often start a conversation （谈话）by talking about the weather. So when youmeet somebody in England, you can say “Niceweather for the time of year！”“But it was a little cold yesterday,” somebodymay answer.“But it will get a bit warmer later,” you cansay.Talk like this, and the English people willthink, “How friendly you are!”( )1. Some people sit and look out of theon a train.A. windowB. doorC. roofD. hole( )2. English people often on the bus.A. talk a lotB. talk to each otherC.eat somethingD. read newspapers( )3. When you meet an English people, you canstart the conversation by talking aboutthe .A. WeatherB. timeC. foodD. countryside( )4. According t o the passage, if you talk toEnglish people about the weather, they willthink .A. you are friendlyB. you are rightC. you are EnglishD. you talk much( )5. Which sentence is true?A. English people like traveling by bus.B. English people don’t talk much when they’re on publictransport.C. English people are unfriendly.D. English people don’t enjoy good weather.CApril 22 is Earth Day. Everyone on earth should careabout and protect the earth!The earth has warmed by about 1（华氏度）over thepast 100 years, but why and how? Well, scientists are notquite sure. Maybe the earth gets warmer and warmer on itsown. But many scientists say that people are doing manythings which make the earth warmer.First, greenhouse effect （温室效应）is a veryimportant reason for the change of the earth. People giveout too much energy into the air every year. It makes theearth warmer. Climate （气候）change is another importantreason. Sometimes it becomes too hot and sometimes toocold. Sometimes there is too much rain and sometimes toolittle. The change of the climate makes the earth warmer. Inturn, the warmth of the earth changes the climate, too.When the earth becomes warmer, there may be morerain and a rise in sea level. It will affect the growth of plants,animals and people. On a Pacific island,100 people have tomove to higher ground because the sea is rising. Thesepeople can no longer live on the coast. Before that, twoislands without people went underwater in 1999.Scientistssay that the seas can rise by nearly one metre by 2100.People can affect the earth’s air, land and water. As forus, we can do many things to protect the earth.Forexample, we can use fridges less. We can tell more peopleabout protecting the earth.( )1 Earth Day is probably set for people to .A. learn more about the earthB. make full use of the earthC. take better care of the earthD. study the warmth of the earth( )2.We can infer（推断）from the passage that the reasons for the warmer earth are now.A. not very clearB. completely secretC. well knownD. not given yet( )3. Greenhouse effect comes from .A.sea risingB. climate changeC. nature’s unbalanceD. people’s activity( )4. According to the passage, may affect each other.A. animals and islandsB. climate and the warmth of the earthC. fridges and animalsD. sea level and the growth of plants ( )5. The passage mainly tells us that .A. there is more rain nowB. we should protect the earthC. we must stop pollutionD. sea level is getting higherDIt’s a sunny and warm Sunday morning. My parents, my sister and I are all at home. My parents don’t have to go to work, and my sister and I don’t have to go to school. We are all in the yard (院子). Look! My father is cleaning his bike. He often goes to work by bike. The bike ride takes him about ten minutes. My mother is watering the flowers. The flowers make our yard very beautiful. We all like the flowers. My sister is playing with a dog. It’s her pet dog. The dog is very smart. My mother often takes the dog out for a walk after dinner. What am I doing? I’m drawing. I like drawing very much. I want to join the art club at school.It’s a nice day and we’re busy in the yard. We are very happy today!根据材料内容选择最佳答案。
托福TPO8阅读真题Part2文本及题目答案
托福TPO8阅读真题Part2文本及题目答案托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO8阅读真题Part2文本及题目答案，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO8阅读真题Part2Extinction of the DinosaursPaleozoic Era 334 to 248 million years agoMesozoic Era 245 to 65 million years ago-Triassic Period-Jurassic Period-Cretaceous PeriodCenozoic Era 65 million years ago to the presentPaleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and on throughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today's. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around theworld became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It's hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.Ir has not been common at Earth's since the very beginning of the planet's history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth's core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system's original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation.In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and other organisms in less than fifty years.Paragraph 1: Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics. Off and onthroughout the Cretaceous (the last period of the Mesozoic era, during which dinosaurs flourished), large shallow seas covered extensive areas of the continents. Data from diverse sources, including geochemical evidence preserved in seafloor sediments, indicate that the Late Cretaceous climate was milder than today's. The days were not too hot, nor the nights too cold. The summers were not too warm, nor the winters too frigid. The shallow seas on the continents probably buffered the temperature of the nearby air, keeping it relatively constant.托福TPO8阅读题目Part21. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the Late Cretaceous climate?○Summers were very warm and winters were very cold.○Shallow seas on the continents caused frequent temperature changes.○The climate was very similar to today's climate.○The climate did not change dramatically from season to season.Paragraph 2: At the end of the Cretaceous, the geological record shows that these seaways retreated from the continents back into the major ocean basins. No one knows why. Over a period of about 100,000 years, while the seas pulled back, climates around the world became dramatically more extreme: warmer days, cooler nights; hotter summers, colder winters. Perhaps dinosaurs could not tolerate these extreme temperature changes and became extinct.2. Which of the following reasons is suggested in paragraph 2 for the extinction of the dinosaurs?○Changes in the lengths of the days and nights during the late Cretaceous period○Droughts caused by the movement of seaways back into the oceans○The change from mild to severe climates during the Late Cretaceous period○An extreme decrease in the average yearly temperature over 10,ooo yearsParagraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It's hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data.3. Why does the author mention the survival of "snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles" in paragraph 3?○To argue that dinosaurs ma y have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals○To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs○To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs ○To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they aretoday4. The word "cope" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ adapt○ move○ continue○ compete5. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of changes in climate before the Cretaceous period and the effect of these changes on dinosaurs?○Climate changes associated with the movement of seaways before the Cretaceous period did not cause dinosaurs to become extinct.○Changes in climate before the Cretaceous period caused severe fluctuations in sea level, resulting in the extinction of the dinosaurs.○Frequent changes in climate before the Cretaceous period made dinosaurs better able to maintain a livable body temperature.○Before the Cretaceous period there were few changes in climate, and dinosaurs flourished.6.The word "fluctuations" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ extremes○ retreats○ periods○ variationsParagraph 4: Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves fromlayers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and the first layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (lr) it contained.7. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The fossil record suggests t hat there was an abrupt extinction of many plants and animals at the end of the Mesozoic era.○Few fossils of the Mesozoic era have survived in the rocks that mark the end of the Cretaceous.○Fossils from the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic up to the beginning of the Cenozoic era have been removed from the layers of rock that surrounded them.○Plants and animals from the Mesozoic era were unable to survive in the Cenozoic era.Paragraph 4: Dissatisfaction with conventional explanations for dinosaur extinctions led to a surprising observation that, in turn, has suggested a new hypothesis. Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic). Between the last layer of Cretaceous rock and thefirst layer of Cenozoic rock, there is often a thin layer of clay. Scientists felt that they could get an idea of how long the extinctions took by determining how long it took to deposit this one centimeter of clay and they thought they could determine the time it took to deposit the clay by determining the amount of the element iridium (Ir) it contained.8. In paragraph 4, all the following questions are answered EXCEPT:○Why is there a layer of clay between the rocks of the Cretaceous and Cenozoic?○Why were scientists interested in determining how long it took to deposit the layer of clay at the end of the Cretaceous?○What was the effect of the surprisi ng observation scientists made?○Why did scientists want more information about the dinosaur extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous?Paragraph 5: Ir has not been common at Earth's since the very beginning of the planet's history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth's core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system's original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. So theunusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation.9. The word "bombard" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ approach○ strike○ pass○ circle10. Paragraph 5 implies that a special explanation of Ir in the boundary clay is needed because○t he Ir in microscopic meteorites reaching Earth during the Cretaceous period would have been incorporated into Earth's core○the Ir in the boundary clay was deposited much more than a million years ago○the concentration of Ir in the boundary clay is higher than in microscopic meteorites○the amount of Ir in the boundary clay is too great to have come from microscopic meteorites during the time the boundary clay was depositedParagraph 6: In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibiting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and otherorganisms in less than fifty years.11. The word "disruption" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ exhaustion○ disturbance○ modification○ disappearance12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypothesized asteroid collision EXCEPT○ a large dust cloud that blocked sunlight○ an immediate drop in the surface temperatures of the continents○ an extreme decrease in rainfall on the continents○ a long-term increase in global temperaturesParagraph 5: Ir has not been common at Earth's since the very beginning of the planet's history. Because it usually exists in a metallic state, it was preferentially incorporated in Earth's core as the planet cooled and consolidated. Ir is found in high concentrations in some meteorites, in which the solar system's original chemical composition is preserved. Even today, microscopic meteorites continually bombard Earth, falling on both land and sea. By measuring how many of these meteorites fall to Earth over a given period of time, scientists can estimate how long it might have taken to deposit the observed amount of Ir in the boundary clay. ■ These calculations suggest that a period of about one million years would have been required. ■However, other reliable evidence suggests that the deposition of the boundary clay could not have taken one million years. ■So the unusually high concentration of Ir seems to require a special explanation. ■13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Consequently, the idea that the Ir in the boundary clay came from microscopic meteorites cannot be accepted.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.For a long time scientists have argued that the extinction of the dinosaurs was related to climate change.●●●Answer choices○A simple climate change does not explain some important data related to the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous.○The retreat of the seaways at the end of the Cretaceous has not been fully explained.○The abruptness of extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and the high concentration of Ir found in clay deposited at that time have fueled the development of a new hypothesis.○Extreme changes in daily and seasonal climates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major ocean basins.○Some scientists hypothesize that the extinction of the dinosaurs resulted from the effects of an asteroid collision withEarth.○Boundary clay layers like the one between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are used by scientists to determine the rate at which an extinct species declined托福TPO8阅读答案Part2参考答案：1. ○42. ○33. ○24. ○15. ○16. ○47. ○18.○19. ○210. ○411. ○212. ○313. ○314. A simple climate changeThe abruptness of extinctionsSome scientists hypothesize托福TPO8阅读翻译：Part2参考翻译：恐龙的灭绝很长时间以来，古生物学家们认为恐龙的灭亡是与因地质构造而引起的海洋和大陆位置变迁相关的气候变化所致。
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温室效应阅读答案温室效应人类正面临着全球变暖的挑战。
联合国的一份报告向我们描述了气候变化产生的灾难性后果：森林消失和沙漠扩大，将使非洲成为受影响最广的地区；热带流行的疟疾和寄生虫病将向北蔓延，使欧洲出现流行病；地中海地区由于严重缺水会半沙漠化，滑雪运动在欧洲将荡然无存；在英国，肆虐的冬季风暴将变得司空见惯，东部的某些地方可能变得过于干旱而无法种植各类作物。
另外，一些河流水量将大大减少甚至干涸，饮用水源遭到破坏；昔日绕道而行的台风将频频袭击日本，致使短时间内大量降水，洪水泛滥，城市淹没，山体滑坡，交通中断。
而最为严重的影响，将是地球上数以百万计的人由于海岸线受侵蚀、海岸被淹没和农业生产遭破坏而被迫离开家园。
最新的一项研究表明，到本世纪末，地球平均气温将比现在升高3℃。
这一预测是以近年来地球气温升高的现象和温室效应为依据的。
温室效应，在物理学上是指透射阳光的密闭空间由于与外界缺乏对流等热交换而产生的保温效应。
大气层中的二氧化碳在大气层中的含量直接影响着地表热量向空间散失，使大气层保持一定的热能。
二氧化碳在大气层中的含量直接影响着地表气温，当大气层中的二氧化碳增加时，地表气温就相应升高。
科学家认为，大气中的二氧化碳在地球环境的演化中起了极其重要的作用，如果没有大气层的保温作用，全球气温将为－40℃，而现在全球平均气温为16℃。
科学家们预言，人类如不采取果断和必要的措施，到2030年，大气中二氧化碳的含量将比1850年工业geming时增加一倍。
导致大气层中二氧化碳含量上升的原因是显而易见的。
工业geming开始以后，化石燃料的燃烧量越来越大，使大气中二氧化碳的浓度不断增加。
同时，雷击、虫害、砍伐造成的森林火灾、草地衰退和森林破坏也使能够吸收二氧化碳的绿色植物遭到破坏。
所以，要控制全球变暖，必须改变能源结构，大力植树造林。
有科学家指出，只有以核燃料代替化石燃料，才能从根本上防止温室效应的加剧。
气候是人类赖以生存的条件，全球气候变暖是人类自身活动所造成的灾难。
爱护头顶上的为自身的生存和发展，我们必须树立全球共同性的大气环境观念，这片蓝天。
1．下列对”温室效应”这一概念的理解，准确的一项是A．指由于与外界缺乏对流等热交换，能够接受阳光的一定的密闭空间中所产生的一种保温效应。
B．指二氧化碳等温室气体剧增以后，又与外界缺乏对流等热交换，从而使地表气温相应升高的效应。
C．指在接受阳光的密闭空间中能够影响地表气温的二氧化碳含量增加，使地表气温相应升高的效应。
D．指大气层中主要的温室气体，通过减少地表热量向空间散失，在特定密闭空间中产生的保温效应。
2．根据原文，全球气温变暖带来的影响最严重的一项是A．河流水量减少甚至干涸，饮用水源遭到破坏，导致不少地区沙漠扩大，疾病流行。
B．肆虐的冬季风暴将变得司空见惯，一些地区会因为过于干旱而无法种植各类作物。
C．数以百万计的人因海岸线受侵蚀、海岸被淹没和农业生产遭破坏而被迫离开家园。
D．台风频频袭击，致使短时间内大量降水，洪水泛滥，城市淹没，山体滑坡，交通中断。
3．下列对”全球气候变暖是人类自身活动所造成的灾难”这句话的理解，不正确的一项是．世界各国迟迟不采取果断和必要的措施，不改变能源结构和大力植树造A 林，以致大气层的温室效应越来越严重。
B．1850年工业geming以来，大量开采和燃烧煤炭、石油、天然气化石燃料的结果，大大增加了大气层中温室气体的含量。
C．由于人类无限制的破坏，地球上大片森林和草地急剧消失，沙漠进一步扩大，使得地表气温也随之不断升高。
D．因雷击和虫害而造成的森林火灾、草地衰退，导致能够吸收二氧化碳的植被日益减少，而人类对此却束手无策。
4．根据原文提供的信息，以下推断不正确的一项是A．非洲是受全球变暖影响最广的地区，人类如果能从根本上防止温室效应的加剧，那么非洲因此而受益的面积也将最广。
B．一旦人类能够控制大气层中二氧化碳的含量，从根本上防止温室效应加剧，那么滑雪运动在欧洲将能继续，台风将远离日本。
C．为避免增加大气层中二氧化碳的含量，一些科学家主张用核燃料代替化石燃料，可见使用核燃料不会产生二氧化碳。
D．假如大气层中二氧化碳的浓度持续降低，全球气温就有可能持续降低，人类也许将面临另一场全球变冷的挑战。
答案：1、A2、C3、DB、420XX—019学年度第一学期生物教研组工作计划指导思想以新一轮课程改革为抓手，更新教育理念，积极推进教学改革。
努力实现教学创新，改革教学和学习方式，提高课堂教学效益，促进学校的内涵性发展。
同时，以新课程理念为指导，在全面实施新课程过程中，加大教研、教改力度，深化教学方法和学习方式的研究。
正确处理改革与发展、创新与质量的关系，积极探索符合新课程理念的生物教学自如化教学方法和自主化学习方式。
主要工作一、教研组建设方面：、深入学习课改理论，积极实施课改实践。
、以七年级新教材为“切入点”，强化理论学习和教学实践。
、充分发挥教研组的作用，把先进理念学习和教学实践有机的结合起来，做到以学促研，以研促教，真正实现教学质量的全面提升。
、强化教学过程管理，转变学生的学习方式，提高课堂效益，规范教学常规管理，抓好“五关”。
（）备课关。
要求教龄五年以下的教师备详案，提倡其他教师备详案。
要求教师的教案能体现课改理念。
（）上课关。
（）作业关。
首先要控制学生作业的量，本着切实减轻学生负担的精神，要在作业批改上狠下工夫。
（）考试关。
以确保给学生一个公正、公平的评价环境。
（）质量关。
、加强教研组凝聚力，培养组内老师的团结合作精神，做好新教师带教工作。
二、常规教学方面：加强教研组建设。
兴教研之风，树教研氛围。
特别要把起始年级新教材的教研活动作为工作的重点。
、教研组要加强集体备课共同分析教材研究教法探讨疑难问题由备课组长牵头每周集体备课一次，定时间定内容，对下一阶段教学做到有的放矢，把握重点突破难点、教研组活动要有计划、有措施、有内容，在实效上下工夫，要认真落实好组内的公开课教学。
、积极开展听评课活动，每位教师听课不少于20节，青年教师不少于节，兴“听课，评课”之风，大力提倡组内，校内听随堂课。
、进一步制作、完善教研组主页，加强与兄弟学校的交流。
我们将继续本着团结一致，勤沟通，勤研究，重探索，重实效的原则，在总结上一学年经验教训的前提下，出色地完成各项任务。
校内公开课活动计划表日期周次星期节次开课人员拟开课内容10月 127四王志忠生物圈10 月137五赵夕珍动物的行为12月114 五赵夕珍生态系统的调节12月2818四朱光祥动物的生殖镇江新区大港中学生物教研组xx- 20X 下学期生物教研组工作计划范文20X年秋季生物教研组工作计划化学生物教研组的工作计划生物教研组工作计划下学期生物教研组工作计划年下学期生物教研组工作计划20X年化学生物教研组计划20X年化学生物教研组计划中学生物教研组工作计划第一学期生物教研组工作计划20XX—019学年度第二学期高中英语教研组工作计划XX—XX学年度第二学期高中英语教研组工作计划一．指导思想：本学期，我组将进一步确立以人为本的教育教学理论，把课程改革作为教学研究的中心工作，深入学习和研究新课程标准，积极、稳妥地实施和推进中学英语课程改革。
以新课程理念指导教研工作，加强课程改革，紧紧地围绕新课程实施过程出现的问题，寻求解决问题的方法和途径。
加强课题研究，积极支持和开展校本研究，提高教研质量，提升教师的研究水平和研究能力。
加强教学常规建设和师资队伍建设，进一步提升我校英语教师的英语教研、教学水平和教学质量，为我校争创“三星”级高中而发挥我组的力量。
二．主要工作及活动：．加强理论学习，推进新课程改革。
组织本组教师学习《普通高中英语课程标准》及课标解度，积极实践高中英语牛津教材，组织全组教师进一步学习、熟悉新教材的体系和特点，探索新教材的教学模式，组织好新教材的研究课活动，为全组教师提供交流、学习的平台和机会。
．加强课堂教学常规，提高课堂教学效率。
强化落实教学常规和“礼嘉中学课堂教学十项要求”。
做好集体备课和二备以及反思工作。
在认真钻研教材的基础上，抓好上课、课后作业、辅导、评价等环节，从而有效地提高课堂教学效率。
加强教学方法、手段和策略的研究，引导教师改进教学方法的同时，引导学生改进学习方法和学习策略。
．加强课题研究，提升教科研研究水平；加强师资队伍建设，提升教师的教学能力。
组织教师有效开展本组的和全校的课题研究工作做到有计划、有研究、有活动、有总结，并在此基础上撰写教育教学论文，并向报刊杂志和年会投稿。
制订好本组本学期的校公开课、示范课、汇报课计划，并组织好听课、评课等工作。
三．具体安排：二月份：制订好教研组工作计划、课题组工作计划和本学期公开课名单。
三月份：、组织理论学习。
、高一英语教学研讨活动。
、组织好高三第一次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。
四月份：、组织好高三英语口语测试。
、高三英语复习研讨会。
五月份：、组织好高三第二次模考、阅卷、评卷和总结等工作。
、协助开展好我校的区级公开课。
六月份：、组织好高考的复习迎考工作。
、收集课题活动材料。
研计划文组教学语学期小年春季学1920思想一、指导育。
面实施素质教标，全根本，点，以课堂教核心，彻实施习贯彻改革纲坚持以《基础教育课程要》为指导，认真学课程改革精神，以贯基础教育课程改革为以研究学为重促进教师队伍建设为以提高教学质量为目。
点加强本学期教研组重对教师评课的指导，学生活学生的内在学习动机养，调动，培养提高学生的语文素动启发，开展里的活提高。
和小学小学语进新教动研究和“会化，定规范化，系统期举行主题教学沙龙诊式行”，促师的成长，加快我镇文教师队伍成长速度语文教育质量的全面结合区动安排各项有意义的使教师的评课目标、工作二素养。
养学生激发学观念，习语文以课改、为中心，组织教师学课程标准，转变教学深入课堂教学研究，生主动探究意识，培创新精神和实践能力生语文，努力提高学素质。
，以老量。
开合作智用，重示范作视团队慧、力展“师徒结对”活动带新，不断提高教师的业务带头人研究小文教师进一步、加强语队伍建设，让“语文组”，充分发挥学科、骨干教师的动。
讨，开展教例赏析活典型课能够结师说课课沙龙切实有组织教、师开展效的说、评课沙龙，提高教能力，和评课能力，合主题教研活动，对例进行互动研务。
，每周、加强教研组集体备课以段为单位组织一次素质服，提高课堂效真实实是走场交流教细读，学心得。
让备课不再，形式主义，而是真为提高率服务教师的重点课析教材集体备课，分，赏析文，进行文本发展。
促进个合实践能力，性和谐提高学语文的、过关学习竞展形式定的语、根据上学期制文常规活动计划，开多样的赛活动活动，激发学生学习兴趣，在自主活动中生的综指标。
、检测、加强学习质量调查工作，及时分析，寻项教学，确保完成各找得失施工作及三、主要具体措”。