应变片测量电路
应变式压力传感器的测量电路

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桥式电路输出电压计算公式
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课程回顾——
重点: 应变式传感器测量电路——桥式电路 做一做:计算教材中关于应变式电阻
输出电压的计算题目
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项目五 力的检测
任务三 电子秤压力的检测
应变式压力传感器测量电路
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应变式压力传感器工作原理
受力件受 力产生机
械变形
应变片产生 应变效应
应变片电 阻值变化
测量转换电 路电压变化
无无法法直直接接测测量量!!
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应变片在悬臂梁上的粘贴 R+∆R
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单臂电桥
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电桥平衡条件 R1R3=R2R4 UO=0
电阻应变式传感器的测量电路

图1 电子秤平剖图 1 台面壳体2均压框架3电阻应变片4弹性体 5补偿电阻6可调支撑脚7底座如图1所示,底座通过贴有电阻应变片的双孔型等强度弹性体梁与均压框架相接,均压框架用螺钉与壳体相联。
弹性体是应变式力传感器将力转换为应变量的关键部件。
研究结果表明,双孔梁弹性体按刚架计算比按平行梁计算精确,而且桥路输出和载荷之间的线形好、灵敏度高。
非线性和灵敏度与竖梁的长度和刚度无关。
由于采用陶材料设计制作弹性梁,其灵敏度结构系数不仅取决于弹性体结构形式和应变区的选择,而且和陶瓷材料的微结构、质量及机械强度等因素密切相关。
为此,进行了双孔梁的应力分析、抗冲击载荷分析、额定载荷计量等,并用计算机进行了有限元分析。
经模拟验证分析,选用图1a所示的双孔梁结构形式。
该梁的应力分布均匀对称,其应力最大点在弹性梁的最薄偏离两端处。
根据图1a所示的结构形式: ε=M/W.E (1)式中:ε为应变量;M为弯矩;W为抗弯模数;E为弹性模量。
对于这类应变式弹性体上的全等臂电桥,其输出电压V0和桥压V i有如下关系: V0=G F.ε.V i (2)式中:G F为应变电阻的应变系数。
将式(1)代入式(2),可得: V0=G F.M.V i/W.E (3) 对于矩形截面,W=1/6b.h2式中:b为弹性体承载面宽度;h为弹性体承载梁厚度。
由A—A剖面分析,负荷F必须由一对剪力F/2与之平衡。
若取一应变电阻进行分析,F/2对应变电阻中心点的弯距为M0: M0=F(L/2-X)/2 (4) 以式(4)代入式(3),可得: V0=3F(L/2-X)G F.V i/b.h2.E (5) 由式(5)可见,双孔梁的桥路输出和载荷F之间具有良好的线形,而且灵敏度高。
guide sex further enhanced, documents handle and running of speed obviously speed up, program gradually specification, conference service and Chief reception of quality and level has has new of improve, Logistics support capability further strengthened. Document management, confidential, confidentiality, duty, letters and other items have been significantly improved. 4, Office construction increased at all levels. City Government offices adhere to strengthen and improve the construction of the system as a breakthrough, has developed a series of code of conduct, continuous improvement of operational mechanism, sound and the implementation of the rules and regulations, and adhere to the system of managing people, according to the rules, the work gradually into the orbit of institutionalization and standardization. Focus on strengthening ideological and political construction of the contingent of cadres, and actively carried out various business training, knowledge of theOffice team structure has been optimized, to broaden the range of knowledge and operational capacity grows, nurtured a political firm, sharp, professional and innovative staff, created solidarity, striving for the top, pragmatic, dedication, good image. However, with the State Council and the provincial Government of the national, the province's Secretary-General meeting of government offices under the new situation the functions and priorities compared to the requirements of our gap is still very big. Main is daily in the passive meet of more, active research of less, service also has not timely, and not in place of problem; work in the meet Yu traditional of, and program of of work way, develop innovation spirit and service innovation capacity not strong; supervision information work and promoted decision implementation of contact enough close, feedback situation not active; research resources of using enough full, research results of into degree not high; some sector documentsrunning not specification; Municipal Government Office on the County (district) and municipal government sector Office work of guide enough, No real form interaction and close collaboration, promote the implementation of the work. These problems, we must effectively be addressed in the future work. Second, serve the overall situation, carry out their duties, improve quality, and strive to create a new situation of system of government offices in the city since last season, meeting the Secretary-General of the State Council and the provincial government has held a government system, from a global and strategic height, scientifically analyzed the new situation and the newTasks on the system of government offices bring new situations and new problems and new challenges, profoundly expounded the work of government departments at all levels in the new era should be put in the situation to understand, to grasp, to deploy at any time and under any circumstances, should alwaysfocus on the big picture, firmly grasp the overall situation, increasing in the overall implementing in earnest the work of spontaneity, initiativeSecondly, we should strengthen the team. A unit is a team in various sections of the unit inside is also a small team. A unit with a team spirit, formed a team responsibility, cohesion and competitiveness. You want to make a unit, a Department work improvement, must be melting inside a feeling of solidarity and mutual help, for a common goal and determined to achieve the spirit, cultivating a strong collective spirit and team responsibility, sense of honor. Therefore, we need to start improving office work and enhance the efficiency of Office work and strive to build a concerted ... Fault. In accordance with the requirements of modern management science, establishing strict responsibility system of management by objectives. A work who is in charge, who is in charge and who is responsible, what right do these people have, what responsibility, hasto truthfully and clearly understood. Departments at all levels should strictly implement the check in the Office of party Committee evaluation, significant accountability and reward incentive system, pay close attention to duty cash and making unity, rights, responsibilities, and to inspire each of cadres spirit and morale, Super courage. Investee insists, is a deep topic, is a real problem, is a big issue. Today, I just combined this year, the city's Communist Party Committee Office, had some rough talk and understanding, we must strengthen research and exchanges in this regard in the future. Investee in the new year, we must hold high the banner of Deng Xiaoping theory and the "three represents" theory the great banner of, under the correct leadership of the CPC, adhere to the people-oriented, insist on truth, adhere first to excellence, efforts to do Office work to a new level. Speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city around the development of servicefunction to create a new situation in the work of the Office of the city's system of Government--speech at the Conference on the system of government offices in the city This system of government offices working in the city's main task is to study Government systems of administrative supervision, administrative information, administrative reception and information technology issues. For the meeting, the City Mayor Ma has made important instructions, the Municipal Government Office fully prepared brewing, combined with practical work to develop the notice on further strengthening the supervision work, the XX, Chief Information interim measures for 2005 and the city's system of Government Administration informatization construction task statement and other documents. Before the General Assembly and organization of counties (districts) of the scene to observe the Government Office, achieve the purpose of exchanges of work, thought. Today, the Tang Mayor also attended the meeting and delivered an important speech in the midst, hope good grasp of implementation. Next, I would like to make a few remarks. A, and around Center,looks at development, strengthened service, city government system Office work rendering atmosphere in recent years, city government system Office toand steadfastness. And explicitly put forward the "surrounding situation, pay attention to implementation" is the core of government offices, requiring government departments at all levels cannot be "Gramophone", "mail room" and "the Messenger" is not confined to paper communications, yinglaisongwang and upload issue. Must to has strongly of implementation consciousness, this is Government Office sector first bit of task, to first, and is duty-bound, insisted reported truth, and told truth, and out confess, and do facts, and pragmatic effect, put work of to points real put to research solution reform development stable in the of major problem Shang, put to research solution masses production life in the of urgent problem Shang, put to research solution work in the exists of highlight problem Shang, put an end to to Conference implement Conference, to file implementation file, never can makes superior of decision and deployment in a "implementation" Lost in the sound. SystemOffice of the Government sector must take the lead in party and Government policies, the deployment and carry out specific targets, in the implementation efforts, for example on the implementation, on the implementation of a performance. City Government System Office to seriously implement implementation national, and Province Government system Secretary-General Office Director Conference spirit, according to around overall, grasp implementation this a general requirements, insisted reform innovation, further change management concept, and management functions, and management system and management method; insisted quality first, ensure for led, and for grass-roots, and for masses provides quality efficient service; insisted strictly rule political, efforts construction a support political firm, and business master, and service political clean, and style excellent of Office team. Concrete work, and must deal with "three relationships": one is to handle well the relationshipbetween passive adaptation and active service. Office service functions to the passive aspect of its work, which requires us to host lead when action must be strictly in accordance with the intentions and requirements for leadership, work within the limits of delegated authority, not offside, participation in the intervention, and not decision-making, coordination is not contemplated. Meanwhile, Office work and must become more conscious, give full play to the initiative and work to some foreseeable, be proactive, prepared, thinking ahead, providing information, active leadership, reflect the situation, ahead of good research, reference point, in key places to promote overall efficiency. Second, to handle the relationship between administrative services and transaction services. Administrative services and Services Office services complement the two aspects of the job. Administrative services is the core service is guaranteed. Note that combines both, adhere to government service asthe main line, the Chief turns around the overall situation, turns around the district. On one hand, will attachthree a representative" important thought for guide, efforts adapted new situation, and new task, and new requirements, tightly around city reform development of overall, further change functions, strengthened service, determined to innovation, Government System Office overall work of quality and level has has new of improve, for city economic social development made has due of contribution. 1, staff assistant for further strengthening. Around the focus of leadership services, actively carry out research studies, for all levels of Government on the event, grab global proposed a number of solutions with a higher reference value recommendations provide a basis for improving government leadership. About development, adjustment of interest difficulty, people the focus of the problem, and give full play to the offices that are interlinked, dredge about, contact and coordinationof functions, in order to reduce conflict, to avoid omissions, form a joint force, promoting the Government to play an active role in the work as a whole. Working around Government Center implementation supervision intensified, broadened and improved efficiency, do check the fruit, fruit, assisting the Government in implementation of the Assistant role to play, a powerful impetus to the realization of the objectives of the Government. 2, the service areas to further expand. The full implementation of the open government pilot project, strengthening carrier construction, innovative forms of public, deepening public content, extends the open range, regulate public procedures, establishment of a city, County, Township and village-level administration system, to meet the people's right to know, creates conditions for the effective exercise of supervision. Development issued the XX, matters of significant public policy implementation measures, such as the question of hearing 6 system,open Government continues to promote in depth. Established opened the city (County) long public phones, solving a number of concern people's immediate interests and produce hot spots and difficult problems in life, by all sectors of the community alike. Universal Chief was built starting at the city and county levelsHall masses, serve the community for the Government to play a better Windows and tie. With the system of Government Office for hub, connecting the County (district) and the departments of municipal government Web sites and Office decision-making service system has been built in the city, Government Office local area network established, significantly accelerate the pace of office automation and information network. 3, improved quality and productivity with new work. City levels Government Office put pursuit quality and efficiency as measure Office overall work level of important standard, pendulum in highlight location, around service overall, and pay closeattention to the implementation this central, right processing inherited and innovation, and full and focus, and on Shang service and on Xia service of relationship, bold innovation, focused on effectiveness, presentation of policy sex, and targeted and3421R R R R =[][][])()()()()()(22R R R R R R R R E R R R R uo ∆-+∆+∆-+∆+∆--∆+=E RR ∙∆=当满足条件R 1R 3=R 2R 4时,即(2.3)=0,即电桥平衡。
第3-2章 测量电路(电阻应变测量技术)

当试件受静态压缩应变ε-时,将使Rl变为Ro-△R t,对应的电桥输出电压为
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§3-2 测量电路
应变片的接入方式: 单 桥
半 桥
全 桥
Sichuan University
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§3-2 测量电路
一、直流电桥
由四个电阻Rl,R2, R3,R4,组 成四个桥臂; A , C 为供桥端, 接电压为E的直流电源,B,D为 输出端,电桥的输出电压为
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§3-2 测量电路
• 第一次转换:应变片将应变信号转换成电阻相对变 化量。 • 第二次转换:应变基本测量电路则是将电阻相对变 化量再转换成电压或电流信号,以便显示、记录和 处理。 • 电阻应变仪 -应变测量电路 :通常转换后的信号很 微弱,必须经调制、放大、解调、滤波等变换环节 才能获得所需的信号 。 • 惠斯登电桥电路 :按电源供电方式分,直流电桥和 交流电桥。电桥电路可有效地测量10-3~10-6数量级 的微小电阻变化率,且精度很高,稳定性好,易于 进行温度补偿,所以,在电阻应变仪和应变测量中 应用极广。
Sichuan University
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零位测量法与电源电压无关,电源电压变化不影响测量结果,故测量精度较高,但 测量时电桥需要重新平衡,较麻烦,只用于静态测试 。
Sichuan University
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导线温度变化的影响?
金属箔式应变片与电桥测量电路

金属箔式应变片与电桥测量电路实验一金属箔式应变片与电桥测量电路本实验包含两个部分:(1) 单臂电桥说明金属箔式应变片及单臂直流电桥的原理和工作情况,(2) 单臂、半桥、全桥特性比较。
实验1.1 单臂电桥一、实验原理:况。
本实验说明金属箔式应变片及单臂直流电桥的原理和工作情应用应变片测试时,应变片牢固地粘贴在被测件表面上。
当被测件受力变形时,应变片的敏感栅随同变形,电阻值也发生相应的变化。
通过测量电路,将其转换为电压或电流信号输出。
电桥电路是非电量电测最常用的一种方法。
当电桥平衡时,即 R1=R2 、R3=R4 ,电桥输出为零。
在桥臂 R1 、 R2 、 R3 、 R4 中,电阻的相对变化分别为? R1/R1 、? R/R 、? R2 , R2 、? R/3R3 、? R4/R4 。
桥路的输出与当使用一个应变片时,当使用二片应变片时,如二片应变片工作,差动状态。
则有用四片应变片组成二个差动对工作,R1=R1=R3,R4=R ,于是,所以,由此可知,单臂,半桥,全桥电路的灵敏度依次增大。
二、实验所需部件直流稳压电源、电桥、差动放大器、测微头,电压表(毫伏表)三、实验步骤1. 按图 1 所示将全部部件连接其中差动放大器和毫伏表使用前都要调零,(电压表可不必调零)。
毫伏表放在500mV 一挡比较合适,图1 电桥电路连接2. 将差动放大器调零方法是用导线正负输入端连接起来,然后将输出端接到毫伏表的输人端,调整差动胶大器的增益旋钮,使增益尽可能大,同时调整差动放大器上的调零按钮,使毫伏表指示到零,调好后旋钮就不可再动。
3. 确认接线无误时开启电源4. 在测微头离开悬臂梁,悬臂梁处于水平状态的情况下,通过调整电桥平衡电位器,系统愉出为零。
5. 装上侧微头,调整到系统输出为零,此时测微头读数为梁处于水平位置( 自由状态),然后向上旋动测微头,从此位置开始,记下梁的位移与电压表指示值,继续往下悬臂梁,一直到水平下 7 一 8mm为止,并记下对应位置的电压表的值。
应变片的测量电路

一、直流电桥的输出电压•应变片或电阻元件作为电桥桥臂。
•多种形式选择:R 1;R 1和R 2;R 1 -R 4,其余为精密无感电阻。
•A 、C 为电桥的输入端,B 、D 为电桥的1. 直流电桥的基本结构输出端。
•E 为直流源。
2. 电压桥(1)什么是电压桥•应变片通常后接放大电路为高输入阻抗。
•测量端通常工作在小电流状态,主要是电位差起作用。
•近似认为输出端开路,是为电压桥。
(2)电压桥的输出电压及平衡条件设E 恒定,分支电流为1,212EI R R =+3,434EI R R =+R 1、R 4的电压降为1AB A B ER U U U =-=12R R +434AD A D ER U U U R R =-=+则B 、D 间的电位差U 为14123413241234()()()D B AB AD R R U U U U U ER R R R R R R R ER R R R =-=-=-++-=++3. 电桥负载为有限值时的情形依据等效电源原理(戴维南定理)13241234()()R R R R U ER R R R -=++等效电压源电源内阻U RR LB DI L U L 123401234R R R RR R R R R =+++输出电流(负载电流)0L L UI R R =+P 1P补偿片与工作片分别安装在构件上、下表面并平行测量受弯、拉组合载荷梁的梁的表面弯曲应变。
2112,M P P εεε=-=弹性元件受到偏心压力,欲测量仅由压力引起的构件表面应变。
12,P P P εε==313, P P M εμεεμε=-=-)])]2121T r EM πεμ=+枚应变片,沿圆轴母线±45︒角对称布置,采用全桥接法234T T T M M M εε==-=34P P Pεεε===3444)()]T M M P M εεε-++需要考虑测量导线和应变片分布电容的影响。
(完整版)4-2电阻应变片测量电桥电路

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若应变片灵敏系数近似等于2,则 e 。1这表明,略去非线性部分
所引入的相对误差与被测应变值大小相当。比如应变达到5000με
时,e50 01001 0。 06 可见0.,5% 在一般应变范围内分析应变 100
电桥的输出电压时,只取线性部分是足够精确的。
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(1)电阻值的增量可正可负。考虑到测点应变的正负,根据电桥的性
质,在构件上布置应变片时,一般力图使应变电桥相邻桥臂的电
阻变化异号,相对桥臂的电阻变化同号。这样上式中各项相互抵
消,使e最小。
(2)考虑一种最坏的情况,即只有一臂接入应变片,而其他三臂接入
固定电阻,其阻值不变。此时的非线性误差为:
e 1 R1 2 R1
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R2 R
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仪 E 4 U 0 K 1 22P M 2P M P
1PM
2 PM
此方案既排除了载荷偏心的影响,又使温度效应得到补偿。
(完整版)4-2电阻应变片测量电桥电路
§4.2 电阻应变片的测量电路
电阻应变片中的电桥线路如图所示。它以应变片或电阻元件作为桥臂, 在电桥中A、B、C、D四个特殊点不能弄混,顶点A、C称为电桥的输入 端(电源端),顶点B、D称为电桥的输出端(测量端)。
应变片测量原理 ppt课件

• 一是应变片受力后材料几何尺寸的变化, 即 1+2μ,往往称之为几何效应;
• 二是应变片受力后材料的电阻率发生的变化, 即
(dρ/ρ)/ε ,往往称之为压阻效应。 很。难用解析
• 对金属材料:1+2μ>>(dρ/ρ)/ε
式描述
• 对半导体材料:(dρ/ρ)/ε>>1+2μ
PPT课件
• 对于金属材料,其压阻效应是很小的, 可以忽略不计,电阻应变效应主要是几
金属薄膜应变片
采用真空蒸发或真空沉积等方法在薄的绝缘基片上 形成厚度在0.1μm以下的金属电阻材料薄膜敏感栅, 再加上保护层。
优点:应变灵敏系数大,允许电流密度大,工作范 围广,易实现工业化生产。
PPT课件
目前箔式应变片应用较多。 金属丝式应变片使用最早。金属丝式应变片蠕变较大, 金属丝易脱胶,有逐渐被箔式所取代的趋势。但其价格 便宜,多用于应变、应力的大批量、一次性试验。 当传感器的弹性体很薄、尺寸很小时,采用箔式应变 片会由于基底材料和粘结剂的存在而对传感器特性产生 不利影响,可采用薄膜式应变片。
机械滞后值还与应变片所承受的应变量有关,加载时的 机械应变愈大,卸载时的滞后也愈大。所以,通常在实验之 前应将试件预先加、卸载若干次,以减少因机械滞后所产生 的实验误差。
PPT课件
•零漂
对于粘贴好的应变片,当温度恒定时,不承受应变时,其 电阻值随时间增加而变化的特性,称为应变片的零点漂移。
产生的原因:敏感栅通电后的温度效应;应变片的内应力逐 渐变化;粘结剂固化不充分等。
• 选用粘合剂时要根据应变片材料,测试 件材料,应变片的工作条件,如工作温 度、潮湿程度、有无化学腐蚀、稳定性 要求,加温加压固化的可能性,粘贴时 间长短等因素来考虑。
测试技术-3.4 电阻应变片的测量电路

• 设桥臂比 n R2 / R,1 由于 并考虑到平衡条件
R1 = ,R1 分母中
R1可/ R忽1 略,
R2 / R1, R则4 / R式3 (3-33)可写为
•
(3-34)
• 电桥电压灵U敏o 度(1定nn义)2 为RR11 E
•
•
SU
Uo R1
n (1 n)2
E
(3-35)
R2
R3 R(3R43-42)
• 若ΔR1=ΔR2,R1=R2,R3=R4,则得
•
Uo
E 2
R1 R1
(3-43)
• 由式(3-43)可知,Uo与ΔR1/R1成线性关系,差动电桥无
非线性误差,而且电桥电压灵敏度 SU=E/2,是单臂工作时 的两倍,同时还具有温度补偿作用。
3.4 电阻应变片的测量电路
• 当E值确定后,n取何值时才能使 S最U 高。
• 由 dSU / dn 0求 的SU 最大值,得
•
dSU dn
1 n2 (1 n)3
0
(3-36)
3.4 电阻应变
确定后,当R1=R2=R3=R4时,电桥电压灵敏度最
高,此时有
3.4 电阻应变片的测量电路
• 3.4 电阻应变片的测量电路
• 3.4.1 直流电桥
• 1. 直流电桥平衡条件
• 电桥电路如图3-9所示,图中 E为电源电压,R1、R、2 R及3 R4
• 为桥臂电阻,RL 为负载电阻。当 RL→∞时,电桥输出电压 为
• •
Uo
E
R1 R1 R2
R3R3R(4 3-31)
压为
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测量中若采用多 个应变片时,也 可以将应变片串 联或并联起来。
应变电阻阻值R,其增量是 R ,在AB桥臂 R1 nR , R1 =nR,电阻相对变化 R1 R1 = R R ,这与桥臂 AB上只接单个应变片时电阻相对变化是完全相同,因 此串联、并联接线都不会增加读数应变。
2、工作片补偿法 在同一被测试件上粘贴n个工作应变片,将它们接入 桥中。当试件受力变形时,每个应变片的应变中都有 外力和温度变化引起的应变,根据桥路基本特性,可 消除 t ,而得到所需要的应变。 (二)测量电桥的几种组成方法
合理利用桥路特性可达到以下目的: (1)实现温度补偿;
(2)从复杂的变形中测出所需要的应变分量; (3)扩大应变仪读数,以减小读数误差,提高测量 灵敏度。
(2) (近似公式)
1、等臂电桥 四个桥臂电阻值相等,即 R1 =R 2 =R3 =R 4 R 由(2)式输出电压为:
UAC R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 U0 ( ) 4 R1 R2 R3 R4
(3)
若四个桥臂为应变片,其灵敏度K均相同,代入 R R= K 则电桥输出电压为 :
UAC R 1 U0 ( ) 4 R 1 1 R 2 R
(6 )
通常取应变片的灵敏系数K=2,若应变 1000,则 由 R R K ,可得到(6)式中的非线性系数等于 0.999,非常接近于1。因此在一般应变范围内按接近公 式计算输出电压,所产生地方误差非常小,可以忽略不 计。 2、卧式桥
' 2
R
可使电桥平衡。
' 与 1
R
' 是分别并联在 2
R1和R 2上的,只要调节R
' 6和
R
'' 6就
R 6 为10K 以上, R 6 调节范围不大, 一般: R 5 , 要求四个桥臂电阻相差 <0.4。
二、测量电桥的组成及温度影响的补偿 在等臂电桥中,四个桥臂都接应变片,则电桥的输出电 压为:
应变仪的读数应变为:
4U0 d (1 2 3 4 ) U AC K
(9 )
式中1 , 2 , 3 , 4 相应为电桥上四个桥臂电阻 R1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 所感受的应变值。 上式反映了桥路特性:两相邻桥臂电阻所感受的应变 代数值相减,两相对桥臂电阻所感受的应变代数值相 加。
2、全桥接线法 在测量电桥的四个桥臂上都接上应变片。对于等臂电 桥,此时应变仪的读数应变由公式(9)可得出:
d 1 2 3 4
实际测量时,可分两种情况:
1)全桥测量:四个桥臂上都 接工作应变片;
2)相对两臂测量:电桥相对两臂接工作应变 片,另相对两臂接温度补偿片。
3、串联和并联接线法
合理地利用上述特性可测单一内力分量;并可消除 t 的影响。
(一)温度补偿 1、补偿块补偿 在构件上粘贴应变片R1 —工作应 变片,接AB桥臂上,补偿块上粘 贴应变片R 2—补偿片,接BC桥臂 上,电桥的AD和CD桥臂接固定电 阻,组成等臂电桥。 R1、R 2 因温 度改变引起的电阻变化是相等的, t 利用桥路特性可消除 的影响。
电桥输出电压:
U0 =UAB U AD
R1R 4 R 2 R 3 U AC (R1 R 2 )(R 3 R 4 )
由上式知,当R1R 4 =R 2 R 3 时,则电桥输出电压 U0 0 则称电桥处于平衡状态。 设处于平衡状态的电桥各桥臂由电阻增量为 R1, R 2 , R3 , R 4 则电桥的输出电压为:
应变片测量电路
从前面的讨论知道:电阻应变片的作用是将构件表面 的应变转变为电阻的变化。其关系式为:
R K R
一般 R=120 K 2.0 ~ 2.4
若取 K 2.0
则
106 ~ 103
R=KR 0.00024 ~ 0.24
R=KR 0.00024 ~ 0.24
1、半桥接线法
在测量电桥的桥臂AB、BC上接应变片,另外两桥臂 AD、CD上接应变仪内部固定电阻R,则称半桥接线 法。由于下半个桥接的固定电阻不感受应变,由公 式(9)可得应变仪的读数应变为:
d 1 2
实际测量时,可分为两种情况: 1)半桥测量:电桥的两个桥臂 AB、BC接应变片。 2)半臂测量:电桥的两个桥臂AB、BC上, 任一桥臂上接工作应变片,而另一桥臂接温 度补偿片。
R1 R 2 R
R3 R 4 R '
同样只在AB桥臂上接应变片, R 0 ,此 时,由近似公式(2)及精确公式(1)得 到的输出电压表达式与等臂电桥的(5) 及(6)式完全相同,它的非线性系数也 相等。
3、立式桥
R1 R 3 R
R 2 R 4 R'
若AB桥臂接应变片,即 R1有一增量 R ,由近似公 式(2)得到输出电压为:
U0 UAC
R R 1 m2 m
(7)
式中:m R R '
按精确公式(1)得到输出电压为:
1 U0 UAC ( ) 1 m R m2 1 m 1 m R
R R
Hale Waihona Puke (8)将(7)(8)两式相比,(8)式中的括号为非线性 系数。讨论等臂电桥与立式电桥非线性系数: m 1 立式桥非线性系数比等臂桥小, 当 m 1 时, 1 m 2 误差比等臂桥大。
U AC K U AC U0 (1 2 3 4 ) K d 4 4
应变仪的读数应变为:
4U0 d (1 2 3 4 ) (9) U AC K 式中1、 2、3、 4 相应为电桥上四个桥臂电阻
R1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 所感受的应变值。
U AC R U AC U0 K 4 R 4
(5 )
U AC R R U AC U0 K 4 R 4
(5 )
上式表明:输出电压与应变成线形关系,这是个近似公 式。同样只在桥臂AB上接应变片,即 R1 0,则由(1) 式(精确公式)得电桥的输出电压为:
将(5)(6)两式相比,(6)式中增加了一个系数 (即圆括号部分)称为非线性系数。它愈接近1,说 明电桥的非线性就愈小,也就是说按近似公式及精确 公式计算得到的输出电压值愈接近。
显然 R 太小了。为了便于测量,需将应变片的电阻变化 转换成电压(电流)信号,再将信号放大,然后由指示 仪(记录仪)指示出应变值,这一任务是由电阻应变仪 来完成的。 电阻应变仪中电桥通常采用直流电桥和交流电桥,本 课仅讨论前者。
一、直流电桥 (一)电桥的输出电压
设电桥中四个桥臂电阻为R1、R 2、R 3、R (其中 4 任一个电阻可以是应变片)。 AC两端为输入—接直流电源,用UAC表示
(R1 R1 )(R 4 R 4 ) (R 2 R 2 )(R 3 R 3 ) U0 UAC (R1 R1 R 2 R 2 )(R 3 R 3 R 4 R 4 )
(精确公式)
(R1 R1 )(R 4 R 4 ) (R 2 R 2 )(R 3 R 3 ) U0 UAC (R1 R1 R 2 R 2 )(R 3 R 3 R 4 R 4 )
U AC K U0 (1 2 3 4 ) 4
(4 )
说明: (1)当满足 R<<R 时,电桥的输出电压与各 桥臂应变片代数和成线形关系。 (2)上式由假定 R i <<R ,忽略高阶微量推导 而来(为近似公式) 如果只考虑AB桥臂接应变片,即仅 R1 有一增量 R1 ,感受应变,则由(3)和(4)式,得输出电压 为:
m<1
m 1 立式桥非线性系数比等臂桥大, 1 m 2 误差比等臂桥小。
(二)电桥的平衡 测量前,必须先使电桥处于平衡状态,即电桥无输出。 但由于应变片电阻值总有偏差,接触电阻,导线电阻等 存在,往往电桥不能平衡,因此需设置预调平衡电路。 在电桥中增加R 5电阻和 R 6电位器, R6 可分为两部分:
(1)
(精确公式) 若将平衡条件R1R 4 =R 2 R 3代入上式,并考虑R i R i 略去高阶微量,则电桥的输出电压为:
设处于平衡状态的电桥各桥臂由电阻增量为 R1, R 2 , R 3 , R 4 则电桥的输出电压为:
R1R 2 R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 U0 UAC ( ) 2 (R1 R 2 ) R1 R2 R3 R4
R '6 n1R 6 R ''6 n 2 R 6
n1 n 2 1
' 1
见(b)
将星形连接变为三角形连接,则
1 R n1R 6 R 5 n2
1 R n 2R 6 R 5 n1
' 2
1 R n1R 6 R 5 n2
' 1
1 R n 2R 6 R 5 n1
从ABC半个桥看,流经 R1的电流
U AC I1 R1 R 2
R1 两端压降:
U AB R1 I1R1 U AC R1 R 2
R 3 两端压降: R3 U AD U AC R3 R 4
电桥输出电压:
U0 =UAB U AD
R1R 4 R 2 R 3 U AC (R1 R 2 )(R 3 R 4 )