报刊阅读(headlines)
英语报刊阅读标题的作用.doc
The characteristics of English News HeadlinesNumber:Name:The characteristics of English News HeadlinesAbstract: the news headline is an important part of English news, because the title is the readers to get as much information as possible in the shortest possible time language media, plays a unique role in the news. For the reader, read the headline is the first step of reading English newspapers. English news headlines are numerous and varied, but has its internal rules and characteristics, has its own unique title words, grammar and rhetoric. This paper examines some of the characteristics of English news headlines from the vocabulary, grammar and rhetoric in three aspects: simple, general, ellipsis, fresh, interesting.Language learning is a process of practice, for English learners, reading English newspaper is a shortcut to modern English pulse. The news headline is the first step of reading newspaper readers learn English, and many readers initially reading English newspaper, the problem the first encounter is the title. Just started reading English newspaper readers generally encountered such a problem: the title words realize, you don't understand or not fully understand. Because the newspaper headlines are simple, elliptical, humorous, not only to the main content of highly summarized news, play a role in the finishing touch, but also for the fascinating to try to put the title winning new innovation and full of color, make the reader "fall in love at first sight".1.vocabularyBrief summary is one of the major features of news headlines, in order to achieve this objective, the English news headlines are widely used terms, abbreviations and the so-called "small" (Midget Words).1.1 NOUNMaking "noun has the very strong expressive function, but also has extensive grammar tolerance (Grammaticality). It can act as a variety of part of speech, syntactic concept can be expressed by simple structure form complete." Noun (gerund, including compound nouns) can be widely used for word type caption or replace the adjectives (noun reduplication), phrases and clauses.(1)with the noun word type captionEntrepreneurs（创业者发迹史）Wineswomanship（妇女酗酒问题）(2) the noun reduplicationMiracle Rescue (神奇般获救）Taiwan’s UN Entry Proposal Opposed (台湾进入联合国提议遭到反对)(3)noun instead of phrases or clausesCorruption Reports Against Police Rise（指控警方受贿呼声四起）（corruption reports=reports on corruption complaints）Superkids? (超级儿童之谜)(Superkids?=Can Supermen Create Superkids?)1.2 AcronymTo save space, extensive use of acronyms in English news headlines (Abbreviations and Acronyms abbreviations and acronyms).(1)abbreviationsMaking making abbreviations, acronyms, i.e.. Abbreviations frequently appear in the title, but whether familiar or strange, whose full name is generally found in the body of the message the first time, confusion can be smoothly done or easily solved. Of course, in order to quickly read the headlines, readers need to be familiar with some of the commonly used abbreviations. The acronym often English title can be divided into three categories: the organization name, name and title or position. The following are a few examplesA.MechanismEU’s Future: The Vision and the Slog （EU=European Union）NATO: Who, What, Why? （NATO=North Atlantic Treaty Organization）B.The names of thingsCompany Looks to the Golden Arch Link in Chinese JV （JV=joint Venture）C.Position or titleTogo PM Strives to Solve Crisis (PM=Prime Minister)(2)AbbreviationComposition and abbreviations abbreviations are different, which is mainly through the tail or the middle part out of words, or the first of a word with the tail of another word which. Abbreviations are very active in English newspapers, and the number continues to increase, not only in the title, and often appear in the article. Such as:Indian Gov’t Wins Trust V ote in Parliament （Gov’t=Government）No hope for 118 Crew of Russian Sub （Sub=submarine）1.3 SmallSmall single syllable words is short, with the news body characteristics of the title words. Extensive use of words as a result of the newspaper. The length is limited by the small, can avoid the transitional, two is due to semantic category words very wide, and generally more vivid, flexible. Such as:Wages Accord Reached （accord代替agreement）TV Airs “Facts” on Arms Delivery （air代替 make known 或broadcast）Wages Accord Reached （accord代替agreement）TV Airs “Facts” on Arms Delivery （air代替 make known 或broadcast）Acronyms and words meet the eye everywhere in English news headlines, pieces too numerous to cite, here are a few. Beginners in learning to read English newspapers, summing up and remember these words and meaning will be of great advantage, to read the headline and article.2.GrammarEnglish news headlines is a unique set of grammatical system,in the use of tenses, the omission of words has its characteristics.2.1 TemporalMost of the news the event is just happened, is happening or will happen, according to the corresponding temporal rules of English grammar used verbs. But in order to highlight the event sense of reality and freshness, English news headlines almost all use the simple present tense, which is one of the important characteristics of English news headlines. Of course, in meaning and(1)The general said that the present:A.Have happened, such as:NASA Eyes China Ties as New Shenzhou Flies （“神舟3号”飞船上天，美关注与中国关系）B.What is happening, such as:S Korea Resumes US Beef Imports （韩国恢复进口美国牛肉）Soviets Assail US on A-tests （苏联人严厉谴责美国原子爆炸实验）(2)The infinitive said it would happen, such as:2 EC Officials to Visit U.S. to Pave Way for Trade Talks （两名欧共体官员将访问美国为贸易谈判铺平道路）Telecom to Be Privatized （英国电视通讯公司行将实行私人企业化）(3)The present participle for, such as:Radio, TV Coverage Widening （广播、电视覆盖面在拓宽） Deposits, Loans Rising in HK （香港储蓄与贷款额上升）(4)The past participle passive voice several tense:A.Now the state, such as:U.S. Car Makers Viewed as Threat by Europeans （美汽车制造商对欧洲人的威胁）（viewed=are viewed）B.In the past, such as:Beleaguered Bobbies （警察遭到围困） (beleaguered=were beleaguered)C.The ongoing state, such as:Brazil Elite Forced to Make Loans （巴西大亨被迫放贷） (forced=is being forced) D.Now complete the state, such as:Kissinger Institute Launched (基辛格学院成立) (launched=has been launched)In addition to the above the tense and the form, the title is sometimes seen in other tenses, mainly in order to highlight the movements of the time or for ideographic ormodality on request, such as:Unemployment in U.K. Increased in October（十月份英国失业率上升） U.S. Will Not Curb Arms for Israel (美国无意削减对以武器援助)2.2 EllipsisSyntactically, the biggest characteristic is to omit the title. Omit no notional word can greatly shorten the length of the title, be concise statement that, so general omission of function words in English news headlines. Omission of function words is the most articles and the verb "to be", followed by prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns, and sometimes even the notional words even if omitted, but does not affect the understanding.(1)Omission of function words, such as:Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered=(An) Italian Ex-Mayor (Is) Murdered Rail Chaos Getting Worse=(The) Rail Chaos (Is) Getting Worse(2)Omission of notional words, such as:Ballots, Not Bullets=(Algerians Want) Ballots, (Do) Not (Want) Bullets Carter and the 52=Carter and the 52 (American hostages in Iron)(3)Ellipsis clause, such as:When America Itself Is the Target= When America Itself Is the Target,（the Reaction in America Has Been Much Greater Than That in Britain to the Bomb s in Docklands and Manchester）3.RhetoricIn order to pursue novel or interesting, vivid image, in order to achieve, humor, sarcasm, the title often make use of various rhetorical devices, which is another major characteristics of English news headlines. The commonly used rhetorical devices, metaphor, exaggeration, rhyme, pun humorous or witty wording, or copiously quote authoritative works, the use of humorous slang etc..(1) MetaphorThe image of the words or language to be lively and vivid image of the title, interesting. Such as: A Dove Taking Wing this title, the United Nations as "a being off the dove of peace", because at the end of the cold war period, the United Nations has been in the U.S. - Soviet cooperation in accordance with the Western ideas played a peacemaking, regulation conflict controversial role, thus this metaphor is very vivid. Another example: Wall Street Takes a Dive , "take a dive " meaning "diving", the metaphor of stock market prices fell sharply. This expression gives people a sense of visual impact, very vivid, but also with the Chinese "diving" has different approaches but equally satisfactory results. The title can be translated as: Wall Street stock market plunge.(2)RhymeFor the pursuit of novelty in word form skillfully Italian arrangement in the title, in order to give the readers a visual and auditory beauty. Rhyme is a commontechnique, (alliteration) includes alliteration, rhyme, rhyme and rhyme symmetry interval (alternate rhyme) etc.. For example:Soldiers Salary Soars (头韵)Beware the Bear （尾韵）After the Boom Everything Is Gloom (对称押韵)Bovver Boy’s Hover Ploy （间隔押韵）(3)PunClever use of puns, the title of the article be full of wit and humour. Such as: Airbus Tries to Fly in a New Formation this title clever use of the word "fly", which refers to the Airbus Company's aircraft to fly, and refers to the company to take off. And as the: African Statesman Still Sowing Seeds for Future中，“sowing seeds”一语双关，指坦桑尼亚总统尼雷尔（Julius Nyerere）退休后，在远离大城市的一个村子里割种收播，以农为乐；同时非洲局势动荡，这位政界元老仍在为非洲的未来而“播种”。
英文报刊选读
*Shanxi to invest Large Sums for Tourism
*13 die as crowded Van crosses M4 (died, crossed) M-motorway
D． 运用标点符号。
For example:
A --------?
*Shell to cut up to 2800 jobs (get rid of)
*Gulf Arab states to sign anti- terror pact next month (agreement)
Use abbreviations:
A person should not have to finish the article to understand it, just the first four or five paragraphs. Direct quotations do not include new information. They either support or simply add color and entertainment.
Structure of the news reporting:
Headlin Lead Elaboration Background Secondary material
Usually the Lead ----- or the first paragraph ---- contains the story’s main point and most critical factors. Therefore, it is important to read it carefully to get a basic idea what the story is about.
报纸排版术语
报纸排版术语1. 标题（Headline）：报纸文章或新闻的标题，通常用于吸引读者的注意力。
2. 副标题（Subheadline）：文章标题下方的补充信息，用于进一步说明主题或引发兴趣。
3. 摘要（Summary）：文章的简短总结，用于提供读者文章的概要或引导读者进一步阅读。
4. 正文（Body Text）：文章的主要内容，一般分为段落，段落之间有空行分隔。
5. 引文（Quote）：直接引用他人的话语或观点，通常用引号引起来，并置于正文中。
6. 图片（Image）：插图或照片，为了更好地与相应的文章内容配合，图片通常会被放置在适当的位置，如在正文中间或与相关文章并排。
7. 图注（Caption）：图片的文字说明，用于解释图片内容或提供额外信息。
8. 副标题（Subhead）：辅助标题，用于分隔不同主题或段落，并使文章更易于阅读。
9. 纵横文字（Floating Text）：文字内容与图片并排，通常用于解释或说明图片内容。
10. 盒子（Box）：通常是一种用于突出或强调某个内容的边框或区域。
11. 脚注（Footnote）：文中以小字体给出的补充说明或者引用的资料来源。
12. 引语（Epigraph）：引用于文章开头的一段短文或作者的名言，用于引发读者的思考。
13. 页眉（Header）：出现在每个页面顶端的标题或版面标识，以便读者快速识别报纸或杂志。
14. 分栏（Columns）：将正文内容分为多个垂直排列的列，通常可以提高文字阅读的效果。
15. 页码（Page Number）：报纸或杂志的每一页都会标注唯一的数字或符号，用于读者寻找特定页面。
16. 导航（Navigation）：指导读者找到特定文章或内容的标志或链接，通常在每个版面上的侧边或底部有导航栏。
17. 装饰（Decoration）：用于美化报纸页面布局的装饰元素，如边框、线条、色块等。
18. 栏目（Section）：报纸或杂志中特定主题或内容分类的分区。
报刊阅读(headlines)
Supplementary material of language features: News headline1. Major functions of a headlineTo attract the reader‟s attentionTo summarize the storyTo help the reader index the contents of the pageTo depict the mood of the storyTo help set the tone of the newspaperTo provide adequate typographic (排版、印刷上的) reliefNot every headline can accomplish each of the above-listed tasks, but reports and editors who write headlines with these goals in mind will write better headlines than those who ignore them.2. Types1）摘要(narrative headline)：这类标题提纲挈领，高度概括出新闻的主要内容，常用肯定句形式。
如：a. Girls Die in Blazeb. Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency2）设问(interrogative headline)：A. 表明未来可能发生某事。
如：OPEC to Raise Oil Output?B. 对某事的真实性表示怀疑。
如：A Europe “With One V oice”? (欧盟国家能真正用一个声音说话吗？)C. 说理。
如：Murder on Campus: Can It Be Averted?3）引语式标题(quotation headline)。
英语报刊选读A及答案
《英语报刊阅读》试题（A卷）……………………………………………………………………………………………………得news of following headlines Reconstruct the messages of the Part Ⅰ分stories: (1% for each, 10%)Example: Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered---An Italian Ex-Mayor Is Murderedtold not exploit ________ Tibet issue. 1. ________ US ________at odds. 2. Rubin ________ Greenspan ________s birth place.' flocking to Mao3. Visitors ________4. ________ man ________ quizzed after ________ wife is knifed in ________ sportsstore.得5-34 Questions A passage and answer the Part Ⅱ Read the following 分(1% for each,30%) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%)Tuition Reform for Higher EducationArecent in of their pace reform Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened years. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute and important part ofstate to almost exclusively according reform. Schools which once admitted students theplans are becoming more accepting of students sent by work groups for further training andthose who pay their own fees.Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students this year, up 158200 or 25 percent over last year's figure. Of these, 216 000, or 27.4 percent, will be sent bytheir work groups or will pay their own way.In the past, the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students, a matter of the practice guaranteed this established in 1949. Although since policy New China wasfurther sate, hindering burden to the it supply of qualified personnel, brought a heavy compulsory education in —development of higher education. Since higher education is nonthe expedite facilities and fees will help improve school appropriate China, tochargewill way their own paying As education of in this stage. an added benefit, developmentencourage students to study harder.beginwill students financed —Statedirections. two in effect take will reform Thepaying part of the costs of their education, and more self—paying students will be accepted.In August 1989, under the direction of the State council, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Sate Price Bureau drew up stipulations concerning the amount of charges on tuition, accommodation and other expenses for students of institutions of higher learning. Beginning from that year, freshmen at regularuniversities and colleges and professional schools (including cadres taking special trainingcourses and students working on a second degree) were charged 100 yuan (about us $17)each for their tuition fee, and this low charge is expected to be raised gradually. The figurewas higher in special economic zones and economically developed regions such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, but was capped at 300 yuan. Students living on campuspaid about 20 yuan per year for accommodation and the charge was slightly higher for betterfurnishing. Normal school students and those admitted on scholarships need only pay foraccommodation. Reduced tuitions and fees are available to students in need of financialassistance, but accommodation expenses will remain the same.In June 1992, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the StatePrice Bureau decided to allow regular institutions of higher education to set their own tuitionrates and charges for accommodation, short—term training programs, correspondence courses and night school. These should be determined according to the needs of each school,the abilities of students to pay and general conditions in each area. The tuition for students inthe sciences and engineering can range from 300 to 500 yuan per academic year. Liberal arts,history and economics students of the fine arts pay 400 to 600 yuan per year, and students ofthe fine arts 400 to 750 yuan. Statistics for 1992 show students paid an average of 340 yuanin tuition that year, only 5 percent of the real cost.Measures have been taken to limit the possible detrimental affects of risingtuition. Shanghai, for instance, exempts the children of revolutionary martyrs from paying tuition. And these costs may be reduced or waived for students with limited family financial support as their parents are either both dead or are receiving subsidies from their work units. Some colleges have also set up work—study programs to benefit students with financial difficulties.Guidelines concerning self—paying students were first set out in 1989. The State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau stipulated that these students should pay 80 percent of the cost of their education. Such students who live on campus pay the standard rate for accommodation and must cover their own medical expenses. The charge for each self—paying student averaged 2 000 yuan of the cost in 1992, or 30 percent of the cost. Charges for undergraduates and students of special colleges whose education is sponsored by work units, with payment coming either in part or in full from their units, are somewhat higher. Self—paying students are not assigned jobs by the state after graduation, whereas students sent by their units will return to them after graduating.Charges for correspondence courses and night school are equal to or slightlyhigher than those for full-time students enrolled according to the state plan.With their improvement of their living standards and the deepening of reform, people in general accept the changes in the tuition system. To facilitate the development of higher education, the increases in tuition rates will be more flexible and diversified. Student payments will be augmented by finding from the state, enterprises and funds raised from the public. Laws and regulations will by enacted to ensure steady progress, and overseas organizations and individuals are encouraged to set up and operate schools in China.--21st Century, Apr.20, 1992 Reading ComprehensionCircle the letter that best suits the answer or completes the statement.5. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees ____.A. pay an important part in the reformB. make up an important part of the reformC. include an important part of the reformD. hold an important part of the reform6. Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students thisyear ____.A. which is the same as last years figureB. which is more than last year's figure by 158 200C. which is 25 per cent over last year's figureD. both B and C7. Among 786 200 students ____ will be sent by their work groups or will paytheir own way.A. 158 200B. 21 600C. 27.4 per centD. 25 per cent8. Since New China was established, all tuition and school fees for university students ____.A. Were paid by their work groupsB. Were paid by the students themselvesC. Were paid by the stateD. Were paid by the local government9. The policy which the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students ____.A. Brought lots of profits to the stateB. Was helpful to further development of higher educationC. Brought many advantages to the stateD. Brought expense and trouble to the state10. Which statement is not trueA. To charge appropriate fees will help improve school facilitiesB. As an added benefit, paying their own way will encourage students to study harderC. Higher education is compulsory education in ChinaD. Tuition reform for higher education will take effect in two directions11. Stipulations concerning the amount of charges on tuition, accommodation and otherexpenses for students of institutions of higher learning was drafted by ____.A. the State Education CommissionB. the State CouncilC. the universities and collegesD. the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau12. The figure on tuition fee was higher in special economic zones and economically developed regions, but was ____.A. fixed at 300 yuanB. limited in 300 yuanD. much more than 300 yuanC. over 300 yuan13. Students in need of financial assistance ____.A. can get a grantB. need only pay for accommodationC.can get support from the local governmentD. can enjoy reduced tuitions and fees14. According to the stipulations made by the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau, the tuition for students in the sciences andengineering can ____.A. be changed between 300 and 500 yuan per academic yearB. be fixed at 300 or 500 yuan per yearC. be set at 400 or 600 yuan per yearD. be extended from 400 to 750 yuan per year15. The children of revolutionary martyrs in Shanghai ____.A. enjoy reduced tuitionB. enjoy free charge tuitionC. gain allowance from governmentD. receive subsidies from their parents work units16. Stipulations concerning self—paying students took effect in ____.A. 1989B. 1992C. 1990D. 199117. Charges for undergraduates and students of special colleges whose education is sponsored by work units ____.A. are set at 2 000 yuan per yearB. are exempted 50 per cent from the whole cost of their educationC. are rather higherD. are exempted 30 percent18. Self—paying students, after their graduation, ____.A. will return to their unitsB. will be appointed to do some work by the stateC. are provided employments by the statD. are not assigned jobs by the state19. Which statement is trueA. The increases in tuition rates can not be changed easilyB. Students payment will be decreased by funding from the state and enterprisesC. Laws and regulations will be made to ensure steady progressD. People in general can't accept the change in the tuition reformVocabularyChoose the best answer to explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.20. Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened their pace of reform in recentyear____.A. WalkingB. stepC. footD. speed21. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute an important part of the reform____.A. Make upB. establishC. holdD. Complete22. Although this practice guaranteed the supply of qualified personnel, it brought aheavy burden to the state____.A. it brought the state expense and troubleB. it brought the state sufferingC. it made the state involve in difficultiesD. it caused the state involved in troubles23. The reform will take effect in two directions____.A. will take placeB. will come into forceD. will have an influenceC. will affect24. The figure was higher in special economic zones and economicallydeveloped regions such as Guangdong, province and Shanghai, but was capped at 300 yuan____.A. coveredB. aboutD. much more thanC. over25. This Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau decided to allow regular institutions of higher education to set their own tuition rates and charges for accommodation____.A. decideB. fixD. Both A and BC. put forward26. The tuition for students in the sciences and engineering can range from 300to 500 yuan per academic year____.A. be charged between 300 and 500B. set at 300 or 500C. be decided at 300 or 500D. extend from 300 to 50027. Measures have been taken to limit the possible detrimental affects of rising tuition____.A. determinedB. damageD. influentialC. harmful28. Shanghai, for instance, exempts the children of revolutionary martyrs from paying tuition____.A. charges a little forB. makes free charge forD. Both A and BC. reduces the charge for29. And these costs may be reduced or waived for students with limited family financial support as their parents are either both dead or are receiving subsidies from their work units____.A. insisted onB. not enforcedC. chargedD. exempted30. Some colleges have also set up work—study programs to benefit studentswith financial difficulties____.A. helpB. give money toC. give profits toD. send allowance of money to31. The State Educational Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the StatePrice Bureau stipulated that these students should pay 80 percent of the cost of their education____.A. arrangedB. advocatedC. stated clearlyD. stimulated32. Such students who live on campus pay the standard rate for accommodationand must cover their own medical expenses____.A. includeB. exemptD. provide money forC. change33. Self—paying students are not assigned jobs by the state after graduation, whereas students sent by their units will return to them after graduation____.A. After graduation the state doesn't give employments to the self—paying studentsB. After graduation, the state doesn't appoint the self—paying students to dosome workC. After graduation, the self-paying students are not going to apply for jobsD. All are wrong34. To facilitate the development of higher education, the increases in tuitionrates will be more flexible and diversified____.A. will be more easily bent and variousB. will be more limited and various.C. will be easily changed and in variety to adapt to new conditionsD. will be raised more than before B Endangered Trade(The Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar., 1999)Such is the special relationship between America and its NATO partners that while thatalliance cooperates to bomb Serbian forces, the U.S. and the EU are managing a trade waragainst each other. Fortunately, no lives are at stake in the latter conflict. Yet if it spreadsunchecked, the rest of the world is sure to feel the pain of it.It's hard to decide whether the U.S. or Europe deserves the most contempt for expandingfruittwo between struggle a essentially is bananas, over fight, first The war. trade their distributors with strong political connections. Now Washington and Brussels are escalatingtheir battle over beef, with European farmers stooping to science in their claims that hormone-treated American beef is unsafe.In his first term in office, President Bill Clinton teamed up with the Republicans to pushmajor free-trade liberalizations. Now, however, he seems bent on pursuing 'level even ifplaying fields,'torpedoing the world economy. The latest salvo was fired this week, with theU.S. announcing it has targeted close to $1 billion of European products for 100% tariffs ifthe European Union doesn't drop the hormone nonsense.The move follows an earlier announcement that the U.S. administration will fight Europe's banana import regime by hitting a range of European goods with prohibitive tariffs.Add to this renewed American threats to raise the drawbridge to Russian, Japanese andBrazilian steel, as well as administration support for a congressional vote to ban Concordeflights from Europe in relation for EU threats to refuse landing rights to old-American planesretrofitted with noise reducing technology.Mr. Clinton sounded the protectionist battle cry in his January State of the Union address,where he vowed to fight for 'a freer and fairer trading system for 21st century America.' Inthe case of agriculture, when the respective lobbies on both sides of the Atlantic enter thefray, that translates into a sticky situation. On the whole, American farmers are major exporters. And U.S. farmers have a good case on beef hormones. But it is nonetheless dangerous for the U.S. to shut off $1 billion in trade.This is not to excuse the EU. The hormone argument is nonsense. The World Trade Organization has acknowledged as much, ordering the EU to allow imports of Americanmeat by May 13. Brussels has responded by saying that it needs more time because European citizens, who supposedly don't like hormones in their food, would rebel againsttheir governments if American meat suddenly appeared on their store shelves.Were it not for the high stakes involved for both producers and consumers, theargument might be amusing. When governments curtail trade the global economy shrinksand for all the jobs 'saved' by protections, there are a lot more lost. TheSmoot-Hawleyagricultural protections imposed by the U.S. Congress in the late 1920s certainly contributedto the Great Depression. Mr. Clinton may believe he is fighting the good fight. But we'venever thought much of the kind of war where you pose even when you win.Judge whether the following statement are True or False:35. ( ) The Trade war between the U.S. and the EU has cost no lives but is equally dangerous.36. ( ) It's very easy to decide who is to blame for expanding the trade war.37. ( ) The very beginning of the trade war suggests that it bears political significance.38. ( ) The author agrees that hormone-treated beef is harmful to one's health.39. ( ) President Bill Clinton used to be a believer of free trade, but not now.40. ( ) Level playing fields ca do good to the world economy.41. ( ) Besides its trade war with the EU, the U.S. is also in conflict with Japan, Russia and Brazil.42. ( ) The author thinks that in the case of beef, the American farmers are justified.43. ( ) The author thinks that it is a right decision for the U.S. to shut off $1 billion intrade.44. ( ) The two sides have submitted the case of beef to the WTO for settlement.得49 (4% Read the following passage and answer Questions 45～Part Ⅲ分for each,20%)The Rich Get Richer and Elected. RobertsBy Steven Vthe as as wealthy 1984 were almost four times in The representatives newly electedfirst-term lawmakers elected only six years before, according to a new study based one thefinancial reports.members'court factors: a are the study says, two main swing, remarkable Behind this adecision that outlawed limits on what candidates could give to their own campaigns, and the enormous growth in the cost of pursuing a seat in Congress. As a result, it is increasingly difficult for candidates of modest means, particularly women, to mount successful challenges to entrenched office holders.One solution, the authors contend, is a system of public financing for campaigns,but Congress seems in no mood to change the political rules any time soon.said Mark Green, the president of The”The lower chamber is going upper class,“Democracy Project, a public policy institute based in New York. “But this evolutionfrom a House of Representatives to a House of Lords denies the diversity of our democracy. It establishes a de facto property qualification for office that increasingly says: low and middle income need not apply.”The Democracy Project produced the study in cooperation with the United States Public Interest Research Group, a similar institute situated in Washington. But their research was not entirely theoretical. In 1980 Mr. Green was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in New York's 15th District, in Manhattan. The winner was Bill Green, one of the wealthiest members of Congress.Of Assets and MillionairesMembers of Congress must report their assets in broad categories, not exact numbers, so the figures in the study are not precise. But the minimum average wealth of the 43 lawmakers first elected last year was $251,292. Six years earlier, the 74 new members reported an average of only $41,358 in assets. With inflation figured in, the increase was almost 400 percent in real terms.Moreover, financial data on the class of 1978 indicated only one millionaire, William F. Clinger Jr., a Pennsylvania Republican. Last year's newcomers included 15 possible millionaires, more than a third of the entire group. Topping the list was Joseph J. Dioguardi, a Westchester Republican, who listed assets of $1 million to $2.46 million.The main reason for the change, Mr. Green maintains, is the Supreme Court decision of 1976 in the case of Buckley V. Valeo. In that case, the Court ruled that limits mandated by Congress on the amount a candidate could give to his or her own campaign were an unconstitutional abridgment of individual rights. At the same time, the Court upheld limits on amounts contributed by outsiders.“Quite naturally”, Mr. Green said, “this puts a premium on personal wealth.The 43 Representatives newly elected in 1984 spent an average of $459,344; of that, $50,329 was their own money in an average case. Eight of the 43 spent more than $100,000 in personal funds but the clear leader was Tommy F. Robinson, an Arkansas Democrat, who contributed $441, 167 to his own campaign. Mr. DioGuardi was next with a personal donation of $210,000.The Senate Puts an even higher premium on wealth. Last year the average candidate for the Senate spent $2 million, and the roster of millionaires in the Senate is steadily growing.The second factor putting a premium on personal wealth, Mr. Green argues, isthe rapid rise of political action committees. They tend to favor incumbents with their campaign contributions, and a result, Mr. Green says, is that it takes a wealthy challenger to make a race of things.One apparent effect is the obstacle this poses for women who run for Congress. While women in rapidly rising numbers are capturing local and state offices, their representation on the national level has stayed static. The class of 1984 included only two women: Helen D. Bentley of Maryland and Jan Meyers of Kansas, both Republicans.“It is largely men who control wealth in America,”Mr. Green said, “and if wealth is a major variable in political success, that automatically means more menwill run and win.”Fred Wertheimer, president of Common Cause, the public affairs lobby that , if you're not personally wealthy, and you're not willing to indebt yourself to the PAC's, you face an uphill struggle just to get your message on the table.The authors of the study argue that some form of public financing for campaigns should be instituted. “Competition for public office should be based more upon merit than money,”asserted Gene Karpinski, executive director of the public interest research group.Mr. Wertheimer argues that “members of Congress know they have a national scandalon their hands”and are willing to consider public financing, or at least a total limit on PACcontributions. But the chances for change in the current system remain decidedly poor.Obviously the current occupants of Capitol Hill have kept their seats under the present rules, which clearly favor incumbents. Accordingly, Mr. Green maintains, Congress is stillprobably “several scandals away”from a serious push to change the campaign system.(From The New York Times, September 24, 1985)45. Why has the House of Representatives been changing into a rich man's club or a House of Lords46. In what way did the Court decision favor the wealthy candidates47. Are women far behind men in getting Congressional offices Please give an examplefor your answer.48. What role do political action committees play in a campaign for public office49. According to the author of the study, on what basis should the political race for public office be placed得 Translate the following into Chinese .(20%)ⅥPart 分How to negotiateworld brought the business culture, which has attractive The US is an market. Its”, has been leading commercial thinking in recent years and ”and “IPOs “shareholder valuewill continue to do so. But whoever wants to succeed in the US needs to remember the rulesof the game.If you can US business is described by the lyrics of the song New York, New York: “no by to business is ”anywhere! Yet a euphoric approach make it here, you can make itmeans enough. Although business communication in the US is pleasant and easygoing, it isat the same time ruthlessly focused.the meet, negotiating partners talent is natural of Americans. When Communicating emphasis is on small talk and smiling. There is liberal use of a sense of humour that is moredirect than it is in the UK. If you give a talk in America, you should speak in a relaxedwayand with plenty of jokes to capture your audience's attention.卷参考答案）《英语报刊阅读》试卷（A Reconstruct the messages of the following headlines of news stories: (1% for ⅠParteach, 10%)are、3 are1、The is the and 、2 A 4、is his afor and passage following Read ⅡPart the answer A Questions the 5-34 (1%each,30 %) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%)A:5～9 BDCCD 10～14 CDBDA 15～19 BACDC30～39 BACBD20～24 DAABA ～34 ACDBC25B:4035～39 TFTFT～44 FTTFTPart ⅢRead the following passage and answer Questions 45～49 (4% for each,20%)45. Because the House of Representatives is largely composed of wealthy men, and they getelected not on their merit, but on their money.46. The court decision outlawed limits on the amount that a candidate could give to his owncampaign. At the same time it upheld limits on amounts contributed by outsiders. 47. Yes. Take the Congressional election in 1984 for example, only two women got elected.48. They play a very important role to help officeholders to get re-elected with campaigncontributions.49. Some form of public financing should be taken. Competition for public office should bebased more on merit than money.Part ⅣTranslate the following into Chinese .(20%)美国是一个有吸引力的市场。
英美报刊阅读-2
三、标题的措辞特点
Characteristics of diction in headlines:大量选 用简短词----for economy and brevity 1. Use short words as many as possible: use concrete, vivid words e.g. 如表示“破坏”或“损坏”，标题中 一般不用damage,而用hit, harm, hurt, ruin或 wreck等。又如表示“放弃”，不 用abandon而用drop, give up, quit, skip或 yield等；表“爆炸”之类的动词时，一般 不用explode而用blast, crash, ram 或 smash。
英美报刊阅读
14
2013-7-14
cool-uninterested 冷漠的／不感兴趣的 cop-policeman 警察 crash-collision 碰撞；坠毁 deal-agreement/transaction 协议；交易 Dems-democrats 民主主义者／民主人士；（美）民主 党党员 down-decrease 下降／减少 drive-campaign 运动；进程 envoy-ambassador 大使 fake-counterfeit 赝品；骗局 fete-celebration 庆祝（活动） feud-strong dispute 严重分歧
（价格等）暴跌 做好准备 调查 促进；怂恿 激发；引发 辞职 袭击；进攻；搜寻 批评；抨击 肆虐，蔓延 摧毁；把。。。。夷为平地 批评；抨击
英美报刊阅读
10
2013-7-14
rock-shake violently/shock rout-defeat completely sack-dismiss shift-transfer shun-abandon slay-murder snub-neglect soar-skyrocket spark-encourage spur-encourage stall-make no progress
英美报刊选读chapter_2_News_Headlines
Grammatical features---- Predicate
(2) Participial phrase as predicate Identities of Hijack suspects released U.S. Attacked: Hijacked jets destroy twin towers and hit pentagon in day of terror Fed expected to make a half-point cut in rates US weather forecasters caught out by storm Top Pakistan judge dismissed after refusing to take oath
Grammatical features---- Predicate
(1) Adjective as predicate US carmaker ready to cut output Buenos Aires “close” to deal on fresh IMF loan EU and China closer to deal on Beijing’s WTO entry
The pun in this case is in the words burning
questions. The questions are about fires, hence burning questions, but burning question is another way of saying an important or urgent question. The term gender has to do with male and female; and the newspaper article in question deals with the return of tension in the working relationships of men and women in London post offices. The headline is a pun on the instruction Return to sender, which is stamped on letters that cannot be delivered and must be sent back to the people who wrote them.
Newspaper headlines
Newspaper headlinesI. The different types of newspaper headlines∙Straight headlinesThey simply relate the main topic of the story. They arethe most common types of headlines and are the easiest to understand.Example:Chechen grave points to Russian atrocities [TGM]∙Headlines that ask a questionMost question headlines are not really typicalquestions at all. They are statements followed by aquestion mark. These question marks are used when:o The headline reports a future possibilityExample:Are hotels in shape for games? [TGM]o There is some doubt about the truth or accuracy of the story.Example:Hidden Treasures In Y our safe-Deposit Box? [TGM]∙Headlines that contain a quotationA quoted speech is used in headlines.It’s another way to begi n a story with an unproven statement.Example:Mountie shot in Arctic ‘had no enemies at all’ [TGM]Quotation marks are used also to show a word is being used outsideits normal meaning.Example:Microsoft service divulges e-mail addresses unless patrons ‘opt out’ [TGM]∙Feature headlinesHeadlines for some unusual or amusing stories don’t givea complete meaning. It’s often necessary to read the story tounderstand the headline.Example:Two shot dead at U.S. school [TGM]∙Double headlinesThey are two-part headlines of the same story. They are oftenused for major events.Example:An experiment in simplicityI WANT A LIFE [NP]II.The language of newspaper headlines∙Headlines are almost always in the simple present tense.Example:Landry sways his party (The Gazette, March 4, 2001)∙The simple present tense is used to describe something happening in the present or in the past.Example:Continent fears outbreaks (The Gazette, March 4, 2001)∙The simple present tense is used to describe bothsomething happening now, and something that happens repeatedly.Example:Nasdaq tumbles on recession fears [NP]∙The present continuous is sometimes used, mostly to give the meaning of something that is developing. The auxiliary is/are is omitted.Example:Bikers flexing their muscles (The Gazette, March 4, 2001)∙The auxiliaries: is/was/are/were and has/have/had are often omitted.Example:Microcell cutting Fido rates [TGM]∙The infinitive is used to refer to the future.Example:Liberals to spend $700-million on research and developmentprojects [TGM]∙Articles and conjunctions are often omitted.Example:Investors snap up JDS, Nortel [TGM]∙In passive forms, the auxiliary is omitted and only the past participle is used.Example:Race marshal killed in Villeneuve crash [TG]∙ A series of nouns used as adjectives is often blocked together without any verbs or conjunctions.Example:Electoral popularity key consideration [TG]∙Acronyms and abbreviations are often used in headlines.Example:IOC comes calling, but hero athletes on road [TGM]。
英文报刊常识
英语新闻标题
英语新闻标题（headline）是新闻报道的 题目，它是报道全文的高度浓缩和概括。新 闻英语学者称其为“标题语言”(headlinese)。 对非英语本族人来说如果掌握了英语报刊标 题的特点，就可以大大地减少理解标题的困 难，准确掌握其含义。 一般来说，英语报刊的标题有词汇、语法、 修辞及标点符号四个方面的特点。
Introduction to Newspaper English
语法特点 Grammatical Feature 英语报刊标题的语法特点主要包括：（一）省略、（二）广泛使用现在时、（三）广 泛使用非谓语动词三个方面。 （一）省略（Omission） 英美报刊标题语法的最大特点就是省略。为了节省篇幅和有紧凑感，记者在写标题时 往往会省略一切无实意的词：冠词、连词、代词，助动词和动词to be等。 例如： 1. 37 Killed in Italian Plane Crash=37 were killed in an Italian Plane Crash 意大利一飞机坠毁37人遇难 2. Poverty, Pregnancy Linked=Poverty and Pregnancy linked 多子与贫困相连 3. Mother, Daughter Share Fulbright Year= A Mother and Her Daughter Share a Fulbright Year 母女同享富布莱特访学年 （二）广泛使用一般现在时（Wide Use of the Simple Present Tense） 英语报刊标题通常使用一般现在时代替几乎所有的时态。其主要目的是突出事件的现 实感和新鲜感，使读者阅读时有“身临其境”之感。增强读者的阅读兴趣。 例如： 1. Thailand Calls For IMF Rescue Plan 泰国急需国际货币基金组织援救 2. Bomb Injuries 26 on Paris Train 巴黎火车站炸弹爆炸，二十六人受伤
英美报刊选读Features of Headline
• 英文报纸新闻标题则不同。因为英文的词是多音 节的, 长长的词和一个短句就得占用不少版面字 数却只能表达一个概念。此外, 英语语法结构比 较严密, 英文报纸的新闻标题就很难像中文标题 那样既占较少版面字幅, 又能高度概括全文的内 容。因而, 英文报纸新闻标题往往偏重于“重点 化”, 即用精练的文字提炼出新闻中最重要的事 实来吸引读者, 正因为它的这种特点, 有时有些 标题看起来不容易理解。当读者不太领会标题含 义的时候, 不妨先看看导语, 即全文的第一段。 在导语中往往能找到明确含义或事实, 从而更好 地帮助读者理解新闻标题。
• 3) 人称关系代词的省略 • Irish group kills ex-chef • (An Irish group kills its ex-chef)(21st CENTURY, NOVEMBER 22, 2001. P19) • 4) 语法引导词的省略 • Measures taken to beat terror • (=Measures have been taken to beat terror) (CHINA DAILY, TURSDAY, NOVENBER22, 2001. P3) • 5)联系动词的省略 • School milk program (is) under way • (CHINA DAILY, WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2001)
• 6)助动词的省略 • 在英文报纸的撰写过程中, 编辑们通常省去助动 词“to be”的各种时态形式, 以单独一个过去分 词或现在分词构成被动语态或进行时。例如: • Women (are) told to guard their rights by law Expresident Wenem (was) freed from horse arrest (CHINA DAILY, MONDAY, NoVEMBER22, 2001. P11) • 此外, 报刊英语还有语言朴实、准确等特点,记者 必须在有限的词数范围内用通俗易懂、 简短明 了的文字将新闻事实栩栩如生地提供给读者。 各报总是力争把新闻事实写得尽可能正确、 生 动, 以吸引读者。
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Supplementary material of language features: News headline1. Major functions of a headlineTo attract the reader‟s attentionTo summarize the storyTo help the reader index the contents of the pageTo depict the mood of the storyTo help set the tone of the newspaperTo provide adequate typographic (排版、印刷上的) reliefNot every headline can accomplish each of the above-listed tasks, but reports and editors who write headlines with these goals in mind will write better headlines than those who ignore them.2. Types1）摘要(narrative headline)：这类标题提纲挈领，高度概括出新闻的主要内容，常用肯定句形式。
如：a. Girls Die in Blazeb. Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency2）设问(interrogative headline)：A. 表明未来可能发生某事。
如：OPEC to Raise Oil Output?B. 对某事的真实性表示怀疑。
如：A Europe “With One V oice”? (欧盟国家能真正用一个声音说话吗？)C. 说理。
如：Murder on Campus: Can It Be Averted?3）引语式标题(quotation headline)。
A. 将人们说的常理性的话作标题，或引经据典（直接引用、套用、改用典故、名言、谚语、习语等）。
如：“We Owe Our Lives to Our Pilot”Liberty is the true mother of invention (套用谚语Necessity is the mother of invention)Refugees in Dire Straits (“in dire straits”是习语，指“in difficult\dangerous situation”)B. 直接引用记者听到某人的原话作标题，或是记者采访的对象所言，或是发言人所说的话。
如：“We Have to Save Our People”UN Chief: Talks Here “Positive”C. 利用文章中的一句话、半句话、某个短语\词作标题。
如：If They Have a FlingD. 标题中部分带引号的词，有时其词义往往不是其通常的意思。
如：Norse “Invasion” (invasion这里不是指古代北欧人对不列颠的入侵和征服，而是指大批挪威人到苏格兰去旅游购物)4）双标题(two-deck headline)：这种标题往往是一篇关于重大事件报道中的两部分标题。
如：It Isn‟t the Cow That Are MadIt‟s the People That Are Going Mad5）艺术加工型标题(artistic headline)：这类标题运用各种修辞手段，如比喻、押韵、仿拟、双关、对仗、典故、反语、夸张等手段以求得生动、形象、幽默、讽刺等效果。
因此，读者往往难以一目了然，有时需读完全文才知道其主题思想。
如：Metaphor:Middle East: a Cradle of Terror 中东:恐怖主义的摇篮A House in Two Parts两个部分拼凑成的房子(加拿大讲法语的魁北克省与其他讲英语的省之间长期以来存在的矛盾)A Dove Taking Wing (将联合国比喻为一只正在起飞的“和平鸽”)Alliteration and rhyme:Soldiers Salary Soars 士兵薪水剧增Needy or Greedy?是贫困还是贪婪？Buzz, Buzz, It’s the Fuzz嗡嗡，嗡嗡，是监视器在嗡嗡Young Wheelers，Big Dealers 驾驶摩托小青年，保险公司大主顾Starts with S, Ends with Ex 怎一个“性”字了得No Fans? “No Fret!” 赛场没人气？“咱可没生气！”No Bill, No Bell. 美以首脑会议不欢而散Parody: a piece of writing, music, acting, etc. that deliberately copies thestyle of sb/sth in order to be amusing; temporary transformation of allusions, proverbs, famous sayings, ect. →New wine in an old bottleParody---《吉祥三宝》之中国研究生版师兄！哎！论文出来老板看过了吗？看啦！老板看完发到哪里去啦？烂刊！我怎么找也找不到它？没人看啦！论文、烂刊、学生就是吉祥的一家！师姐！哎！论文完成就能毕业吗？等项目结了！项目结了就能答辩吗？等老板批啦！干完这些老板会多发money吗？你会知道的！老板、项目和money就是吉祥的一家！师妹！啊？学校像太阳照着大家！那老板呢？老板是向日葵紧跟朝令夕改的太阳！那我们呢？我们是绿叶老实工作衬托红花！噢！明白啦！学校、老板和我们就是吉祥如意的一家！a. The Old Man and the Economic Sea (The Old Man and the Sea )关于一位老经济学者的事迹b. A Tale of Two Hearts(A Tale of Two Cities) 一位病人换了人造心脏的事c. Candidate In the WindHow a wavering Hilary Rodham Clinton finally decided to declare(Candle In the Wind «风中之烛») “风中”候选人摇摆不定的罗德姆•希拉里•克林顿缘何最后决定宣布参选d. They came，they saw，they were conquered.仿拟古罗马恺撒大帝的名言I came，I saw，I conquered.（我来了，我看到了，我征服了），此处表现了法国球迷因自己的球队在韩日世界杯小组赛就被淘汰而遭受到的失望与无奈，形象地展示了法国队的尴尬境地。
e. The son also rises儿子照样上位这是一篇国际新闻，报道的是某国领导人让自己的儿子来接班引起外界的非议。
结果儿子照样继承了父亲的职位。
这里的“son”和“sun”是同音字，让人很容易联想到美国作家海明威的著名小说The sun also rises，达到了讽刺、戏谑的效果。
f. TO SAVE OR NOT TO SAVEThe Immigrants’ Dilemma: To Boycott or Not to Boycott?(To be or not to be is a question)Pun:Soccer Kicks Off with Violence (足球开踢，拳打脚踢)Terror Strikes Heart of US (恐怖袭击美国心脏)Royal Ballet Keeps Fans on Their Toes (皇家芭蕾，奉献绝技)A New Harvest of Troubles (农产品丰收，新问题成堆)Antithesis:a. Rich Man, Poor Man (富球星，穷观众) (一篇有关球星高额薪金导致赛票价格昂贵、观众承受不起情况的报道)b. Capital Rich, Revenue Poor (资本雄厚，收益可怜)Allusion:a. Pandora‟s Box 潘朵拉的盒子（据希腊神话，潘朵拉是主神宙斯(Zeus)命火神用粘土制成的人类第一个女性。
宙斯命潘朵拉带着一个盒子下凡，潘朵拉私自打开盒子，于是里面的疾病，罪恶，疯狂等各种祸害全跑出来散布到世界上。
作者Brian Hook用此典故作为文章的标题，表明他对1998年中国取消福利分房政策所带来后果的担心。
）b. It‟s D-Day for Village Near Diana‟s Grave 戴安娜王妃去世，参观墓地者如潮（D-Day是第二次世界大战中1944年6月6日同盟国军队进攻西欧的日子。
戴安娜王妃1997年在巴黎车祸中遇难后，安葬在苏格兰故乡一个村庄附近。
文章作者用此典故以说明大批参观者的到来。
）Note: 据观察，美国报刊不如英国报刊那样讲究修辞手段，因而美国报刊的标题大多要比英国的容易解读。
3. FeaturesHeadlines are the hooks that catch the fish. They need to be concise and forceful, and to make an instant impact. This explains one of their major distinguishing features: the tendency to dramatize. There are several ways they achieve this.i) Headlines use shorter but stronger, more emotive words than the subject really warrants. For example, “cut”is sharper and moreeye-catching than “reduction”, “boost” suggests more and bigger activity than “increase”, and “collapse” is more expressive than “fall”.Could you find the more dramatic words in the following headlines and try to explain their meanings?e.g.: Shares Plunge As Recession BitesCatastrophic Error Forces Manager Onto The Defensive30,000 Jobs To Be AxedOil Prices Soar As Gulf States Cut ProductionManager Quits After Stormy Confrontation With FansNote:Plunge (fall), bite (reason), present tense. In the October 2008 worldwide stock market collapse, the word “bloodbath”(大屠杀)was frequently used.Present tense conveys a sense of immediacy. “Catastrophic”obviously dramatizes the situation, while “defensive”has military overtone and creates a sense of emergency.Axe (lost\cut). The use of the infinitive to denote the future invites the reader to feel he is on the top of an important event.Soar: increase dramatically;Storm: violent disagreementAir: make known宣扬Annul: to cancel or abolishBack: support, approve ofBan / bar: prohibit(ion), prevent(ion) Bid:attempt, offerBlast: explosion, strong criticism Blow: setback, disappointmentBalk: impedeBilk: cheatBoom: a sudden large increaseBoost: promote/promotion, increase Clash: an argument or conflictCurb: restraint, restriction, controlDuck\Slash: reduce quickly and suddenly Drama: action, incidentDeal: an agreementEye: watch with interest目击Feud: strong disagreementFoil: preventFlay: accuse, criticize stronglyGap: discrepancy, intervalGo-ahead: approvalGraft: corruptionGut: destroy completely by fireHeist: theftHit: affect adverselyHaul: large quantity which has been stolen and later discovered 大笔赃物Head off: to preventInk: signIrk: to irritate, annoy, or botherLoom: approach with a sense of threatLash: to attack violentlyLash out: criticize stronglyLine: position, demandLoot: confiscateLop: diminishMar: damageMob: large gang, uncontrolled crowdMishap: unfortunate happeningsMolest: to bother or annoyNab: arrest, captureNet (v): capture; (a.): totalOrdeal: an unpleasant\painful experiencePact:treaty, agreementPoised: ready for actionProbe: investigate, investigationProd: instigate, stimulatePledge: promise (PM pledges new deal for unemployed)Plea: strong requestRap (v.\n.): criticize\accusationRattle: to confuse, make nervousRock: surprise, astonishRout: defeatRow: quarrel or disagreementShun: abandonSnub: neglectStall: interruptStamp: trampleStem: checkSway: influence or persuadeSmash: break up or destroySnag: problem, difficultySnub: to pay no attention toSwindle: an unlawful way of getting moneySwoop: sudden attack or raidTable: to lay aside for future discussion 提出，把列入议事日程；推迟Thwart: obstructTop: exceedVie: competeWed: marryWhitewash: to hide or cover up the faults or errorsWoo: pursueii) They use the minimum number of words. The newspaper headline cuts out the words which, though necessary grammatically, are redundant with regard to meaning. In particular, the definite and indefinite articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, pronouns are usually omitted, and past passive verbs are often reducing to their past participles. Sometimes, even the subject and content words are omitted on the condition that the omission won‟t cause misunderstandings.e.g.: Ballots, Not (Want) Bullets =(Algerians Want) Ballots, (Do)Not (Want) BulletsHave Dollars, Will Sell= (If You) Have Dollars, (They) WillSellBesides, the headline tends to use abbreviations (clippings, acronyms, initialisms) to make it more concise but eye-catching. Clippings:corp (corporation) teens (teenagers) info (information)porn(pornography) execs(executives) chute (parachute) quake (earthquake) tec (detective) script (prescription) asst (assistant) dept (department) crack (crack cocaine) final (the final race) senior (a senior citizen) Aussie＝Australian biz＝business telly＝television expo＝exposition(博览会) champ＝champion con＝convict(罪犯) bn=billiongrad＝graduate homo＝homosexual lib＝liberationpro＝professional rep＝representative sec＝secretarycopter ＝helicopter vet＝veteran(老兵；老手) vic＝victorynarc = narcotics agent(缉毒探员) perm = permanent wave(烫发) pub= public house (小酒馆) nat…l＝nationalcom‟l＝commercial(商业的；广告) c…tee＝committee(委员会)C‟wealth＝Commonwealth(英联邦) govt/gov‟t＝governmente.g.:1. EEC Warns Nuke Arms Spread (nuke=nuclear) 欧盟警告当心核武器扩散2. New Groups Boost Hi-Tech Research (hi-tech=high technology) 新集团加速高科技研发3. Armenian Gov’t Will Close TV Station (Gov’t=government)亚美尼亚将关闭其电视台4. Soviet Sub Probably Not Worth US Salvage (sub=submarine)苏联潜艇不值美国打捞5．Overseas Co-ops to Get Boost (co-ops=cooperations) 海外合作有望加强iii) Tense is carefully used to create a sense of immediacy, i.e. a senseof the present or near future so as to convince the reader of the relevance of what is to follow. The present tense gives the subject a sense of freshness, making it more interesting to read. Often this means using the present tense or using past participle to imply the present perfect, using present participle to imply the present progressive and using infinitive to imply the future.The reader should be aware that she is being manipulated. Her attention is being demanded, she is being told that what she will read about is dramatic or significant and she is receiving the news with a particular focus. A discerning reader will be aware of what is going on and make the necessary adjustments in order to come to her own judgment.Ex: Match each word\phrase in the box to a gap in the headlines. Each word should only be used once and where necessary, you must modify the word. For example, “boost” may need to become “boosts”, “boosting”, or “boosted”.1. Sarkozy Break With Past In Order To Ailing FrenchEconomyNicholas Sarkozy, France‟s new President, today promised that his government would introduce measures to make the French economy more competitive and productive. Included is the abolition of the 35-hour week introduced under the former socialist premier, Lionel Jospin.2. Miao As For Falls On Deaf Ears Yesterday in New York Mr. Miao resigned as President of the WCLA (the World Cat Lovers Association) as his urgent request for new funds for the city‟s stray cats was rejected by the UN Secretary-General. “Cat lovers everywhere”, he said, “look to the UN for a lead. Sadly this is lacking at present”. The Secretary-General made it clear that there were other priorities for the UN. In any case, as he told reporters, this is the year of the dog.3. Interest Rates In For GrowthDesperate to stimulate growth and fend off recession, the Federal Reserve Board today announced an unusually large reduction in interest rates.4. Jobs In To CostsThe government announced today that two hundred civil service jobs would disappear in an attempt to reduce expenditure in government departments, while new funds would become available to entrepreneurs wishing to set up small businesses.5. University With Animal Testing Lab ProtestsAgreement was reached between the University of West Wyoming and the Animal Testing Centre yesterday. The Animal Testing Centre, which is situated only three miles from the university campus, was immediately besieged by protesters waving placards accusing researchers of cruelty to animals.。