当代美国翻译The Cold War

01.4 The Cold War01.4.1The 1950sWith the war over [=After the war was over](=blocks阵营) led by the Soviet Union and the United States. Americans reached a [con-:=together; sense=reason理性->] consensus (共识) that Soviets were evil atheists (无神论者) out for world [dominate->] domination (主导) and concluded that the United States was the only country (be able to do sth.=) (be ~ of doing sth.) capable of stopping them. As (=When) the United States accepted the superpower role (=part角色) it still maintains (=keeps), the country moved from a [depend (on): vi] dependence on conventional (=traditional) armies to a strategy (策略) of sophisticated (=complicated复杂的) airpower, long-range (远程) missiles, [nu-/neo=new; nu-: 核的] nuclear [sub-: under;marine=sea->] 艇), and[thermo-: warm->] (热核的) warheads (核弹头).After a decade of economic depression followed by a four-year war (symbolized a stage) where personal spending was limited and where savings accounts (账号) bulged (膨胀) with $ 40 billion, Americans began to consume. Millions of veterans (老兵) used the new “G.I. (=Government Issue 军用品) Bill” to get university degrees, and in the process [(1)vt.加工(2)n.工艺, 工序; (3)n.过程], increased the numbers of US research universities. As the middle class expanded and均质化,整齐划一) and seemed to reach a basic consensus (共识) about values (价值观) and culture. Sociologist David Reisman’s The Lonely Crowd [->crowded拥挤的] (1950) described this as adoing what others expected (期待). The primaryexpression of wealth was the baby boom (生育高峰) of 1945–57 which saw (=experienced经历/ witnessed见证) the birthrate (出生率) soar to 25 births per 1,000 people – about 4 million babies a year. Larger families promoted (=lead to导致) a demand for housing (住宅) construction and the automobile (汽车) allowed for far-flung (蔓延) suburban communities. By 1960 the majority (多数) of Americans lived in the suburbs, commuted (->commuter) on the new interstate (州际) -> highway man强盗<->express way=free way高速公路) system, and bought what they needed in shopping malls (大型购物中心; supermarket自选商场->hypermarket 超大型商场).To renew (=improve提升) themselves, Americans turned to religion and listened to radio evangelists (福音传道者) like (=such as) Billy Graham who preached (布道) that true Americans were Christians, not “godless Communists.” In 1954, Congress added the words “under God” to the Pledge (誓言) ofAllegiance (效忠), and the next year put the words “In God We Trust (=believe in God)” on every piece of [current: (1)n.洋流,潮流; (2)adj. 当前的->] currency (货币). Christianity (基督教) demanded order and pressured (=forced) women to return to the domestic sphere to raise (养育) “decent (=good)” children. Thousands obeyed, but thousands more were reluctant (=unwilling不愿意的) to give up the freedom and equality provided by a paycheck. The “two-income family (双职工家庭)” lifted (提高) the status (地位) ofand increased [pose: vi.摆姿势->] (税后所得的, 可支配的) income so that most white Americans lived in what John Kenneth Galbraith called TheEducation (1954), the Supreme Court ordered theMontgomery, Alabama, refused to ride (乘车) the segregated city bus lines and found a leader in Martin Luther King, Jr. [junior小<->senior老] Latinos and American Indians began to protest their (poor: adj.<->) poverty [n.贫穷] and second-class citizenship in the richest country on earth (=in the world).A growing (=increasing) youth culture (阶层) turned to jazz, marijuana (大麻), and Rock ‘n’ Roll to challenge the conformity (一致性,遵纪守法) in the suburbs [Counter-culture反主流文化].During the 1950s, Americans became– which was formed in 1938 to explore whether or not the New Deal welfare (福利制度) programs (=project计划) were “creeping (爬行) socialism” –to uncover conspiracies (阴谋) against the American way of life. HUAC’s Richard Nixon headed the investigation into the stealing of atomic secrets by foreign spies. Actorexpansion, voters in 1952 elected US Armyand encouraging economic growth. He believedphilosophy: “What is good for General Motors is also good for our country.” The government invested in weaponry and big businesses profited (获利) in what Eisenhower critically termed (=called/ names) the “military-industrial complex (军事产业合作体).” Things were booming like never before.****************************************Martin Luther King, Jr. **************************************** 1.4.2 The 1960sThe decade opened with a presidential election between Republican Vice-President Richard Milhous Nixon and Democratic Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy (JFK). Both were anti-communists who had supported McCarthy’s ****************************************Joseph McCarthy **************************************** witch-hunt (猎女巫, 反共产主义活动). Nixon appealed to [(1)n.欲望; (2)=attract;(3)呼吁] conservative Protestants and Kennedy, a Catholic, fought to downplay (=scorn轻蔑) rumors (谣言) that he was controlled by the Pope (罗马天主教教皇). Nixon pushed for (强烈要求) television debates. After all, when rumors of an illegal camp aign “slush fund (贿赂基金)” almost forced him from the Republican ticket in 1952, Nixon went on television to explain that he had alsoreceived a puppy (a small dog) as a gift. With a tear in his eye and his voice shaking, Nixon said that his daughter loved that puppy and that no matter what happened, he would not make (force) her give it back. Viewers (=Audience) agreed that Nixon should keep his dog and remain on the ticket. In 1960, television did make the difference (=was influential影响力很大，起作用), but it was JFK (Kennedy)’s camera presence (=performance表现) that won the election.At his inauguration (就职典礼), Kennedy challenged Americans to “ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do foryour country.” His 使柔弱,玩女人) –including Marilyn Monroe –was not high media drama in days when the press (媒体)“New Frontier,” raised the minimum wage,愁潦倒) Appalachia – an area located primarily in Tennessee –and appointed more minorities to federal jobs than anyone had done before. Yet, JFK insisted on balancing the budget (预算) instead of spending on social welfare programs and even though he supported the efforts of Martin Luther King, Jr., his administration (政府当局) could not be counted on (=be relied依赖) to stand up to (对抗) determined (=stubborn顽固的) Southern white racism (种族主义).It was in foreign policy that Kennedy made his mark, even after a bad start (=beginning). A CIA-planned (invade; vt.->) invasion of Cuba failed, and a few months later the world awoke to a new barrier (障碍)– and a Soviet victory – the Berlin Wall. [bold=brave<->bald秃头的](=Encouraged), Cuban President Fidel Castro and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev (赫鲁晓夫) put missiles in Cuba in October 1962.Kennedy responded by [threat: n.威胁] threatening nuclear war if the missiles were not removed. When Khrushchev capitulated(=give in让步<->give up放弃), Kennedy’s popularity (声望) rose. Americans also admired Kennedy’s establishment of the Peace Corpsbecause it the historical missionary (传教士) zeal of bringing democracy and “American know-how (=knowledge知识)” to developing countries. They liked his determination (毅力,决心) to win the space race (竞赛) by putting a man on the moon before the before] foresee (=predict预料) the consequences (=result) of, his order sending 16,000 combat advisors (顾问) to Vietnam. Then, on 22 November 1963, a sniper—or, according to asnipers—[murder谋杀<->assassinate政治谋杀] assassinated him in Dallas, Texas.JFK the martyr (殉道者) myth immediately rose up in the American imagination as a shining promise of what might have been. His beatification (受福, 授福) eased (n./vt.扫平) the way for his successor (继任者), Lyndon Johnson,to declare a “war on poverty” and to promote his “Great Society” programs for raising the lot) of the [privilege: n.特权->](穷困的,下层社会的). Minority groups were already resisting their exclusion (排斥在外) from the affluent (=rich富足的) society. In the farms of the West where workers labored long days for poor pay and no benefits packages (=welfare福利), Cesar Chavez organized migrant Chicano (墨西哥裔美国人) laborers into the United Farm Workers Union. The African American Civil Rights Movement hit high gear (齿轮; 提速), and mass (=public) protests created turmoil (混乱) and brought world opinion to bear on (对…产生影响) discrimination and racism. Martin Luther King used non-violent moral pressure, but others, like (=such as) Malcolm X and the Black Panthers (美洲豹), believed that violence could be a revolutionary tool. From 1964 to 1968, race riots (暴乱) erupted (爆发) across urban America. In this climate of anger and fear, further[murder<->assassinate: vt.政治谋杀] assassinations followed: Malcolm X (1965), Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968), and presidential candidate Robertviolence combined with the (使士气低落的) war in Vietnam to destroy the Great Society.The nation divided sharply along [gene: n.基因->generate= produce-> generation->]生育的,世代的), philosophical, gender, and racial lines. When it became clear种族灭绝) and that there were limits to American power, anti-war protests (反战游行抗议) further split (分化) society as (=when) women, environmentalists, blacks, Latinos, gays, Indians, hippies, and students demanded (要求) change. Johnson was besieged (=troubled包围，使烦恼) by the incessant (=ever-lasting) chanting (咏唱) outside the Oval Office: “Hey, Hey LBJ (Lyndon B. Johnson)! How many kids you kill today?” and “Two, Four, Six, Eight, We don’twant to integrate!” and “Power! Black Power!” He did not run for reelection.1.4.3 The 1970sRichard Nixon was back, promising “peace with honor (体面地结束越战)” in Vietnam and a return to “law and order” at home. Americans –whom Nixon called “the Great Silent (minority<->) Majority” –elected him to thepresidency in 1968 and 1972. He(=finally) pulled American troops out of Vietnam, but only after a savage (野蛮的) (lift垂直向上的电梯<->escalator倾斜向上的电梯) escalation (扩大,增加) of bombing forced the peace. Nixon also made overtures (=proposal) to (向…建议) Russia and China and foreign policy entered an era of détente (=relax). In domestic affairs, he promoted a “New Federalism” to reduce the role of the national government by returning power to the states and placed (=put) thousands of police in America’s streets to reestablish domestic order. The scandals came quickly. Daniel Ellsberg, aPentagon official (文官<->officer武馆), leaked top-secret documents, the Pentagon Papers, to theThe Washington Post(误导)完told the American people about Vietnam. The second story revealed that Nixon had known about the burglary and had covered it up (掩盖). The Senate investigated the matter (事), television turned it into high drama, and when Congress threatened to impeach (弹劾) him, Nixon resigned. Watergate was a triumph (=victory胜利) for a liberal (=free) press, the checks (=control) and balances system and thefears of conspiracy (阴谋) and (缺乏信赖) of government. With the years of social turmoil (动荡) and assassinations (谋杀), thenation’s first war defeat (第一次打败战), a stagnant economy (停滞萧条的经济) with high inflation (通胀), and two presidents dishonored for lying, the American people suffered (蒙受经济损失, 遭受精神折磨) a crisis in confidence (信任危机).Usually the elected vice-president becomes president when a (vacant->) vacancy (空缺) occurs out-of-sync (不同步正常的Agnew had been found逃税,漏税) and had stepped down. Nixon selected Gerald Ford to fill Agnew’s position, effectively making Ford the only. Still [(1)adv. further more而且; (2)adj.=motionless静止的], the people felt better to have a man known to be scrupulously (小心翼翼的) honest at the helm (舵,掌舵). Ford made Americans laugh when he declared upon taking office, “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln” – a word-play (pun文字游戏) on a common automobile and a luxury car (LincolnContinental), as well as the obvious connection. Americans were prepared to suspend (暂停) judgment when (=suddenly) the unthinkableFord issuedexplained it as a way to end “our long national nightmare,” most Americans saw the action as yet者) Jimmy Carter defeated Ford by making a single campaign promise never to lie to the American people. In domestic affairs, Carter could not stop inflation, which rose to 4 percent as unemployment topped (高居) 7 percent for the first time since the Depression. An energy crisis hurt the economy when Arab oil-producing states cut oil exports in protest of US–Israeli actions in the Middle East. Two [aster-/astr-与星象有关->]disasters also indicated (=showed) governmental failures. In 1978, at a housing development in Niagara Falls, New York (city), called “Lovedump nearby. The next year, at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, a nuclear power plant releasedatmosphere.Carter did better in the global arena (斗兽场), deftly (=skillfully灵巧地) handling a treaty returning the canal zone to Panama, officially recognizing the People’s Repub lic of China, brokering (调停) the peace between Egypt and Israel that ended their 30-years’ war, and campaigning (=fighting) worldwide for human rights. But those successes were overcome (克服，抵消) in the long year of 1980 when Iranian revolutionaries held 52 Americans hostage in Tehran (德黑兰) after theUS-backed Shah (伊朗王). Carter’s(外交的) efforts failed and the American people fumed over (大怒) Muslim terrorists and Arab oil embargoes (禁运). When Carter seemed to be locked in the White House doing nothing, his popularity (声望) tumbled (倒下). When he tried a rescue mission (=task) with helicopter (直升机), gunship (炮舰), a dust storm in the desert spoiled the attempt, and Americans blamed him personally.1.4.4 The Reagan EraRising (vi.) prices, energy人质), and social turmoil (动荡), [food->feed->] fed into the rising right-wing[surge: (1)n.波涛; (2)vt.汹涌而至->](复苏). In 1979, in the United Kingdom, the conservative Margaret Thatcher was electedIn 1980, in the United States,voters opted for (=chose) the of California, a former (the ~前者<->the latter后者) actor in second-rate movies, a charismatic (=charming有魅力的) cowboy who wasthreatening war with Iran if it did not return the hostages. Ronald Reagan beat Carter by a landslide electoral college vote of 489–49 after promising to return Americans to confidencestressing patriotism (爱国主义) and(恢复) the military. At 69, he was the oldest president the country had evergrandfatherly chuckle (轻声笑)(=attracted) voters, and his acting ability gained him the sobriquet (=nickname绰号) “the Great Communicator (雄辩家).”On inauguration day, Iran released the hostages – there had been a secret deal [n./ vt.交易]. Reagan continued his aggressive stance (立场), labeling the Soviet Union “an evil empire” and vowing (发誓) to intervene (干预) militarily if anyone threatened US interests. This high-risk strategy made the world uneasy (=nervous) while it (strong->strength: n.->) strengthened American confidence. Reagan (prove: vt. 证明->) approved expensive high-tech projects, got the military budget increased from $136 to $244 billion – fourtimes the amount spent per minute during the“Star Wars” defense system in outer space to protect the US against a nuclear strike by another (super) power. But Reagan’s approach (=method) did not bring peace or security. When he sent marines (=sea->海军陆战队) into Lebanon in 1983 as part of a peacekeeping force, terrorists used a truck bomb to kill 29 of them. Reagan withdrew the soldiers. In 1985, Muslim fundamentalists held various Americans hostage, hijacked airplanes, killed an American tourist on a cruise (游船) ship near Crete (克利特岛), and bombed an American nightclub in Munich (慕尼黑). Frustrated by the inability to hold any country responsible, Reagan sent an air-strike (空袭) against Libyan leader Muammar Qadhafi for his support of terrorists.Reagan was more successful in stopping Cuban-led insurgency (暴动) in Grenada [(英)格林纳达，东加勒比海向风群岛的最南端，南距委内瑞拉海岸约160公里]. He also approved ofCIA help to the “Contras (反对派)” – a rightwing group in Nicaragua trying to overthrow (推翻) an elected socialist government. Worried that the US might be getting involved in another Vietnam, Congress ordered all funding to the Contrasstopped. At that point,–a deputy to the National Security Advisor –the Watergate scandal –and a congressional investigation revealed (=showed) a presidency (总体及其内阁, 总体职位) out of control, one managed so loosely (松弛) that non-elected officials could subvert (颠覆, 推翻) the orders of Congress. Reagan said he knew nothing of it and the matter faded (vi.褪色) away.Reagan’s domestic policy rolled back the social welfare programs begun in the New Deal and expanded during the Great Society. Individual responsibility and free marketcapitalism were revived. Social commentators spoke of “lifestyle choices” as a way to explain away (淡化) poverty, failure (政府的失职), and multiculturalism (多元文化). Reagan got tax breaks (减税) for the rich and called for an increase in capital punishment (死刑), harsher (=severer严厉的) penalties (刑罚) for drug use, more prisons, and bigger police departments.In 1988, Reagan’s two-term Vice-President, George Bush, easily defeated the Democratic nominee (提名人) Michael Dukakis. Bush spoke of a “kinder, gentler” America while he maintained (=kept) Reagan’s economic policies. He benefited from (获益) breathtaking events in Eastern Europe: the Berlin Wall came down, Germany reunited, and Soviet President MikhailGorbachev’s reform policies led to the(->collapsible可折叠的) and breakup of theThe Warsawmoved toward free market capitalism, something Bush called “the New World Order.”In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait, only to be surprised at the quick and determined response of Bush, who by January had deployed (部署) over 500,000 American troops to the Persian Gulf. The quick victory in “Operation Desert Storm” boosted his popularity at home. But the economy slowed and, wanting to balance the budget, Bush (seek->) sought to reduce government domestic programs while reneging (违约) on his 1988 campaign promise, “Read my lips! No new taxes!” The American public resisted any further cuts (削减) in and the tax increase[fury怒火->] (=annoyed激怒) conservatives. In the election of 1992, 19 million disgruntled (不满意的) voters supported a third-party candidate, Texas computer billionaire Ross Perot. This split (分歧) in the conservative vote elected the Democratic nominee (被提名人), a young lawyer and governor from a small Southern state, who played saxophone on MTV: William Jefferson Clinton (Illustration 1.3).。