1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets
英国玄学诗歌英语简介
Critical opinion
Critical opinion of the school has been varied. Johnson claimed that "they were not successful in representing or moving the affections" and that neither "was the sublime more within their reach."[8] Generally, his criticism of the poets' style was grounded in his assertion that "Great thoughts are always general," and that the metaphysical poets were too particular in their search for novelty. He did concede, however, that "they...sometimes stuck out unexpected truth" and that their work is often intellectually, if not emotionally stimulating.[9] The group was to have a significant influence on 20th-century poetry, especially through T. S. Eliot, whose essay The Metaphysical Poets (1921) praised the very anti-Romantic and intellectual qualities of which Johnson and his contemporaries had disapproved, and helped bring their poetry back into favour with readers.[10]
英国文学简史期末考试资料
英国文学简史期末考试资料英国文学简史英美文学史名词翻译Neoclassicism (新古典主义) Renaissance (文艺复兴)Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) Classism (古典主义)EnlighteXXXent (启蒙运动) Romanticism (浪漫主义)Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) Aestheticism（美学主义）Stream of consciousness (意识流) the Age of Realism (现实主义阶段) Naturalism (自然主义) Local Colorist (乡土文学)Imagism (意象主义) The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)Surrealism (超现实主义) The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）New Criticism (新批判主义)Feminism(女权主义) Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄) Impressionism (印象主义) Post modernity (后现代主义)Realism (现实主义) Allegory (寓言)Romance (传说) epic(史诗)Blank Verse (无韵诗) Essay (随笔)Masques or Masks (假面剧) Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节)Three Unities (三一.原则) Meter (格律)Soliloquy (独白) Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人)Elegy (挽歌) . Action/plot (情节)Atmosphere (基调) Epigram (警句)The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学)Aside (旁白) Denouement (戏剧结局)parable (寓言) Genre (流派)Irony (反讽) Satire (讽刺)Lyric (抒情诗) Ode (颂歌)Pastoral (田园诗) Canto (诗章)Lake Poets (湖畔诗人) Image (意象)Dramatic monologue（戏剧独白）Psychological novel (心理小讲)Allusion (典故) Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物) Symbolism (象征主义) Existentialism (存在主义)Anti-hero (反面人物) Rhyme (押韵)Round Character (丰满的人物) Flat character (平淡的人物)Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/蛮母厌父情结) Iambic pentameter (抑扬格五音步)Poetic license (诗的破格) Legend (传奇)Myth (神话) Pessimism (悲观主义)Tragicomedy (悲喜剧) Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)Free Verse (自由体诗歌) Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) Autobiography (自传) Biography (传记)Foot (足注) Protagonist (正面人物)Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) Setting (背景)Chronicle《编年史》Ballads 民谣consonant(协调,一致) repetition (反复)repeated initial(开头的)一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) ―英国诗歌之父（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴阶段文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论讲文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛（Christopher Marlowe）《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta ）威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ）四大悲剧: Hamlet（哈姆雷特）、Othello（奥瑟罗）、King Lear（李尔王）、Macbeth（麦克白）四大喜剧：A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》As you like it《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》The merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton 《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
metaphysical poets
Ben Johnson (1572-1637)
• A prolific dramatist, but he is mainly remembered as the author of following comedy: • Every man in his humor(1598)《人人高 兴》 • Volpone(1606)《狐狸》 • The alchemist(1610) 《炼金术士》
M e ta p h y s ic a l p o e ts a n d C a v a lie r p o e ts
Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）
• the metaphysical poets is a loose group British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them.
Main theme
• They wrote on a variety of religious and secular themes, and to express their ideas, they used startling, highly imaginative comparisons known as conceits. • At the same time, metaphysical poems express an intense awareness of common human feelings and experiences, such as jealousy, the loss of religious faith, the complexities of love and the fear of death. Although the imagery of metaphysical poetry is frequently strained, the language is often as natural and direct as ordinary speech.
英美文学名词解释
Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.Blank Verse素体诗：V erse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Blank verse has been the dominant verse form of English drama and narrative poetry since the mid-sixteenth century. It was introduced by Henry Howard from Italy, and then Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhymes and emotional overtones.Romance传奇文学: it was a long composition ,sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. //Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.Heroic Couplet英雄双韵体: Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.Epic史诗: An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.Sonnet十四行诗: abab cdcd efef gg A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. It was introduced by Wyatt and developed by Surrey and was thereafter widely used, notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Puritanism清教主义: Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It stressed the virtue of self-discipline, thrift, hard work and unceasing labour. It advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many worldly pleasures.Naturalism自然主义: naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life”and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalism writers usually write life of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”, but by giving all the details of life without discrimination, they can only present the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life. Humanism人文主义:Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. According the humanists, both man and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. They emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Man could mould the world according his desire, and attain happiness by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason.Aestheticism唯美主义: prevailing at the middle of the 19th century. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. All art creation is absolutely subjective and should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believe art should be unconcerned with controversial issues.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent among the enlighteners with social reality. The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed the contradictions in the process of capitalist development at the same time. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, they appealed to sentiment, “the human heart”.Critical Realism批判现实主义：critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. Hence the use of humor and satire in the realistic novels. But the trend of their works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.Neo-Romanticism新浪漫主义:a literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century. Dissatisfied with the drab and the ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, the neo-romanticists laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the readers.Modernist现代主义：prevailing during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. It was a movement of experiments in new technique of writing. Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of character s’psychological activities, and so has sometimes been called modern psychological fiction.Stream of Conscience意识流:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of conscious” method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’ mental and emotional reaction to external events, rather than the events themselves.。
玄学派诗人
玄学派诗人[编辑本段]1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets指英国17世纪以约翰·多恩为首的一派诗人，还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于"骑士派"，如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体，只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。
首先用"玄学派"这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿，他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气，他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗，用词怪僻晦涩，韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点，指出"玄学派诗人都是学者"，他们的"才趣"在诗歌中的表现是"把截然不同的意象结合在一起，从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点"，"把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起"（即所谓"奇想"）。
18世纪古典主义诗人重视规范，19世纪浪漫派诗人强调自然，都不重视玄学派诗歌。
20世纪初英国学者格里尔逊先后编选了《多恩诗集》(1912)和《十七世纪玄学派抒情诗和诗歌》(1921)，引起了强烈反响。
美裔英国诗人、批评家艾略特广为传布，并指出玄学派诗人是"把思想和情感统一起来"，是"统一的感受性"的典范。
30年代"新批评派"作了更进一步的研究，英美文学评论界对玄学派的兴趣迄今未衰。
他们之间有意见分歧，但基本态度是肯定的。
玄学派诗歌主要有爱情诗、宗教诗、挽歌、诗简、讽刺诗、冥想诗等。
爱情诗用说理辩论的方式，从科学、哲学、神学中摄取意象，反映出对流行于文艺复兴时期的彼特拉克式的"甜蜜的"抒情诗的不满。
宗教诗和其他诗歌则多写信仰上的苦闷、疑虑、探索与和解。
Donne
Metaphysical Conceit
Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed clichéd comparisons between more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), Metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in A Valediction: 告别辞:请勿悲伤 请勿悲伤》 Forbidding Mourning 《告别辞 请勿悲伤》 (where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass.
In 1615 King James I, his admirer, pressured him to take orders in the Anglican Church. From then on Donne devoted his efforts to devotional writings ─ Holy Sonnets, La Corona series, Meditations, and Sermons. He lost his wife in 1617 and, weary of all worldly ambitions, devoted himself entirely to his sacred duties. In 1621 he was nominated Dean of St. Paul’s cathedral church in London and, as Dr. Donne, he was the most famous preacher of his time.
metaphysical school of poetry
metaphysical school of poetry，玄学派诗歌英国十七世纪诗歌的一派，代表诗人有约翰·邓恩（John Donne）和安德鲁·马韦尔（Andrew Marvell)玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
玄学派诗歌的特点是采用奇特的意象和别具匠心的比喻，揉细腻的感情与深邃的思辩于一体。
玄学派诗歌在18和19世纪一直为世人所忽视，直到20世纪初，才从历史的尘封中重见天日，对现代主义诗风产生很大影响。
十七世纪的玄学派诗歌曾经被德莱顿、约翰逊等人认为取喻怪诞,古奥晦涩,太过学究气和思辨化,而二十世纪盛极一时的新批评理论诸将都不约而同地推崇玄学派诗风,认为玄学派诗歌将思想和情感完美结合,表现了丰富的想象力和艺术独创性,堪称英语诗的最高峰.这与当时的文艺背景有关,也与新批评派的诗学观和文学批评思想有关.邓肯是17世纪英国玄学派诗人的代表，他的诗充满了富有哲理的奇思妙喻，而敏捷活泼的思维活动又与强烈的激情——爱的激情、宗教的激情融为一体，从而制造出一种新颖的和谐。
读邓肯的诗，如同参加一项智力游戏，惟有开动脑筋，方能追赶上诗人飞驰的想像，品味出他精妙的思辨分析一诗玄学派诗歌(Metaphysical school of poetry)作为一种文学倾向流行于十七世纪，但这个称呼最早是英国诗人德莱顿在一六九三年才提出来的。
当时是含有贬义的，他认为以多恩为代表的一些诗人“好弄玄学……爱情诗本应言情，他却用哲学的微妙的思辩，把女性们的头脑弄糊涂了”1。
十七世纪的约翰逊(Samuel Johnson)进一步作出评论，认为十七世纪“涌现出一批可以称之为玄学派诗人的作家”2，从而使这一术语广为流传。
二十世纪的大师艾略特等人(他写过《玄学派诗人》著名论文)更是对该派诗歌大加赞赏。
英美文学选读名词解释
英美文学选读名词解释Metaphysical poets（玄学派诗歌）The metaphysical poets were a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, who shared an interest in metaphysical concerns and a common way of investigating them. Their rigorous, energetic verse appeals to t he reader’s intellect rather than emotions, discarding intuition and mysticism in favour of rational discussion. Their inventive, elaborate style was characterised by learned imagery and subtle argumentation, and the "metaphysical conceit", a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images such as in Andrew Marvell’s comparison of the soul with a drop of dew. Although such devices were not new, these poets managed to make the most of them with their fresh and original approach, infusing new life into English poetry.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry ,the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. the imagery is drawn from actual life.Lake Poets(湖畔诗人)In english literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as william wordsworth, coleridge and southey who lived in the lake District. They came to be known as the lake school or Lakers.Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.Imagism(意象主义)Imagism came into being in Britain and U.S around 1910 as a reaction to the traditional English poetry to express the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.2>the imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.3>imagism is characterized by the following three poetic principles:A.direct treatment of subject matter;B.economy of expression;C. as regards rhythm ,to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of metronome. 4> pound’s In a Station of the Metro is a well-known inagist poem.Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s brought the period of buoyant Harlem culture –which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.。
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1 玄学派诗人The Metaphysical Poets
指英国17世纪以约翰·多恩为首的一派诗人，还包括赫伯特、马韦尔、克拉肖、亨利·金、克利夫兰、特勒贺恩、沃恩、考利、凯利、拉夫莱斯等。
其中有些诗人在风格和内容上也属于"骑士派"，如克利夫兰、凯利、拉夫莱斯。
他们并不是一个有组织的文学团体，只有在诗歌风格上有共同点。
首先用"玄学派"这名词的是17世纪英国诗人、批评家德莱顿，他指出多恩这一派诗人太学究气，他们用哲学辩论和说理的方式写抒情诗，用词怪僻晦涩，韵律不流畅。
18世纪英国批评家约翰逊进一步分析了这一派的特点，指出"玄学派诗人都是学者"，他们的"才趣"在诗歌中的表现是"把截然不同的意象结合在一起，从外表绝不相似的事物中发现隐藏着的相似点"，"把最不伦不类的思想概念勉强地束缚在一起"
（即所谓"奇想"）。
18世纪古典主义诗人重视规范，19世纪浪漫派诗人强调自然，都不重视玄学派诗歌。
20世纪初英国学者格里尔逊先后编选了《多恩诗集》(1912)和《十七世纪玄学派抒情诗和诗歌》(1921)，引起了强烈反响。
美裔英国诗人、批评家艾略特广为传布，并指出玄学派诗人是"把思想和情感统一起来"，是"统一的感受性"的典范。
30年代"新批评派"作了更进一步的研究，英美文学评论界对玄学派的兴趣迄今未衰。
他们之间有意见分歧，但基本态度是肯定的。
玄学派诗歌主要有爱情诗、宗教诗、挽歌、诗简、讽刺诗、冥想诗等。
爱情诗用说理辩论的方式，从科学、哲学、神学中摄取意象，反映出对流行于文艺复兴时期的彼特拉克式的"甜蜜的"抒情诗的不满。
宗教诗和其他诗歌则多写信仰上的苦闷、疑虑、探索与和解。
玄学派诗歌反映了17世纪初斯图亚特王朝日趋反动和旧教重新抬头的情况下人文主义传统中肯定生活、歌颂爱情、个性解放的思想遇到的危机。
玄学派诗歌的情绪很符合第一次世界大战后普遍存在的怀疑气氛，符合对维多利亚和爱德华两朝的温情和庸俗道德观念的不满情绪，也符合作家追求新的生活体验和表现方式的要求，因而风行。
[编辑本段]
2 玄学派诗人写作特点
玄学派诗人具有强烈的叛逆精神，试图从伊丽莎白时期传统的爱情诗歌中分离出去。
诗人的措辞采用简洁的白描法，大大区别于伊丽莎白时期或新古典主义时期的诗歌风格，并反映了普通语言和强弱自然的节奏。
诗中的意象都是从现实的生活中提取。
诗歌的形式经常都是以作者同爱人，同上帝，甚或同自己进行争论的方法存在的。
由于品味的不同，邓恩及其后继者们的作品在18世纪与19世纪初期备受冷落，然而到了19世纪晚期及20世纪初期，越来越多的人开始青睐于邓恩及其他
玄学派诗人的作品。
这种对邓恩的重新承认是由于人们认识到了他们创艺术的严肃性，并对他们的叛逆精神，他们的现实主义以及他们与现代人思想品味的相似非常感兴趣，同时还由于邓恩派诗人们的确创作了绝妙的作品。
T.S.艾略特，约翰·兰塞姆与埃伦·泰特都是深受玄学派影响的现代诗人典例。
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3 代表人物约翰邓恩John Donne.
约翰.邓恩便是“玄学派”的代表人物。
他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性，展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念，以及漫无边际的情感与心境。
他的诗歌形式是动态的，语言别致精巧，意象栩栩如生，韵律生动活泼，与其他单纯静谧，乐感十足而平淡无奇的伊丽莎白时代爱情诗相比大相径庭。
邓恩诗作最显著的特点是那强烈的现实主义气息，也就是说诗中的反映不是诗意的世界而是现实的世界。
除了邓恩，玄学派诗人的代表还有赫伯特，沃恩，克拉肖，马韦尔及考利。