中考英语阅读理解专题《直击中考英语阅读理解》

中考英语阅读理解专题《直击中考英语阅读理解》
中考英语阅读理解专题《直击中考英语阅读理解》

直击中考英语阅读理解

一、阅读理解题的命题特点

阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务,也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意,获取其中的主要信息,并能做出正确判断,然后根据试题的要求从A、B、C、D 4个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同,要求阅读速度为每分钟40~50个词。

(一)中考阅读理解题阅读材料的选取一般遵循3个原则:

1.阅读文章不少于3篇,阅读量在1000单词左右。

2.题材广泛,包括科普、社会、文化、政治、经济等。

3.体裁多样,包括记叙文、说明文、应用文等。

(二)中考阅读理解题考查的主要内容是:

1.考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。

此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文)的主题、主题思想、标题或目的,其主要提问方式是:

1)Which is the best title of the passage?

2)Which of the following is this passage about?

3)In this passage the writer tries to tell us that________.

4)The passage tells us that_______.

5)This passage mainly talks about_________.

2.考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。

此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的,其主要提问方式是:

1)Which of the following is right?

2)Which of the following is not mentioned?

3)Which of the following is Not True in the passage?

4)Choose the right order of this passage.

5)From this passage wc know____________.

3.考查根据上下文猜测生词含义的能力。

此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是:

1)The word“…”in the passage probably means_________.

2)The underlined word“…”in the passage refers to_________.

3)In this story the underlined word“…”means__________.

4)Here“…”means____________.

4.考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解,对文章各段、各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。

此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间、段与段之间的逻辑关系,其主要提问方式是:

1)Many visitors come to the write'city to__________.

2)Some shops can be built Donfeng Square so that they may________.

3)Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because_________.

4)Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?

5.考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。

此类题目文章中没有明确的答案,需要考生在理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是:

1)We can guess the writer of the letter may be a___________.

2)We can infer from the text that___________.

3)From the letters We've learned that it's very _______to know something about American social customs.

4)From the story we can guess___________.

5)What would he happy if...?

6.考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。

1)Haw did the writer feel at Vienna station?

2)The writer writes this text to_________.

3)The writer believes that____________.

4)The writer suggests that__________.

二、阅读理解题的解题技巧

明确了阅读理解题的考查要点以后,我们现存来研究破解阅读理解题的方法和技巧。

1.如何获取段落的主旨和大意

最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一个文段)通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的,而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此,理解一篇文章或一个段落的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有3个特点:

1)表述的意思比较概括,相对其主句来看,此句概括性更为明显。

2)句子结构较简单。多数都不采用长、难句的形式。

3)段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。

在一个段落中,大部分主题句的位置有两种:

①主题句在段首

主题句在段首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文、议论文大都采用先总述.后分述的叙事方法。例如2003年陕西省英语中考试题阅读材料B的第一段:

All living things on the earth need other living things to live.Nothing lives alone.Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind.Sometimes one living thing kills another.one eats and the other is eaten.Each kind of life

eats another kind of life in order to live,and together they form an food chain(食物链).Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears.

第一句即是主题句。这个句子概括了本段的中心意思,“地球上所有的生物要生存都离

不开其他的生物”。后面讲述了大量的事实,“大部分动物必须成群地生活,甚至某一种植物

也要和其他同类的植物靠在一起生长。有时一种生物会杀死另一种生物,一种生物会吃另一

种生物,而另一种生物则被吃”。在列举了大量的事实之后,作者指出“如果这些食物链中的

一个链环消失,所有的食物都会断掉”。所有这些事实都是围绕第一个句子展开的。

②主题句在段末

用归纳法写文章时,表述细节的句子往往在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种

位于句末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结、归纳或结论。例如2002年陕西省中考试题阅

读材料A的最后一段:

If you buy some well-made clothes,you can save money because they can last longer.They

look good even after they have been washed many times.Sometimes some clothes cost more money.but it floes not mean that they are always better made, or they always fit better.In other words.some less expensive clothes look and fit better than more expensive clothes.这段文章前面列举了两个事实:如果买一些制作优良的衣服,你会省钱,因为这些衣服能穿得时间久一些。即使他们洗了很多次,看起来仍然很好。有时有些衣服花的钱更多,但并不意味着这些衣服就做得更好。最后一句话是对这两个事实的概括:有些便宜的衣服比贵的衣服更好看、更合身。段末这个句子就是主题句。

2.如何根据上下文猜测词义

猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解题中有不少这样的题目。

任何一个实词,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文,正如英

语词典里所解释的,其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此,我们可

以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义,即从已知推求未知,也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来

猜测我们不熟悉的词或短语的词义。猜测词义时,我们可以从3个方面来考虑:1)根据上下

文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2)运用语法知识进行语法分析。3)依靠常识和经验做出判断。

根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种:

1)根据定义或解释猜测词义。例如甘肃省2002年中考英语题阅读材料B:

A bag is useful and the word “bag” is useful.It gives us some interesting phrases.One is “to

let the cat out of the bag.”It is the same as“to tell a secret”... Now when someone lets ou t(泄漏)a secret,he “lets the cat out of the bag”.

短文后面有一个理解题目:

John “lets the cat out of the bag” means he__________.

A.makes everyone know a secret

B.the woman brought a cat

C.buys a cat in the bag

D.sells the cat in the bag

在这篇文章里,“let the cat out of the bag”虽然是一个新出现的短语,但紧跟着后面就给出解释It is the same as “to tell a secret”。根据这一解释,我们就可以判断出正确答案为A。

2)根据并列、同位关系猜测词义。例如福州市2002年中考英语试题的阅读材料A:

In the northeast of the United States,summer temperatures are very different from winter temperatures .Summer is usually hot ,and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm. and fall temperatures are cool.

短文后有这样一道阅读理解题:

The word “fall” in this passage means__________.

A. drop

B. down

C. autumn D .spring

尽管fall一词课本里没有出现过,但根据文中的并列关系“Sum mer is usually hot,and winter is usually cold. Spring temperatures are warm,and fall temperatures are cool”我们就可猜出fall就是autumn。

除了前面提到的方法以外,还可以根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义。

3.如何确定细节和事实

在阅读理解题中,有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目,相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点:1)凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。2)干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂,正确答案细节和非正确答案细节混杂,甚至真假混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中的细节和事实的题目,一要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。请看2003年陕西省中考英语试题阅读理解第48小题:

What an plants make food from? They make food from____________.

A.sunlight.water and things in the soil and ai T

B.water.sunlight and things in the soil

C.water and things in the soil and air

D.water.sunlight and things in the soil

此题考查的就是文章的细节和事实。这一细节和事实的表述在文章中可以直接找到:Plants are“ fac tortes”.They make food from sunlight.water and things in the soil and air.4.如何进行推断

所谓推断,就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息,即把有关的文字作为已知部分,从中推断出未知部分。推断的有关文字可能是词或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。

中考英语试题中的推断题很多,包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种:

1)事实推断:这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节,是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断,首先要在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字,然后加以分析,尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。

请看2002年南京市中考英语试题阅读理解第14小题:

According to the passage.which of the following can you most possibly watch on TV?

A.You often play football with your friends after school.

B.Your teacher has got a cold.

C.A tiger in the city zoo has run out and hasn't been caught.

D.The bike in front of your house is lost.

在阅读材料中,有这样一段文字:

Secondly.a new story has to he interesting and unusual.People don’t want to read stories

about everyday life.As a result.many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to he “had”news .

根据这段文字,我们可以推断:电视报道的新闻故事应是有趣的和不平常的。因此,正确答案应为C。

2)指代推断:确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代的对象,关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词,其单复数形式与被指代的词一致,因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象的第一个辅助标志。

3)逻辑推断:这类题目往往要求根据文章所提供的背景,人物的表情、动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。

4)对作者的意图和态度的推断:这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩一般不直接表述出来,往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推断的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。

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