医学英语第1章
医学英语综合教程第一单元
医学英语综合教程第一单元unite1structuresofthelungandthekidney(肺和肾的结构)thebloodvesselsofthelung（肺的血管结构）2、什么是冠状动脉疾病？冠状动脉疾病发生于被称作脂质斑块的脂肪沉淀物在冠状动脉内构成时，冠状动脉环绕着心脏，并为它提供更多血液和氧气，当斑块构成时，可以并使动脉变宽并增加抵达心脏的血液量，这可以引致轻微的问题，包含心肌梗塞冠状动脉疾病（也称cad）是心脏疾病中最常见的类型。
在美国，它也是男性和女性的头号杀手。
当你发现自己罹患动脉疾病时，可以受一种压制。
很多人在他们患心脏病时才辨认出。
无论你与否已患上心脏病，你都可以搞很多事情去减慢冠状动脉疾病，增加将来问题的危险。
是什么引起了冠状动脉疾病？冠状动脉疾病就是由于动脉硬化或动脉粥样硬化导致的。
动脉粥样硬化发生于斑块在动脉内构成时（动脉就是遍布全身的随身携带富氧血液的一种血管），动脉粥样硬化可以影响身体内的任一动脉，当它出现在为心脏供氧的动脉时，刚被称作冠状动脉疾病。
斑块就是由胆固醇、钙及血液中其他成分共同组成的一种脂肪性的物质。
为了认知为何斑块就是一种问题，将身心健康的动脉与存有动脉粥样硬化的动脉比较。
*一条健康的动脉就像一根橡胶管，它是光滑有弹性的，并且血液可以通过它自由的流动，如果心脏不得不更加努力的运作，例如当你锻炼时，健康的动脉就会扩张让更多的血液流到组织中*而存有动脉粥样硬化的动脉更像是一条堵塞的管道，斑块并使动脉窄小并且显得笨拙，这就可以管制抵达非政府中的血液的流动，当心脏必须更加不懈努力运作时，笨拙的动脉无法伸展使更多的血液通过，非政府便无法获得足够多的血液和氧气。
当斑块在冠状动脉内形成时，心脏不能获得维特其良好运作的血液，假以时日，这将减弱或者损伤心脏。
如果斑块撕裂，机体会通过在其周围形成血凝块试图修复斑块的撕裂，这个栓块会阻塞血流到达心脏引起心肌梗塞。
医学学术英语u1tb文章
医学学术英语u1tb文章In 1955, during the dawn of the modern era of randomized clinical trials, Thomas Chalmers and his colleagues published a remarkable paper.1 It was then and probably remains one of the most detailed reports of clinical trials ever published: it begins with a Table of Contents and runs on to a further 71 pages of small type. It is a model of how randomized trials should be reported, reflecting Marc Daniels' call for better reporting of clinical trials five years earlier,2 and anticipating by over four decades the reporting standards agreed and promulgated by the CONSORT Group.3Tom Chalmers and his colleagues described the eligibility criteria of participants clearly, and their random allocation (with concealment of the next participant's assignment) into th eir 2?×?2 factorial trials,4 thus permitting comparisons of two regimens per trial. The similarity between treatment groups in respect of 34 other variables that might affect patient prognosis was confirmed. Experimental and control regimens were precisely defined, and compliance with them was closely monitored and reinforced. All patients were accounted for at the end of the trials. Analyses were clearly described and transparent. The ‘external validity’ of the trial results was tested by comparison with another, independent control group of patients. Finally, late effects of the treatment regimens were assessed in a 10-year follow-up study.I first came across this report in 1959. Although I failed to appreciate many of its methodological strategies and strengths at that time, it changed my career. I was a final-year medical student on a medical ward, where a teenager with ‘infectioushepatitis’ (now called ‘Type-A hepatitis’) was admitted to my care. He presented with severe malaise, an enlarged and tender liver, and a colourful demonstration of deranged bilirubin metabolism that made me the envy of my fellow clerks. However, after a few days of total bed rest his spirits and energy returned and he asked me to let him get up and around.In the 1950s, ever yb ody ‘knew’ that such patients, if they were to avoid permanent liver damage, must be kept at bed rest until their enlarged liver receded and their bilirubin and enzymes returned to normal. And if, after getting up and around, their enzymes rose again, back to bed they went. This conventional wisdom formed the basis for daily confrontations between an increasingly restless and resentful patient and an increasingly adamant and doom-predicting clinical clerk.We clinical clerks were expected to read material relevant to the care of our patients. I wanted to understand (for both of us) how letting him out of bed would exacerbate his pathophysiology. After exhausting several unhelpful texts, I turned to the journals. PubMed was decades away, and the National Library of Medicine hadn't yet begun to help the Armed Forces Medical Library with its Current List of the Medical Literature. Nonetheless, it directed me to a citation in the Journal of Clinical Investigation (back in the days when it was a real clinical j ou rnal) for: ‘The treatment of acute infectious hepatitis. Controlled studies of the effects of diet, rest, and physical reconditioning on the acute course of the disease and on the incidence of relapses and residual abnormalities.’1 Reading this paper not only changed my treatment plan for my patient, it forever changed my attitude toward conventional wisdom, uncovered my latent iconoclasm, and inaugurated my career inwhat I later labelled ‘clinical epidemiology’.The paper introduced me to Tom Chalmers, who quickly became my hero and, a decade later, my friend. Tom was a US Army gastroenterologist in the Korean War, and had become involved ina major outbreak of ‘infectious’ hepatitis among American recruits. The application of conventional wisdom on enforced bed rest was keeping affected soldiers in hospital for about two months and requiring another month's convalescence. Tom wrote: ‘This drain on military manpower, along with more recent [short-term metabolic] observations suggesting that strict bed rest might not be as essential as heretofore thought, emphasized the need for a controlled study to determine the safety of a more liberal regimen of rest and less prolonged hospitalization’.Employing what I increasingly came to recognize as ‘elegant simplicity’, Tom and his colleagues allocated soldiers who met pre-defined hepatitis criteria at random either to bed rest (continuously in bed, save for one trip daily to the bathroom and one trip to the shower weekly), or to be up and about as much as the patients wanted (with no effort made to control their activity save 1-hour rests after meals) throughout their hospital stay. The time to recovery (as judged by liver function testing) was indistinguishable between the comparison groups, and no recurrent jaundice was observed.Armed with this evidence, I convinced my supervisors to let me apologize to my patient and let him be up and about as much as he wished. He did, and his clinical course was uneventful.My subsequent ‘clinical course’ was far from uneventful. I became a ‘trouble-maker’, constantly questioning conventional therapeutic wisdom, and offending especially thesubspecialists when they pontificated (I thought) about how I ought to be treating my patients. I had a stormy time in obstetrics, where I questioned why patients with severe pre-eclampsia received intravenous morphine until their respirations fell below 12 per minute. I gained unfavourable notoriety on the medical ward, where I challenged a consultant's recommendation that I should ignore my patient's diastolic blood pressure of 125 mmHg ‘because it was essential for his brain perfusion’. And I deeply offended a professor of paediatrics by publicly correcting him on the number of human chromosomes (they had fallen from 48 to 46 the previous month!).Tom Chalmers, along with Ed Fries (who answered the question about whether diastolic blood pressure should be ignored) and Archie Cochrane, became my role models. Ten years after I discharged my hepatitis patient, armed with some book-learning and blessed with brilliant colleagues, I began to emulate these mentors by converting my passive skepticism into active inquiry, addressing such questions as: Why do you have to be a physician in order to provide first-contact primary care?5 Are the ‘experts’ corr ect that teaching people with raised blood pressure all about their illness really makes them more likely to take their medicine?6 Just because the aorto-coronary arterial bypass is good for ischaemic hearts, should we accept claims that extracranial–intracranial arterial bypass is good for ischaemic brains?7In the year that the paper by T om Chalmers and his colleagues was published, there were only 347 reports of randomized trials. Half a century later, about 50,000 reports of randomized trials were being published every year, with the total number of trial reports by then exceeding half amillion. I am proud to have contributed to this development, to the skepticism that drives it, and to the better informed treatment decisions and choices which have been made possible as a result.。
大学医用英语教材答案
大学医用英语教材答案Introduction本文将提供大学医学英语教材的答案，以帮助学生更好地学习和理解相关知识。
以下是对每一章节的问题的详细解答。
Chapter 1: Introduction to Medical Terminology1. What is medical terminology?Medical terminology refers to the specialized language used by healthcare professionals to communicate effectively and accurately in the field of medicine. It consists of specific medical terms, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms.2. What are the basic components of a medical term?A medical term usually consists of one or more word parts, including a root word, prefix, suffix, or combining form. The root word provides the essential meaning of the term, while the prefix and suffix modify or describe the root word. Combining forms are created when a word root is combined with a vowel.3. How are medical terms commonly formed?Medical terms are often formed through a combination of word parts. For example, "gastritis" is formed by combining "gastr-" (root word for stomach) and "-itis" (suffix for inflammation).Chapter 2: Body Systems and Functions1. Describe the respiratory system and its functions.The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the external environment. It includes the nose, throat, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Functions of the respiratory system include breathing, gas exchange, and maintaining the body's acid-base balance.2. Explain the functions of the cardiovascular system.The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its main functions include transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure and regulating body temperature.Chapter 3: Common Medical Conditions1. What is hypertension?Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a medical condition characterized by elevated blood pressure levels. It is often associated with lifestyle factors, such as diet and physical activity, and can increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Treatment may include lifestyle changes and medication.2. Define diabetes mellitus.Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels. It occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or does not effectively use the insulin it produces. Common symptomsinclude frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unexplained weight loss. Management of diabetes includes dietary changes, exercise, and medication.Chapter 4: Medical Procedures and Treatments1. What is a CT scan?A CT scan, short for computed tomography scan, is a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various health conditions, such as internal injuries, tumors, and infections.2. Explain the procedure of a cardiac catheterization.Cardiac catheterization is a procedure used to diagnose and treat heart-related conditions. A thin tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel through a small incision, usually in the arm or groin. The catheter is then guided to the heart, where various tests and interventions can be performed, such as measuring blood pressure, injecting contrast dye, or conducting angioplasty.Conclusion本文提供了大学医学英语教材的答案，涵盖了医学术语、人体系统与功能、常见疾病以及医疗程序和治疗等内容。
基础医学英语知到章节答案智慧树2023年潍坊医学院
基础医学英语知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新潍坊医学院绪论单元测试1.Medical English is very important to the university students. （）参考答案:对第一章测试1.The skin is the first defense line of the human body. （）参考答案:对2.White blood cells are the second defense line of the human body. （）参考答案:错3.Macrophages can eat the bacteria only. （）参考答案:错4.Antigens can be identified by T cells at first. （）参考答案:错5.Antibodies can destroy the foreign bodies. （）参考答案:错6.The external threats to the human body include living things and ____.参考答案:null7.Dendritic cells have many ____.参考答案:null8.Antibodies include IgM, IgA, IgG, IgD and ____.参考答案:null9.Helper T cells can bind to the dendritic cells and ____.参考答案:null10.The complement system can be activated by combination of antibody and____.参考答案:null第二章测试1.Bones are made up of two types of tissue — compact bone and cancellous orspongy bone.（）参考答案:对2.Bone marrow is found in almost all bones where compact bone is present.（）参考答案:错3.Involuntary muscles are the muscles that can be controlled consciously.（）参考答案:错4.Saddle joint permits movement back and forth and from side to side, andallows rotation.（）参考答案:错5.Bone remodeling is the replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue.（）参考答案:对6.____ bone is the solid, hard, outside part of the bone. It looks like ivory and isextremely strong.参考答案:null7.Bone marrow is found in almost all bones where ____ bone is present.参考答案:null8.Cardiac muscle is an ____ type of muscle and its rhythmic, powerfulcontractions force blood out of the heart as it beats.参考答案:null9.Condyloid joint permits movement ____ rotation, such as in the jaw or fingerjoints.参考答案:null10.The fibrocarti'laginous callus is converted into a bony callus of ____ bone.参考答案:null第三章测试1.The left and right halves of the heart are connected from each other. （）参考答案:错2.The valves of the heart keep blood flowing in the correct direction，preventing the backward flow of blood. （）参考答案:对3.Veins can be categorized into four main types: pulmonary, systemic,superficial, and deep veins. （）参考答案:对4.Blood is a constantly circulating fluid. It can provide the body with nutrition,oxygen, and waste removal. （）参考答案:对5.The pulmonary circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all thetissues in the body except the lungs and returns deoxygenated blood carrying waste products （）参考答案:错6.The heart has four valves. These valves include the ____, tricuspid valve, ____and aortic valve.参考答案:null7.One complete heartbeat is made up of two phases: ____ and ____.参考答案:null8.____ are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to thetissues of the body.参考答案:null9.There are five types of white blood cells— neutrophils, lymphocytes, ____,eosinophils, and ____.参考答案:null10.There are two different systems of circulation: ____ and ____.参考答案:null第四章测试1.Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs through blood vessels to the heart,which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.（）参考答案:对2.The lungs are protected by the rib cage, which is made up of 12 ribs.（）参考答案:错3.The primary function of the trachea is to transport air to and from the lungs.（）参考答案:对4.The secondary bronchi link the trachea to the left and right lungs.（）参考答案:错5.Respiration is the most basic and necessary activity performed by the bodiesof living organisms to survive in this world.（）参考答案:对6.The first phase of respiration begins with breathing in, or ____.参考答案:null7.The ____ blood cells attack any disease-causing organisms that escape thehairs, cilia, and mucus of the nasal passages and pharynx.参考答案:null8.At the end of each bronchiole is a special area that leads into clumps of teenytiny air sacs called ____.参考答案:null9.The ____ supplied by one segmental bronchus defines the anatomical limits ofa bronchopulmonary segment.参考答案:null10.____ segments have the apex of the pyramid in the hilum whence they receivea tertiary bronchus, and appropriate blood vessels.参考答案:null第五章测试1.The taste receptor cells send information to the gustatory areas of the brainvia the seventh, ninth and tenth cranial nerves.（）参考答案:对2.As food reaches the end of the esophagus, it enters the stomach through thepyloric sphincter. （）参考答案:错3.The ileum is the last and shortest part of the small intestine. （）参考答案:错4.External anal sphincter, is controlled by involuntary muscles. （）参考答案:错5.The liver is the largest gland in the body. （）参考答案:对6.There are four groups of tonsils. They are ____, ____, ____, ____参考答案:null7.The stomach produces digestive juices called ____.参考答案:null8.The small intestine is divided into three parts, ____, ____and ____.参考答案:null9.The large intestine is made up of five main parts: ____, ____, ____, the anal canaland the anus.参考答案:null10.Bile contains bile salts and ____, which emulsify large lipid globules into tinylipid droplets.参考答案:null第六章测试1.The only difference between the female and male urinary system is thelength of the urethra. （）参考答案:对2.The primary organs of the urinary system are the ureters. （）参考答案:错3.Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal vein and exits through therenal artery. （）参考答案:错4.The filtrate absorbed in the glomerulus flows through the renal tubule,where nutrients and water are reabsorbed into capillaries. （）参考答案:对5.The location of bladder is different between in men and in women. （）参考答案:对6.The organs of the urinary system include the ____, renal pelvis, ureters,bladder and ____.参考答案:null7.The kidneys have three basic mechanisms for separating the variouscomponents of the blood: ____, ____, and secretion.参考答案:null8.The kidneys are two ____ organs, each about the size of a fist.参考答案:null9.____ filters water and small solutes out of the bloodstream.参考答案:null10.Like the stomach, the human bladder is a ____ organ that expands andcontracts when emptying.参考答案:null第七章测试1.The fallopian tube is the female reproductive organ that provides a place tosupport a developing human. ( )参考答案:错2.Menstrual Cycle is a monthly series of hormone-controlled changes thatprepare the uterine lining for pregnancy. ( )参考答案:对3.The vagina is the female reproductive organ that produces eggs and thehormones estrogen and progesterone. ( )参考答案:错4.Testosterone produced by the testes cause bodily changes during malepuberty. （）参考答案:对5.Implantation is a process in which sperm-laden semen leaves the male body.( )参考答案:错6.The egg's path begins in the ____参考答案:null7.The female external reproductive organs include____，____, ____，____,structures associated with____null8.____ is responsible for the maturation of sperm.参考答案:null9. A major male sex organ that produces and stores sperm is called the ____.参考答案:null10.The tiny male cell that unites with the female ovum to form a fertilized egg orzygote is called the ____.参考答案:null第八章测试1.Sympathetic is when your heart rate and blood pressure increases, alongwith respiratory rate and your pupils dilates and causes sweating, associated with flight or fight response. ( )参考答案:对2.Parasympathetic increase heart rate and respiration rate and sweating. ( )错3.Brain stem is in charge of involuntary actions such as breathing and heartbeat. ( )参考答案:对4.The vermis of the cerebellum connects the hemispheres of it together. ( )参考答案:对5.Both the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three layers of protectivecovering called meninges. ( )参考答案:对6.Specialized cells that carry impulses are called ____.参考答案:null7.____ of cerebral cortex regulates voluntary muscle , muscle movements, basicintelligence, personality.参考答案:null8.____ and ____ are the two divisions of the nervous system.参考答案:null9.The brain consists of three major divisions____ , ____, and ____.参考答案:null10.The brainstem is divided into three sections in humans: ____ , ____, and ____.参考答案:null第九章测试1.The adrenal gland are on top of the kidneys.（）参考答案:对2.In females, gonadotropins target the uterus, while in males, gonadotropinstarget the testes. （）参考答案:错3.TSH stimulates release of thyroid hormones. （）参考答案:对4.To produce thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland needs iodine. （）参考答案:错5.There are four tiny parathyroid glands that are attached to the thyroid glandon each side. （）参考答案:对6.The hypothalamus releases various kinds of hormones to control the ____gland.参考答案:null7.The hormone ____, released by the pituitary, activates milk production inwomen who are breastfeeding.参考答案:null8.During childhood, an abnormal overproduction of growth hormone canresult in ____.参考答案:null9.PTH regulates the level of ____ in the blood with the help of calcitonin.参考答案:null10.Each adrenal gland has two layers, the outer layer is ____ and an inner layer is____.参考答案:null第十章测试1.Homeostasis requires the organs to be able to detect changes in theenvironment and to control them.（）参考答案:对2.Positive feedback is good for you and negative feedback is bad for you.（）参考答案:错3.Your blood sugar levels are carefully regulated by a positive feedback loop.（）参考答案:错4.The relationship between potassium intake from diet and excretiondetermines external balance.（）参考答案:对5.Sodium accounts for 5 to 10 percent of the concentration of the extracellularfluid.（）参考答案:错6.Homeostasis in living organisms involves expending energy in order tomaintain a position in a dynamic.，____.参考答案:null7.There are two types of feedback mechanisms, ____ feedback and ____ feedback.参考答案:null8.Blood sugar levels is a ____ feedback loop, that keeps those levels steady.参考答案:null9.Glucose molecules can also be linked together into a long chain called ____stored within cells.参考答案:null10.The total body water is distributed into two fluid parts, the extracellularfluid(____)and the intracellular fluid(____).参考答案:null。
医学英语新教程(下册)课文翻译
医学英语（下册）课文翻译UNIT 1 疾病的介绍1 人体是一个艺术的杰作。
我们对身体的功能了解越深，就越赏识。
即使在生病时，身体在故障修复和补偿方面表现也相当出色。
身体内不断发生变化，然而，一个叫内环境稳定（稳态）的平稳状态能大抵保持平衡。
机体内环境稳定出现某种重大的紊乱，就能引起各种各样的反应，这些反应常常促使疾病的体征和症状出现。
比如，由于运动员对氧气的需求增加，他们体内的红细胞计数就会异常升高。
这是一个使更多血红蛋白循环的自然补偿机制，但它却是红细胞增多症的一个症状。
2 当一个器官需要做更多工作时，它往往会增大，肥大。
心脏会因为长期的高血压而增大，因为它必须不间断地克服巨大的阻力把血液输送到全身。
当瓣膜存在缺陷时，心肌同样也会肥大，因为那些要么太宽，要么太窄的瓣膜需要额外的抽吸作用。
如果一个肾衰竭了，另一个肾就会增大以满足身体的需要，并弥补那个有缺陷的肾。
当流向这两个肾的血液不足时，它们会通过分泌荷尔蒙（激素）的方式帮助血压升高。
然而，如果某个器官或身体的某个部位没有得到使用，它就会萎缩，或者，也就是说，面积变小或功能下降。
3 血液在维持内环境稳定方面发挥着几个作用。
当组织受到创伤，损伤，或者感染时，血流就会积聚在受损区域。
这是极其重要的，因为血液携带了专门用于清除有害物质和细胞碎片的细胞。
血液中的其他细胞则产生抗体，以抵抗致病生物的入侵。
4 疾病是某个身体部位，生理系统，或整个身体的不健康状态，其中结构或功能发生紊乱。
疾病经常始于细胞水平。
一个异常的基因不管是因遗传所得，还是因环境因素引起突变或变异，都能启动疾病程序。
比如，当基因信息遭到侵袭（常被病毒侵袭），癌症的发生会伴随着细胞的疯长。
新的研究方法使某些疾病能与异常基因的发现联系起来。
疾病可以是一种结构性的异常，比如，先天性心脏缺陷，也可以是没有器质性改变的功能性病变。
疾病可能是一种结构性的异常，比如，先天性心脏缺陷，也可能是没有器质性变化的功能性病变，比如，高血压或外伤。
医学专业英语 阅读一分册 第一,二,三章翻译(passage one).doc
第一章To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学英语词汇
课程名称医学英语词汇授课专业中医翻译06级必修课专业课（√）授课方式课堂讲授（√）；实践课（）考核方式考试（√）；考查（）总学时数 4*18=72Terminology-----from termthrombocytopenialymphocyticleukemiacarcinoma 癌hepatitis 肝炎cholesterol 胆固醇医学英语术语:上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁词根,有特定的医学含义，我们将之统称为医学英语术语（medical term）;医学术语学：而将专门研究它的学问称为－医学术语学（medical terminology）:An introduction to the language of veterinary and human medicine第一章医学英语术语学概述医学英语术语学（medical terminology）是研究医学术语的起源和发展的学科，也是向广大医务工作者、医学院学生、医学科学研究人员提供科学的方法以提高对医学英语术语认知能力的一门专项技能，同时也是医学与语言学结合的跨学科研究方向。
涉及学科门类：医学人类学词汇学词源学社会学英语史等一、医学英语术语学简介1、几个词汇学方面的基本概念词素----组成词的基本元素，是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体。
词根----含有明确的词汇语义，在单词中表达主要的意义的词素叫做"词根"（root）。
词缀----只有语法意义、而没有词汇意义（例如表示名词复数的-s），或者虽有一定的词汇意义、但在词中只表达次要的意义的词素，称为"词缀"（affix）。
2、医学术语与基本词素Psychiatrist---psych /iatri /istPhysiology---physi /o /logy二、医学英语术语词源学、发展史（了解）及其学习的意义1、来源于拉丁语、古希腊语词缀可与不同的词干一起，擎生无数新词。
医学英语词汇
excitatory 兴奋性的 excitability 应激性 excitant 兴奋剂
inhibitory 抑制的 inhibit 抑制
inhibin 抑制素 inhibitable 能抑制的
传 导
英 conduction 拉 丁 conduct(o)-
电位 潜力
英 拉 丁
potential potenti(o)-
成熟
语 拉
ripeness
丁 matur-
拉 nutrition
营养
丁
nutri(o)nourishment
premature 早熟的，早产儿 hypermature 成熟过度
nutritional 营养的 nutrient 营养的，滋养的
mature 发育成熟
希 troph(o)-
汗， 汗腺
英 语 希
咽 希 pharynx 腊 pharyng(o)-
食 英 esophagus
digestive 消化的 ingestion 食入，摄入 maldigestion 消化不良 indigestion 消化不良 pepsin 胃蛋白酶 pepstatin 胃酶抑素
pharyngeal 咽的 pharyngitis 咽炎
动 脉
英 artery 拉 arteria 丁 arteri(o)-
arterial 动脉的 arteriovenous 动静脉的 arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化
小动 英 arteriole
脉 拉 arteriol(o)-
arteriolar 小动脉的
静 脉
英 vein 拉 vena ven(o)-
例
词
英 heart
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• physiology（生理学）____ physi（自然，本性，身 体的）/o（连接性元音）/-logy（学）
• 熟练掌握医学英语术语的词素分析、词素 合成、构词方法，能够帮助读者达到记一 认十、记百认万的认知效果
医学英语术语学简介
• 医学英语术语学是一门研究学科，更是一 门实践学科。在医学英语文献中有许许多 多在常用英语中少见的专业术语，这些专 业术语看起来既冗长又难记，况且没有规 律可循。
• 然而，细分析之下不难发现大多数医学 术语均包含了基本词素，他们的构成也 遵循了相当固定的模式，因而对医学术 语的研究，从本质上来说，是对构成医 学单词的部分分析以及在了解它们的结 构的基础上对整套词汇的构成的研究， 略举几个词例就可以从中发现其构词模 式和规律：
构词的几个基本概念。
• 语素（morpheme）：是指构词要素中表示意 义的最小单位。任何一个词都是由语素组成的。 包括词根和词缀。
• 词根是一个单词的核心，是同根词共有的可以 辨认的部分。
• 词缀（affix)：是特殊的词根。包括前缀 （prefix)和后缀(suffix），原是独立的词或词 根，但由于经常放在别的词根或单词前后使用， 经过长期发展，失去了独立作用。
• psychiatrist（精神病医生）____ psych（精神心理） /iatri（医疗，药物）/ist（专家）
• anatomy（解剖） _____ ana - （向上，离） /tom（切割）/ - y（条件，行为）
• cytoplasm（细胞质）____ cyt（细胞）/o（连接 性元音）/plasm（浆，血浆）
•
医学英语的词源学与发展史
• 医学英语术语的发展史也包括在整个英语的发展史中。由 于英国在历史上曾受到多种外来民族的侵略和统治，外来 民族语言不可避免的渗入其语言中并大大地丰富了他的词 汇量。而医学与其他学科相比，更受外来词汇的影响，所 以医学英语术语中的一些组织器官的名称一部分来源于对 希腊语的直接移用，一部分来源于拉丁化的希腊词，还有 一部分沿用盎格鲁-撒克逊表达方式；少部分病名、药名 和疗法名来源于法语、意大利语、西班牙语等。1895年， 国际公认拉丁语为世界医药界的通用语言，正规的处方和 药名须用拉丁语书写，大量英语化的拉丁语词汇和英语化 的希腊词素被创造。各种新发现的复杂症状，疾病，发病 机制及药物获得了由希腊语及拉丁语的词根和词缀成分所 构成的相应的医学术语表达，这些构词法沿用至今，极好 地适应并推动了现代医学的发展。
我们知道，很多去英、美和加拿大等以英
语为母语的国家的中国大夫不能做临床医 生,其中一个重要的原因就是他们的医学 专业英语太差,不能适应工作的需要,加之 缺乏口头和笔头交际能力,很难通过国外 的医师执照考试。相当多的医生出国后还 需要接受专业英语培训班的培训或在英语 环境中熏陶、浸润几年才能重新走上从医 的道路,白白浪费掉医生生涯的最佳时光。
医学英语术语（medical term）
而将专门研究它的学问称为－
医学术语学（medical terminology）
第一章 医学英语术语学概论
引言 为什么要学医学英语？
• 随着改革开放的进一步深入和信息社会的到来,我国对 外交流日益频繁,外语教育在我国医学发展中起越来越重 要的作用,社会对医学生外语综合能力的要求也会越来越 高。医学英语是我国高等教育中的一门重要课程,是大学 英语教学中一个不可缺少的组成部分。它担负着促使学生 完成从学习阶段向使用阶段过渡的任务。这门课的质量直 接关系到我国医学人才的素质和实际工作能力的培养。医 学生毕业后在以后的临床、教学和科研工作中, 大量需要 使用英语,如: 查阅医学文献、撰写科研论文、翻译专业资 料、参加学术会议、思想交流、出国进修学习等等。
医学英语术语速记 How to Master Medical Term
Rapidly
倪云 2011年9月
下面的单词您是否认识？
• tuberculosis /tju,b:kju’lusis/ • bronchitis/br’kaitis/ • vitamin
上述这些单词来源于希腊或拉丁 词根,有特定的医学含义，我们 将之统称为 －
问题已经摆出来了，一个是数量大， 一个是词条长，怎么解决呢?我们能 不能仔细地研究分析一下这千千万万 条医学英语术语的构成规律，找出一 条“捷径”来，使其由多至少、化繁 为简、从难变易，以利于我们更快、 更多、更好地把它们掌握起来?
这就是本课将要讨论和解决的课题
——medical terminology
面对这一庞大的数目，单凭人 们有限的记忆力去解决它，几 乎是不可能的。
除了数量过多以外，还有一个 “词条冗长”的问题。固然有 些医学英语术语和普通的英语 单词差不多，仅由几个字母或 十几个字母组成，通过反复地 读和写能够记住它们，但也有 不少的医学英语术语，却是长 长的一大串.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ如：
laryngo/pharyng/ectomy
医学英语术语
众所周知，词汇是语言的“建筑”材料。一栋房子 的好坏取决于很多方面, 但建筑材料是否优良是很重要 的一个因素。一个医学生的专业英语修养和交际能力 如何也取决于很多方面, 但医学词汇是否丰富是很重要 的一环。即使你掌握了大量的语音和语法规则, 倘若医 学词汇贫乏, 必然影响你的的专业英语阅读和交际。语 言学家Wilkins曾说过，“without grammar, litter can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.” 由此可见词汇教学是医学英语教学中的重 中之重。那么，你们印象中医学英语词汇有什么特点 呢？
我们来看一下下面这一组数字：
三个数字
• 1.0万 • 10万 • 0.1万
医学英语术语究竟有多少? 很难说清楚。最常用的恐怕也 不下1万条左右，若包括较常用 的在内总有数万条；一部比较 完全的医学词典，通常都收载 有10万条左右的医学词汇。
而且，随着医学及其边缘科学的迅猛发展， 新的术语仍在与日俱增。特别是最近几十年 来，每年差不多要出现1000条左右新术语。 因而总的说来，医学英语术语的条数是一个 非常可观的数量。
/l’rigo//fa:’rig//ektmi/
咽喉切除术
hystero/cervic/ectomy
/histro//svik//ektmi/
子宫颈切除术
请看这样的医学英语术语，一般 由二十多个字母组成，如果凭藉我 们的记忆能力，硬是把它们一个字 母一个字母地连续背下来，显然也 不是一件轻松的事。