sat语法讲义1(introduction)
新SAT文法讲义语法知识点加巩固练习-词法考点
新SAT文法讲义第一章词法Conventions of UsageChapter 1—-Pronoun1. Number, Person& Case1.1 Number: pronoun≠ antecedentE.g. Until it can be replaced by a faster, more efficient, and more economical means of transportation, trucks will carry most of the freight within and through metropolitan areas.1.2 Person: shifts in personI/We/He/She/They--------YouOne-------------------------------YouE.g. Although (A) one likes to believe (B) that your own (C) children are beautiful, intelligent, and well behaved, what one believes is not always the case (D).1.3 Case1.3.1 句子中使用主格的情况。
1) 代词作为主语的时候She is weird.2) 代词作为表语的时候E.g. It was he who fell into the water.1.3.2 句子中使用宾格的情况。
1) 动词宾语The music carried them away.2) 介词宾语a. between you and meb. to Sherry and herc. among us womend. at use. from her and himf. with me and youE.g. 1 After engaging(A) in a spirited debate, everyone except Tom and I(B)decided(C) to watch the latest action film, even though the rest of the group had already seen(D) it.E.g. 2 Last summer, when Mary’s aunt and Uncle flew from(A) Turkey to visit their relatives and tour(B) the United States, Mary invited Sandhya and I(C) to her house to meet(D) them.补充考点：比较句中代词的格：To find the correct pronoun in a comparison that uses than or as, complete the comparison using the verb that would follow naturally.a.Jackie runs faster than she ( ).b.My brother has bigger feet than I ( ).c.Carol is as tough as he ( ).1.3 Case考点单句练习1.Judith took my sister and (I, me) to the magic show last night.2.We thought that Matilda and Jorge would be there, and sure enough, we saw (she, her ) and (he, him ) sitting in the front row.3.During the intermission, Jorge came over and asked my sister and (I, me ) to go out after the show.4.Between you and (I, me ) the magician was terrible.5.It must also have been a bad evening for (he, him ) and his assistant, Roxanne.2.Possessive Determiner:2.1 Possessive Pronoun使用规则：Possessive Pronoun+N常用代词：its/their/his/her/your/our/my+N区别：its/it’s/his/he’s/whose/who’sIt’s 表示缩写it’s=it is/it hasIts+Nhe’s=he is/ he hashis+Nwho’s=who is/who haswhose+N2.2 Ns&N’s区别e.g. Waterway’s=waterway’s+Nwaterways=名词复数,作主语，作宾语考点：易混表达（1）its & it’s & its’1）its’出现必错2）its+n的核心词为its后的名词3）it’s（it is/it has的缩写）为主谓结构E.g. 1One of the Liveliest folk music forms to develop in the twentieth century is Tejano music. Also known as Tex Mex or border music because of it’s having origins on both sides of the Texas-Mexico border, this form combines elements from Spanish, German, and English musical traditions.A) NO CHANGEB) itsC) it’sD) its’（2）who’s & whose1）whose+n的核心词为其后的名词2）who’s（who is或who has的缩写）为主谓结构E.g. 2 You have to admire the honesty of a company who’s slogan is “Just About the Best.”A) NO CHANGEB) whoseC) that’sD) that the（3）they’re & their & there1）their+n的核心词为their后的名词2）they’re（they are的缩写）为主谓结构3）there经常作为发音相似的干扰项出现E.g. 3As the dancers step the music, they are also stepping in time to a sound that embodies their unique history and suggests the influence of outside cultures on their music.A) NO CHANGEB) they’reC) it’sD) its’E.g. 4 Teachers provide in-depth language understanding, and children are rewarded for improving his or her communication skills.A) NO CHANGEB) one’sC) thereD) their3. Pronoun clarity考点1. 多指代E.g. To keep birds from eating seeds, soak them in blue food coloring. （them在此句会产生歧义，应改为seeds）考点2. 无指代E.g. Scientists have determined that the cause of white-nose syndrome is a fungus—Pseudogymnoascus destructans—that flourishes in cold, wet environments and reproduces bygenerating spores that can lodge in the floors and walls of caves as well as onwing membranes, and hairless body parts.（their 没有指代对象）考点3. this 的使用1. this指代前一句话E.g. Typically, the ice sheet begins to show evidence of thawing in late summer. This follows several weeks of higher temperatures.2. this+N使用E.g. Box is currently organizing an expedition to gather this crucial information.4. Relative Pronoun4.1 that/who/whom/which指代对象4.2 who/whom区别4.3介词＋which&when/where/why区别补充1：that/who/whom/which/whose+不完整句子补充2：THAT&WHICH的跳跃指代1. A+prep.+B+that Clausethat即可以指代A也可以指代B，但是不能指代从句或句子E.g. The labor union is negotiating a contract with the hospital that will satisfy the demands of the workers.2. WHICH的代词用法—-Which只能就近指代前面的名词或名词短语E.g.Wrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods.Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the Woods.真题练习：1.The article goes on to suggest that the most valuable resources provided by coworking spaces are actually the people whom use them.A) NO CHANGEB) whom usesC) who usesD) who use2. Because today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable.A) NO CHANGEB) one’sC) his or herD) their3. Scientists knew this but did not recognize how large a role they played in helping kelp forests to significantly decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A) NO CHANGEB) how large a role that it playedC) how large a role sea otters playedD) that they played such a large role4. It was the brainchild of former journalist Martine Postma, wanting to take a practical stand in a throwaway culture.A) NO CHANGEB) whom wantsC) who wantedD) she wanted5. Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found themselves in need of refreshment.A) NO CHANGEB) himself or herselfC) their selvesD) oneself6. These Harvey Houses, which constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, was unique for its high standards of service and quality.A) NO CHANGEB) were unique for theirC) was unique for theirD) were unique for its7. This may not be much of a problem with certain kinds of apples that are not naturally very fragrant, such as Granny Smith, but for apples that are prized for their fruity fragrance, such as McIntosh, this can be a problem with consumers, that will reject apples lacking the expected aroma.A) NO CHANGEB) TheyC) whichD) who8. Artists associated with this began to rediscover and promote the work of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros.A) NO CHANGEB) itC) themD) this movement补充练习：1. Music seems to be universal, which exists in some form in all human cultures.A) NO CHANGEB) where it existsC) exitsD) existing2. After the end of the First World War, Fridtjof Nansen directed several of the League of Nations'humanitarian programs, which caused his winning a Nobel Peace Prize in 1922.A) NO CHANGEB) programs, he therefore wonC) programs, this is why he wonD) programs and consequently won3. One reason fish spoils faster than meat is due to the fact that the muscle fibers of fish are specialized to function best in cold environments.A) NO CHANGEB) meat is because of the fact thatC) meat, which is becauseD) meat is that4. Wolves are now classified as an endangered species in all the lower forty-eight states except Minnesota, after which the animals began migrating from Canada in the 1960s.A) NO CHANGEB) from whichC) whenD) into which5. Unlike seve ral decades ago, today’s librarians teach students to evaluate the accuracy and objectivity of online resources in addition to helping them find particular books.A)NO CHANGEB)Unlike them ofC)Unlike those ofD)Contrary to6. Public transportation in the suburbs and outlying areas is generally not as convenient and reliable as it is in the city.A) NO CHANGEB) as they areC) as thoseD) as getting around7. John and Bob had been friends since kindergarten because he was good at soccer and ready to laugh at any joke.A) NO CHANGEB) kindergarten because they were not only good soccer playersC) kindergarten because each was good at soccerD) kindergarten, being not only good soccer players8. Mayor Julia Wilson's daughter told us that she had decided not to run for reelection, even thoughthere is still much to do to improve the downtown district.A) NO CHANGEB) the decision was that her mother would not run to be reelectedC) her mother had decided not to run for reelectionD) she decided that she will not run to be reelected9. High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income as college graduates do, this being why so many high school students go on to pursue college degrees.A) NO CHANGEB) do, this is why so many high school studentsC) do; this fact explains why so many high school studentsD) do; this fact explaining the reason for why so many high school students10. Furthermore, the board offered no evidence to back up it’s claim that such clothing created a negative educational environment.A) NO CHANGEB) they’reC) itsD) ones11. His challenge initiated a review, of students’ rights and administrative responsibility in public education.A) NO CHANGEB) review, of students’ rights,C) review of students’ rightsD) review of students’ rights,12. About halfway through the school year, I learned that the exchange program was looking for a new home for Ligia. After a severe storm, the basement of her hosts house had flooded, leaving two bedrooms unusable.A) NO CHANGEB) her hosts’C) Ligia’s hostsD) Ligias host’s13. We plan the contents of the year’s issues, page by page.A) NO CHANGEB) years issues,C) years issuesD) issue’s for the year,14. Babies first attempts at speech generate excited responses from adults who encourage and guidethe children toward more precise and complex speech.A) NO CHANGEB) Baby’sC) BabysD) Babies’15. It’s also fast, the thousands of Washingtonians who dash from home to work and back sometimes ignore the posted speed limit.A) NO CHANGEB) It’ also fast:C) Its also fast:D) Its also fast,16. The movie Dracula, featuring it’s batlike title character who feeds on human blood, is just one of many sources of people’s erroneous ideas about bats. BA) NO CHANGEB) with itsC) based on its’D) who’s17. Some people believe bats are rodents; others think bats are a kind of bird. AA) NO CHANGEB) rodents, others,C) rodents othersD) rodents and others’18. Roberto Clemente, the Pittsburgh Pirates right fielder from 1955 to 1972, was one of baseballs most gifted athletes.A) NO CHANGEB) one, of baseball’sC) one, of baseballsD) one of baseball’s19. One panel is sewn into the piece’s top border, the other into it’s bottom border. CA) NO CHANGEB) its’C) itsD) their20. Méliès, a French magician, was fascinated by the workings of the new motion picture camera. Specializing in stage illusions, he thought the camera offered potential to expand its spectacular magic productions.A) NO CHANGEB) theirC) hisD) it’sChapter 2. Agreement5. Noun Agreement考点. SN一致1) Noun Agreement in formsE.g.1Today more and more women are becoming doctors, lawyers, engineers, chemists, or other professions.A) or other professionsB) or they work in other professionsC) or at work in other professional fieldsD) or professionals in other fields2) Noun Agreement in contentsE.g.2 Those enrolled in the leadership training courses have evolved into dynamic, confident managers from an inexperienced and uncertain newcomer just a month ago.A) from an inexperienced and uncertain newcomerB) from the inexperienced and uncertain newcomers they wereC) from being inexperienced and uncertain newcomersD) instead of the inexperienced and uncertain newcomers of补充考点：SS一致：Noun Agreement in comparisonE.g.1 Commuters in the 1990s encountered more traffic delays than the 1970s and 1980s.A) thanB) than didC) than the traffic problems ofD) than commuters did in6. Subject－verb Agreement考点1：向前一致S+长串修饰语+V长串修饰语：1.介词短语2.定语从句3.插入语4.形容词短语5.分词短语6.同位语E.g.：A city in northern ChinaA city famous for its beautiful mountainsA city visited by large numbers of celebritiesA city consisting of several prosperous economic zonesA city, home of coffee beansA city, which is famous for its beautiful mountainsE.g.1 French mountain honey made (A) from linden blossoms, which are sometimes called (B) “lime blossoms,” have (C) a distinctively (D) citrus flavor.E.g.2 The regularly scheduled (A) conference between my tutor and me is (B) set for Friday, but my low grades in chemistry requires (C) me to arrange an earlier meeting.重点讲解1: 介词短语：N1+prep+N2结构prep= in/one/by/of/for/with/at/from/to/viaprep phrase=1) A as well as B2) A no less than B3) A rather than B4) A together/along with B5)A except B6) A besides BE.g.1 The loyalty of British families to specific brands of toothpaste have (A) been cited by (B) historians as evidence (C) of the growing influence (D) of advertising during the early twentieth century.*Designates a collection, or group, of individuals: audience, committee, faculty, family, jury, chorus, or government.A list of studentsA collection of toys + V (singular)A line of treesA crowd of visitorsE.g.2 A noisy, unwieldy (A) crowd of onlookers were jostling (B) and milling around (C) at the scene of the accident, impeding (D) the progress of the medical technicians.Pay Attention to“number”A number of + V (plural)The number of + V (singular)重点讲解2: 定语从句S+who/which/that/whose/whom+...+V (V)N1＋介词＋N2+who/which/that/whose/whom+...注意指代对象为N1还是N2重点讲解3: 插入语S，插，VOS—插—VO考点2. 倒装一致：(一) Complete Inversion1. Prep. (+n.) …+V. +S.On the mountain lies a temple.注意是否有逗号：At the end of the year, Ligia went home to Colombia.E.g.2 In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century.2. P+LV.+SGone are the days when we often played in the fields together.Absent from school are Tim and David.例题：长难句阅读Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.E.g.2 Inscribed on the wall is(A)the names of those who left (B)their(C)homes in the village to travel (D)to the United State.（二）Incomplete Inversion1. Only + adverbial +helping word + S+VOnly in this city can you see such a beautiful sunset.注意：Only the teachers are allowed to use the room.(only后跟名词不倒装)E.g.1 Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known.2. Negative words + helping word + S+VNever could I find the picture.3. So+adj. /adv +helping word +S+VSo quickly did he run that no one could get him.4. N./adj. + as +S+VPoor as he was, he was honest.例题：长难句阅读Out of America's fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub.考点补充1. 并列主语Compound SubjectConsists of two or more subjects joined by a coordinating conjunctionand, both…and…Li Lei and Han Meimei are good friends.Seeing and listening are two ways of accepting new information.E.g.1Both her work on community service projects and her dedication to learning (A)has gained (B) Ms. Stevens the respect of (C) the entire (D) faculty.Pay Attention to “each”Each paper and exam contributes to your final grade.The research paper and the final exam each contribute 25 percent toward your final grade.考点补充2. 就近一致1) A or B2)Not A but B3)Either A or B B的单复数决定谓语动词的单复数4) A nor B5)Not only A but also B6) Neither A nor B7) There beE.g.1 Of (A) the two options, neither (B) the system of appointing judges to the bench nor the process of electing (C) judges are (D) entirely satisfactory.There is an apple and two bananas.There are two bananas and an apple.E.g.2 There is (A), in spite of the large bay window and (B) the new floors, many reasons, such as the poor location and the small basement, for (C) Nancy not to buy (D) the house.真题练习：1.On the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school has scored higher than students in all but four other majors.A) NO CHANGEB) have scoredC) scoresD) scoring2. This trend, combined with the increasing accessibility of information via the Internet, has led some to claim that librarianship is in decline as a profession.A) NO CHANGEB) haveC) which haveD) which has3. As I walked through the exhibit, I overheard a visitors’ remark,“You know, that grandfather clock actually runs.A) NO CHANGEB) visitors remarking,C) visitor remarked,D) visitor remark4. Like any other health problems, these ailments can increase employee absenteeism, which, in turn, is costly for employers.A) NO CHANGEB) areC) is beingD) have been5. Yet some of the earliest known works of art, including paintings and drawings tens of thousands of years old found on cave walls in Spain and France, portrays animals.A) NO CHANGEB) portrayingC) portrayD) has portrayed6. According to such organizations as the US Environmental Protection Agency, the minute amountsof residue falling within such limits have no negative impact on human health.A) NO CHANGEB) is havingC) has hadD) has7. Not all research into regional English varieties requires such time, effort, and resources, however.A) NO CHANGEB) are requiringC) have requiredD) require8. Proponents of organic food, of course, are quick to add that their are numerous other reasons to buy organic food, such as, a desire to protect the environment from potentially damaging pesticides or a preference for the taste of organically grown foods.A) NO CHANGEB) there areC) there isD) their is补充练习：1. Sui Sin Far and Edith Eaton are both a name (A) used by an early twentieth-century writer whose(B) psychological realism continues to bring (C) her characters to life (D) for today’s readers.2.In the early twentieth century, telephone companies supported (A) the cause of (B) financial independence for women by providing (C) many with respectable jobs as a switchboard operator (D).3. Cino de Mayo, or May 5 , the date of a famous military victory , is celebrated with such an activity as dancing , parades, musical performances, and feasts.A)NO CHANGEB)with an activity such asC)with such activities asD)in such activities like4. Introducing(A) new ideas and replacing old ones(B) are(C) a highly controversial matter , especially when(D) there is already tension between an older and a younger generation.5. The Andes mountain chain, which includes some of the Western Hemisphere’s highest peaks, are much more formidable as barriers to transportation than the Rocky Mountains are.A) NO CHANGEB) are barrier, and much more formidableC) is a much more formidable barrierD) as barriers, are much more formidable6. A significant factor (A) to include in the budget when buying (B) a car are the costs of (C) fuel and maintenance and the insurance payments (D).7. Anne Tyler's novel The Accidental Tourist features (A) a character whose (B) obsession with saving time and money are (C) absurd, yet somehow plausible.8. Peter's seemingly effortless (A) flights, achieved through (B) the use of sophisticated technical equipment, continues (C) to delight those who see the play Peter Pan.9.Critics contend that (A) reforms in welfare has not managed (B) to bring the high percentage of our nation's children living in poverty the economic security that they need (C) to thrive.10. The record left by fossils, the ancient remains of plants and animals, provide (A) scientists with(B) their primary source of (C) information about prehistoric life.11. Available through the school’s guidance office is (A) a job directory and a list of job referral centers that provide (B) information for students in need of (C) employment.12. Mastery of (A) cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques are (B)mandatory for (C) firefighters and police officers as wells as rescue squad volunteers.13. The professor’s insistence on high standards and rigorous examinations are(A) not, despite what students think, part of(B) a plan to withhold high grades from them(C).14. Although the exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown, experts say that for some people improper diet and lack of exercise contributes to the onset of the disease.A)exercise contributesB)exercise, they contributeC)exercise contributeD)exercise, contributing15. Many farmers and agronomists believe that the recent boom in crop production—fueled by the intensive use of farmland and increased dependence on herbicides and pesticides-have come with hidden costs.A)NO CHANGEB)hasC)areD)OMIT the underlined portion16.During (A) the night, there is (B) usually two German shepherds at the warehouse to guard against(C) robbery attempts.17. Although the details of the contract has (A) not yet been announced, it is likely that (B) union negotiators accepted the proposed training program for (C) newly hired workers.18. A newly formed organization of homeowners and business people have met with (A) the transportation department to voice (B) its concerns about (C) plans for a shopping mall in the community.19. Freedom of action and expression are (A) at the foundation not only of our system of government but also of our expectations concerning (B) human relations at all (C) Level s of society.20. The newly elected (A) Prime Minister, to the dismay (B) of opponents from other parties, have argued (C) for the strict regulation of campaign financing.21. Biologists working to rescue the giant condor from extinction uses radio telemetry and satellite signals to track banded birds.A) uses radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackB) using radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackC) use radio telemetry and satellite signals to trackD) to track, by use of radio telemetry and satellite signals,22. A soft lullaby and the drumroll of thunder during a summer storm are but two of the diverse sounds that can be perceived by the human ear.A) that can be perceived by the human earB) that is perceived by the human earC) in which the human ear can perceiveD) that they can perceive with the human earthe proposed health clinics and the proposed(D) opportunities.27. The credit for making Franz Kafka internationally(A) famous as a writer belong(B) to his friend,novelist Max Brod, who edited(C) Kafka’s unpublished manuscripts and then(D) had them published, despite Kafka’s dying wishes to the contrary.28.Although the details of the contract has(A) not yet been announced, it is likely that(B) union negotiators accepted the proposed(C) training program for(D) newly hired workers.29. During the night, there is(B) usually two German shepherds at the warehouse to guard against(C) robbery attempts(D).30. Although(A) naturalists have identified six hundred different forms of the corion snail, there is(B) actually no more than(C) two true species within(D) this genus.31. Inscribed on the wall is(A) the names of those who left(B) their(C) homes in the village to travel(D) to the United States.32. A newly formed organization of homeowners and business people have met with(A) the transportation department to voice(B) its concerns about(C) plans for(D) a shopping mall in the community.33. After(A) 140 years under the sea(B), the remains of the Monitor, an ironclad warship that was sunk during the Civil War, is being(C) gradually brought to(D) the surface.34. Innovative use of computers in the classroom allows students to undertake(A) projects that encourages them(B)to be both(C) analytical and intellectually adventurous(D).35. Freedom of action and expression are(A) at the foundation not only of(B) our system of government but also of our expectations concerning(C)human relations at all(D) Level s of society.36. The United States is the world’s largest producer of(A) cranberries and cranberry products, most(B) of which is consumed(C) there and in(D) Canada.37. The uncompromising(A) tone of a recent city hall ordinance concerning(B) the blocking of emergency vehicles in traffic jams carry(C) a stem warning to(D) motorists.38. At the heart of the program, enthusiastically endorsed(A) by the city's business association, is(B) plans for refurbishing neighborhoods and for making(C) low, interest mortgages available to(D) young families.39. The candidate called for medical insurance reform, but to me he seemed less interested in the plight of uninsured citizens than in(B) whether enough is(C) registered(D) to vote.40. The newly elected(A) Prime Minister, to the dismay(B) of opponents from other parties, haveargued(C) for the strict regulation of(D) campaign financing.41. The historic Woodacre building, which house(A) several university departments, was demolished to make(B)room for(C) a parking lot, dismaying alumni who had supported(D) the university for decades.42. Only by tapping(A) their last reserves of energy was(B) the team members able to salvage(C)what was beginning(D) to look like a lost cause.43. Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has(C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known.46. Absent from(A) the speech were(B) any mention of the students and laboratory technicians upon whose(C)contributions the chemist had depended heavily(D).47. Never before had(A) a group of artists been so isolated(B) from society and from(C) official patronage as was(D)the so-called Impressionists.48. The grooved and barbed spears of the box jellyfish, each(A) trailed by(B) a poison thread, is released(C) when(D)the animal is threatened.49. Waterways close to land poses(A) challenges to navigation that differ(B)greatly from(C)those(D) posed by the openseas.Chapter3.Verb8. Tense1. Simple past(did)an action occurs in the pastTime range: recently, yesterday, ago, in+过去时间，last year；E.g. I work in a travel agency now. I worked in a shop last year.E.g.1 Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu has disproved a widely accepted theory of physics when she showed that identical nuclear particles do not always act alike.A) as disprovedB) having disprovedC) disprovedD) disprovesE.g.2 As I entered the Pantheon, a building that has existed in Rome since ancient times, my brother is turning to me to whisper that the great rotunda of the Pantheon was a haven of peace and harmony.A) is turning to me to whisperB) turned to me and whisperedC) turns and also whispers to meD) would turn and whisper to me。
语法讲义第一讲导论
语法讲义第一讲1.语法层次与句子结构、基本句型1-1.语法的定义：语法研究词的变化和句子结构的科学。
研究词变化的部分称为词法.Morphology.如名词的数、格。
动词的时态语态。
研究句子结构的部分称为句法Syntax.如句子的成分、语序、句子的种类。
词法与句法的关系---区别与联系。
语法指遣词造句的规律，但离不开词汇。
语法体现在词汇中，而词汇受语法的制约。
语法层次现代英语语法的内容包括下列七个层次.doc1-2.语法的作用：学习词汇主要是加强感性认识，学语法是要提高理性认识。
在加强语言理解力或使用能力方面语法都可以发挥重要作用。
正确的使用语法是：10%的知识或信息，90%的实践。
第一.词法2-词的分类：要弄清句子成分应由哪类词担任，分清词类非常重要。
如：主语，宾语多有名词担任；谓语多有动词担任；定语常有形容词担任；状语多有副词担任；词分为10大类：2-1．名词：表示人、物或地方等，如：John，teacher；table，pen；London；beauty．2-2．代词：用来代替名词，以避免重复某个名词，如：I，you，it，that，those，them．2-3．形容词：用来修饰或限制某个（些）名词，如：good（man），white（paper），every（book），much（water），被修饰或限制的名词，叫做主体词（head-word）。
2-4．动词：表示行为或状态，如：speak，read，go，think，is，seem．2-5．介词：表示它后面的名词（或代词）跟它前面的动词、另一名词或形容词的关系。
这些名词（或代词）称为介词的宾语。
介词宾语和介词构成介词短语。
The book on the desk is mine．（介词on把名词book和另一名词desk联系起来）He is sure of it．他对此很有把握。
（of联系it和sure．）It is good for you．这对你有好处。
SAT语法学习讲义
SAT语法学习讲义SAT语法学习讲义修辞倒装1.在以never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, seldom, not only, not until, nor, little, nowhere, hardly….when, no sooner….than, by no means, under no circumstances 等开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。
这些都是表示否定或半否定意义的词或词组。
例如：Never have I come across such a difficult problem. 我还从没有遇到过这样困难的问题。
Seldom do I read such magazines. 我很少读这种杂志。
No sooner had they left than the bus arrived. 他们刚走，公共汽车就来了。
2.在以"only+状语"开头的句子中，主谓要倒装。
这里only后面必须跟有它修饰的状语或状语从句，这是关键。
否则就不倒装。
例如：Only after the war was over was man able to realize the wickedness of the atomic bomb. 只是在战争结束后人类才意识到原子弹的可恶。
(注意：only 引导的状语从句不倒装，主句倒装。
) Only then did I realize the importance of English. 只在那时我才意识到英语的重要性。
Only in this way can we improve ourselves. 只有用这种方法我们才能不断提高自己。
Only after you finish it can you leave. 只有结束它以后，你才能离开。
(主句倒装) 注意：Only 如不在句首，或only 修饰的不是状语，则不倒装。
SAT语法分类讲义+练习
SAT语法分类讲义+练习SAT语法分类之第一类：主谓一致1 Despite (A) the heavy rain, the television reporter, accompanied by her royal film crew, were willing (B) to wait (C) outside the hotel until the delegates finished their (D) meeting. No error (E). (2010-1-S7-22)B2 The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York. No error (E). (P161.1) B3 The grooved and barbed spears of the box jellyfish, each (A) trailed by (B) a poison thread, is released (C) when (D) the animal is threatened. No error (E) (P410.23)C4 In the early 20th century, new thinking about (A) symbolism and the unconscious were (B) greatly inspired by (C) the writings (D) of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. No error (E) (P193.18) B5 The derelict old house across from (A) the warehouses and the even more (B) decrepit one just beside (C) them have been placed (D) on the list of historic landmarks. No error (E)(P410.24)E6 The professor’s insistence on high standards are (A) not, despite wha t students think, part of (B) a plan to withhold (C) high grades from them (D). No error (E) (P839.27)A7 Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)C8 Studying (A) the language and culture of a foreign country is highly recommended to (B) the tourist who expect (C) to learn from (D) his or her vacation abroad. No error (P721.26) C9 Air pollution caused by industrial fumes has been studied (A) for years, but (B) only recently has (C) the harmful effects of noise pollution become (D) known. No error (E). (P167.6) C10 In the foothills of that large mountain range is (A) the sources of a river whose course (B) was not fully mapped (C) until (D) this century. No error (E). (P 776.19)A11. At the heart of the program, enthusiastically endorsed (A) by the city’s business association, is (B) plans for refurbishing neighborhoods and for making (C) low interest mortgages available to (D) young families. No error (E) (P956.12)B12 Also supported (A) by the commission was (B) the proposed health clinics and the proposed center (C) to distribute information on job-training (D) opportunities. No error (E)(P602.27)B13 Available through the school's guidance office is (A) a job directory and a list of job referral centers that provide (B) information for (C) students in need of (D) employment. No error (E)(P721.29)A14 Langston Hughes may be best known for (A) his poetry, but (B) included among (C) his many published works are (D) a sizable collection of short stories. No error. (E) (2010-1-S7-27) D第二类：时态1 Quincy took Dan to Derek's home for a visit (A), never imagining (B) that five years would pass (C) before seeing (D) Derek again. No Error.(E) (2002-5-S4-29)D2 Jerome often referred to (A) art history textbook while he (B) was sculpting; whenever he learned a new method in art class, he seeks out (C) the work of sculptors who had used it (D) in the past. No error (E)（P409.15）C3 Some of the workers who resent (A) the supervisor’s authority would probably (B) feel uncomfortable if (C) they were to acquire the independence that they demand (D). No error (E)（P839.22）E4 Although born in the Midwest, Langston Hughes lived most of his adult life in Harlem, in New York City, where (A), like (B) other writers in the 1930’s, he had wrote (C) some of his finest (D) works. No error (E)（P894.12）C第三类：平行结构1 Each time Caroline turns on her computer, she has (A) to enter a company code, then her initials, and then enters a password (B) before (C) she can begin working (D). No error (E).(P166.2)B2 Of the hundreds of warm-water coral species, only a few (A) are highly prized (B) for use in jewelry because of their (C) beauty, luster, and they are hard (D). No error (E). (P533.12) D3 Acquaintances of Alexei have commented that he is at once annoying because of his unpredictability but his imagination is still a delight. (P431.14).A) Same.B) although he is delightfully imaginativeC) and he is delightful in his imagination tooD) while being imaginative and. They are delightedE) and delightful because of his imaginationE4 Readers of the novice writer's recent book have said that it is at once frustrating because of its chaotic structure but its originality is still a delight. (P775.11)(A) but its originality is still a delight(B) although it is delightfully original(C) and it is delightful in its originality(D) while being so original as to delight them(E) and delightful because of its originalityE5 Just how (A) critical an improved balance of trade is to (B) a healthy economy has never been (C) more clearer (D) than it is now. No error (E).（P659.18）D6 Most drivers know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes gasoline, but also that it is dangerous. （P678.13）(A) know not only that excessive speeding on highways wastes(B) know that excessive speeding on highways could be wasteful of(C) are knowledgeable that excessive speeding on highways not only wastes(D) have known that excessive speeding on highways wastes not only(E) know that excessive speeding on highways not only by itself can wasteA第四类：形容词、副词误用1 Although canoeing through (A) the rapids was exciting, it was (B) also exhausting, and we were happy for a time to have the canoe float serene (C) down (D) a smooth stretch of the river. No error (E). (P838.12)C2 The research study reveals (A) startling proof of a constant (B) changing seafloor that comprises (C) the major part of (D) the underwater landscape. No error (E). (P602.29)B第五类：逻辑主语1 Contrasting with (A) most other (B) fifteenth- century rulers, Portuguese Kings could count on (C) the support of the aristocracy in any (D) overseas ventures. No error (E) A2 Indicating their desire to extend free enterprise, Canadians elected a member of theProgressive Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, as Prime Minister in 1993.（P493.13）(A) Canadians elected a member of the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, as Prime Minister(B) Canadians’ election of a member of the Progressive Conservative Party as Prime Minister was Kim Campbell(C) Kim Campbell of the Progressive Conservative Party was elected Prime Minister of Canada(D) the Progressive Conservative Pa rty’s Kim Campbell was elected Prime Minister of Canadians(E) a member of the Progressive Conservative Party, Kim Campbell, was elected by Canadians as Prime MinisterA3 Raised in a large and noisy city, it was only when I went away to college that I realized how delightful life in a small town could be.（P955.11）(A) it was only when I went away to college that I realized how delightful life in a small town could be(B) when I went away to college I then realized how delightful life in a small town could be(C) going away to college made me realize how delightful life in a small town could be(D) I did not realize how delightful life in a small town could be until I went away to college(E) delightful life in a small town was unrealized by me until I went away to collegeD4 Having thought the problem through with some care, that the committee did not understand her solution frustrated the chairperson extremely.（P599.5）(A) that the committee did not understand her solution frustrated the chairperson extremely(B) the chairperson’s extremely frustration resulted from the committee not understanding her solution(C) the chairperson’s frustration at the committee’s failing to understand her solution was extreme(D) the chairperson was extremely frustrated by the committee’s failure to understand her solution(E) the committee’s failing to understand her solution was an extreme frustration to the chairpersonD5 While working as a nurse in the streets of Calcutta, that was when Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor.（P892.1）(A) that was when Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor(B) Mother Teresa developed a profound love for the poor(C) then the development of Mother Teresa’s profound love for the poor took place(D) Mother Teresa’s profound love for the poor developed(E) a profound love for the poor developed in Mother TeresaB6 By simply entering an Internet website or calling a toll-free number, a catalog order can be placed for almost anything from cheesecakes to fully equipped desktop computers.（P616.12）(A) a catalog order can be placed(B) by placing a catalog order(C) they will place your catalog order(D) you can place a catalog order(E) your catalog order can be placedD7 Though now one of the most famous abstract artists, critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock for his technique of splattering paint on canvases.（P532.8）(A) critics once ridiculed Jackson Pollock(B) critics once were ridiculing Jackson Pollock(C) Jackson Pollock once ridiculed by critics(D) Jackson Pollock was once ridiculed by critics(E) Jackson Pollock, having once been ridiculed by criticsD8 During (A) my most recent (B) trip, I came across (C) a wonderful antique store wandering(D) in the old quarter of the city. No error (E). (P533.16)D9 Having been a victim of malicious rumors, Helen purposely avoided gossips.（P954. 3）(A) Having been a victim of malicious rumors(B) Her being a victim of malicious rumors(C) Her having been victimized by malicious rumors(D) Because being a victim of malicious rumors(E) Because having been a victim of malicious rumorsA第六类：代词1 The starling is such a (A) pest in rural areas that it has become (B) necessary to find ways(C) of controlling the growth of their (D) population. No error (E)（P167.8）D2 The quality of multivitamin tablets is determined (A) by how long (B) its (C) potency can be protected (D) by the manufacturer's coating material. No error (E) (P602.28)C3 Despite research on the diagnosis of (A) heart disease and the use of increasingly (B) sophisticated technology in its treatment (C), the condition of coronary arteries is (D) still difficult to assess precisely. No error (E) (2008-1-Q21)E4 The report Alexander is discussing (A), a report prepared jointly by he (B) and the committee, does not take into account (C) the socioeconomic status of those interviewed (D). No error (E)（P602.21）B5 Apparently impressed with (A) our plans, the foundation awarded Carlos and I (B) a grant to establish (C) a network of community centers throughout (D) the city. No error (E) （P602.26）B6 For we (A) students, concern about impending (B) tuition hikes was even more acute than(C) apprehension about (D) final exams. No error (E) （P721.27）A7 It would be (A) much more efficient for you and I (B) to work together on both projects than (C) for each of us (D) to work separately on one. No error (E). （2008-10-S7-22）B8 For people in (A) many ancient societies, work was only a means of (B) survival rather than (C) a way to improve your (D) standard of living. No error (E) （P838.19）D9 When one first begins (A) to arm wrestle, it’s (B) important to work on one’s endurance and to make your (C) biceps appear formidable (D). No error. (E)C10 If one adopts (A) a tiger as a pet, particularly (B) in New York City, you (C) should alert those who (D) live in the area. No Error (E)C11 The comet has recently changed direction toward Jupiter, which is leading scientists to wonder about the composition of the object.(A) which is leading scientists to wonder about(B) this development leading scientists to wonder about(C) and with it scientists’ wonder of(D) a development leading scientists to wonder about(E) this leading scientists to wonder onD12 Candy manufacturers applauded the discovery by (A) researchers that students which (B) smell chocolate while studying and again while taking (C) a test are able to (D) recall more material than students not exposed to the odor of chocolate. No error (E)（P894.15）B13 In a world that (A) the rate of technological and social change accelerates frighteningly(B) , change itself (C) often seems to be the only constant (D). No error (E) （P957.21）A14 Along (A) the curve of islands known as the Florida Keys lies(B) a reef of living coral, the only one(C) of a kind(D) in the continental United States. No Error (E)D15 During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic.（P599.4）(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic(B) highway and thereby blocking it to all traffic(C) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked(E) highway, thereby blocking all trafficE16 The lawyers representing the parking-lot operators asserted as to the defensibility of their practices as legal and ethical.（P615.6）(A) as to the defensibility of their practices as legal and ethical(B) as to their practices and their defensibility on legal and ethical grounds(C) that their practices, that is the operators, are defensible in legal terms as well as ethics(D) that in regards to defensibility their practices are legally and ethically defensible(E) that the practices of the operators are legally and ethically defensibleE17 Conners, a publishing and media services company, is acquiring Dispatch Education, it manufactures school uniforms.（P599.2）(A) Dispatch Education, it manufactures(B) Dispatch Education, which manufactures(C) Dispatch Education, manufacturing(D) Dispatch Education, it is manufacturing(E) Dispatch Education, for the manufacturing ofB18 Many communities in my state are forming neighborhood watch programs, for it will deter criminals.（P739.10）(A) programs, for it will deter(B) programs, in which it will deter(C) programs that will deter(D) programs for the deterrence of(E) programs being able to deterC19 It is hard for some young people to believe that women were at one time not admitted to some colleges, but they have since become coeducational.（P802.8）(A) colleges, but they have since become coeducational(B) colleges, but they are now coeducational(C) colleges, and have since become coeducational(D) colleges that have since become coeducational(E) colleges, since becoming coeducationalD20 When Catherine the Great had a magnificent dinner service of Sevres porcelain made for her, she was scandalized by its great cost, which became the subject of prolonged controversy.（P987.8）(A) which became(B) so it was to be(C) with a result that it was destined to become(D) therefore becoming(E) consequently it would becomeA第七类介词1 At the highest level (A) of competitive chess, players are so familiar to (B) one another’s strategies that they can practically (C) read their opponents’minds; the result is drearily predictable (D) play. No error (E). （2008-5-S4-16）B2 Vanessa had a tendency of changing (A) her mind often, so often (B) in fact that her friends gave up expecting (C) her to show up at (D) their parties. No error (E). (2008-10-S7-28) A3 Digital technology, as every marketer knows, is synonymous to speed, precision, and the future.A. toB. ofC. withD. forE. throughC常考的一些搭配abide byable toaccuse … ofapologize forapprove ofcapable ofcomply with conscious ofconsists ofdepend on= rely on differ from discriminate against equivalent toescape fromfamiliar with/ familiar to grateful toidentical toobject tojealous of opposed to participate in preoccupied with protect … from provide … with relevant to succeed in tendency to/ toward第八类：连词：（逻辑关系错误/多连词/副词误用为连词/分句间缺连词）1 Watermelons have been cultivated for more than 4000 years, and whereby thumping them to test for ripeness has an equally long history.A. and whereby thumping themB. whereby thumping themC. because thumping themD. thumping them as a wayE. and thumping themE2 Since some (A) people are convinced that (B) dowsing, a method of finding underground water with a Y-shaped stick, is effective, but others condemn the procedure as (C) mere superstition (D) . No error(E)（P602.24）A3 Many students work after school and on weekends, consequently they do not have much time for doing their homework.A, weekends, consequently they do not haveB, weekends, they do not haveC, weekends, as a consequence they do not haveD, weekends, therefore they do not haveE, weekends; consequently, they do not haveE4 Even the play’s most minor characters work toge ther with extraordinary skill, their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.A, their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.B, a moving theatrical experience is created by their interplayC, and their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.D, and a moving theatrical experience being the creation of their interplayE, with their interplay they create a moving theatrical experience.C第九类：固定搭配1 Just as Ireland has produced many famous writers and the Netherlands on abundance of famous painters, so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects. （P775.10）(A) so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects(B) Finland provides famous architects, and by large numbers(C) Finland’s contribution is to provided famous architects in a large number(D) and so then, for Finland, a large number of famous architects is provided(E) and like them Finland has provided a large number of famous architectsA2 No sooner had Andrea del Sarto traveled to France to work for the French king but his wife persuaded him to return to Italy.（P676.4）(A) but his wife persuaded him to return(B) but his wife had him persuaded into returning(C) than he was persuaded by his wife that he will return(D) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning(E) than his wife persuaded him to returnE3 Chaplin will not be remembered for espousing radical causes any more than they will remember Wayne for endorsing conservative political candidates.（P677.6）(A) any more than they will remember Wayne(B) as will Wayne not be remembered(C) any more than Wayne will be remembered(D) just as they will not remember Wayne(E) no more than Wayne will be rememberedC4 The main reasons students give for failing to participate in the political process is that they have demanding assignments and work at part-time jobs.（P600.6）(A) is that they have demanding assignments and work at(B) are demanding assignments and they work at(C) are that they have demanding assignments and that they work at(D) is having demanding assignments and having to work at(E) are demanding assignments, in addition to working atC7 The reason for the continued popularity of country-western performers is that it draws on experience with which almost everyone can identify（P955. 10）(A) that it draws on(B) that their music draws on(C) because the music draws on(D) because of them drawing from(E) they will draw fromB第十类：分句错误：双主语/缺谓语1 The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, whose origins are hotly debated.（P863.10）(A) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, whose origins are hotly debated.(B) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, its origins are hotly debated.(C) Possibly one of Europe’s oldest languages, the origins of Basque are hotly debated.(D) The origins of the Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, are hotly debated.(E) Basque is hotly debated as a language wh ose origins are possibly Europe’s oldest.D2 The problem of water pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because the treatment and release of industrial wastes are not adequately regulated.（P954.2）(A) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas because(B) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas and(C) pollution, frequently compounded in certain areas when(D) pollution is frequently compounded in certain areas where(E) pollution is frequently compounded in certain areas andD简洁原则：1 Anita liked to watch television, of which she found the science programs especially fascinating.(A) television, of which she found the science programs especially fascinating(B) television; she found the science programs especially fascinating(C) television, and it was especially the science programs that were of fascination(D) television; the fascination of the science programs especially(E) television, especially fascinating to her were the programsB2 The chestnut, like the oak, is called an immortal tree, the reason is that the truck and roots remain alive even after the tree has been felled.（P955. 6）(A) tree, the reason is that the truck and roots remain(B) tree, which has a truck and roots that are remaining(C) tree, the truck of which and the roots remain(D) tree because its truck and roots remain(E) tree, whose trunk and roots are remainingD习题：1. Roger had just walked into his office and that was when he was told that his plan had finally been approved.A. and that was when he was toldB. and then he learnedC. when it was learned by himD. and then they told himE. when he learnedE2. Burdened with three pieces of luggage and a pair of skis, Sarah’s search for a baggage cart was desperate.A. Sarah’s search for a baggage cart was desperateB. Sarah’s desperate search was for a baggage cartC. a baggage cart was what Sarah desperately searched forD. a baggage cart for which Sarah desperately searchedE. Sarah searched desperately for a baggage cartE例：Of all the states represented at the conference, the governor of Missouri was the only one to present plans for enforcing the new regulations. （P740.14）(A) the governor of Missouri was the only one to present(B) making the governor from Missouri the only one to present(C) Missouri’s governor only presented(D) Missouri’s governor presented the only(E) Missouri was the only one whose governor presentedE3. Karen, James, and Sam were hiking when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankment.A. when, stumbling over a rock, he fell down a steep embankmentB. and then he fell down a steep embankment after he stumbled over a rockC. when Sam fell down a steep embankment after stumbling over a rockD. when Sam fell down a steep embankment, since he stumbled over a rockE. and, since he stumbled over a rock, he fell down a steep embankmentC4. By attracting new industry when the old factory closed, the council kept the economy of the town from collapsing, this was a disaster many workers had feared.A. this was a disaster many workers had fearedB. because many workers had feared a disasterC. the fear many workers had would be a disasterD. a disaster that many workers had fearedE. it was feared by many workers as a disasterD5. A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of business but it has a psychological effect on people.A. it has aB. as well in theC. also by theD. also theE. in the way of having aC6. Today’s political candidates may reach wide audiences by appearing on television, but old-fashioned barnstorming still has value because it allows the electorate to meet candidates face to face.A. television, but old-fashioned barnstorming still has value because it allowsB. television, but old-fashioned barnstorming still would have value because of allowingC. television; however, there is still value in old-fashioned barnstorming by allowingD. television, old-fashioned barnstorming still having value because it allowsE. television, when old-fashioned barnstorming still has value in allowingA7. Linguistic research often requires fieldwork where they can study and record the spoken dialects of a region.A. where theyB. through which theyC. and the linguistD. during which the linguistE. which theyD8. The primatologist has argued that sustained observation of a few animals provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animals.A. provides better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animalsB. provides better behavioral data than many animals are observed intermittentlyC. providing better behavioral data than does intermittent observation of many animalsD. do provide better behavioral data than intermittent observation of many animals doE. in contrast to intermittent observation of many animals, provides better behavioral dataA例：Of the following, which is the best version of the underlined portion of sentence 5 below?Whatever it is, it seemed that the creature has a burrow under our front porch.（P722.31）(A) (as it is now)(B) In spite of what it is, it seems that the creature has(C) The creature, whatever it was, seemingly having(D) It would seem, whatever it is, that it would have(E) Whatever the creature is, it seems to haveE9. George Orwell’s term “doublespeak” referri ng to the intentional use of language to confuse or to mislead, as when one says “revenue enhancement” instead of “tax increase.”A. referring to the intentional use of languageB. referring to language which is intentionally usedC. which refers to the intentionally using languageD. refers to the intentional use of languageE. is when it refers to language used intentionallyD10. Scientists predict technological changes in the next century, they will be as dramatic as was the development of the transcontinental railroad in the last century.A. century, they will be as dramatic as wasB. century, these will be as dramatic asC. century; being as dramatic as wasD. century will be dramatic as isE. century as dramatic asE11. With billions of tons yet to be mined, some argue that coal conservation measures are unnecessary.A. With billions of tonsB. Because billions of tons of coal areC. Because of coal in billions of tonsD. By considering that there are billions of tonsE. Aware of the coal in billions of tonsB练习讲解句子改错1. Despite (A) its cultural importance, the Daily Gazette lost (B) 70 percent of its subscribers since 1920 and, by 1955, was losing (C) as much as(D) $200,000 a year. No error (E) (06.1,29)B2. Africa’s Kanem Empire, after enduring for (A) over a thousand years, is (B) believed to have fallen into decline (C) when trade centers shift (D) outside its boundaries. No error (E) (06.5, 25)D3. Although the precise date and place of the origin of baseball are hotly debated (A), it is beyond dispute (B) that the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn play (C) an important role in its (D) early development. No error (E)( OC4-S5-24)C4. Of ancient origin (A), the game of checkers was played (B) in Egypt during the time (C) of the pharaohs and is mentioned (D) in the writings of Homer and Plato. No error (E) ( OC5-S6-28)E5. Jean Toomer was not only (A) the author of Cane, a novel whose publication has been viewed (B) as marking (C) the beginning of the Harlem Renaissance, but also a respected advisor among Quakers (D). No error (E) ( OC6-S5-18)E6. Because the garden was untended (A), the windows had no (B) shutters, and the lawn overrun (C) by weeds, people passing by (D) the old house assumed that it was unoccupied. No error (E)(06- 1-section 3-17)C7. Because the American Indian Rodeo includes games and exhibitions developed as early as (A) the seventeenth century, they predate (B) by (C) a few hundred years the form (D) of rodeo now seen on television. No error (E)(06-1-S3, 27)B8. Many jazz enthusiasts would have to admit (A) that their having (B) unjustly overlooked(C) the music of Bennie Nawahi, who popularized (D) the Hawaiian steel guitar sound in the early 1930’s. No error (E) (08-1-13)B9. In addition to (A) being (B) a talented pianist and composer, Bela Bartok was a respected (C) musicologist who wrote (D) several books on Hungarian, Slovakian, and Romanian folk music. No error (E) (OC -4 –S5 -15)。
新动SAT语法讲义
SAT 语法部分简介语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中得写作(writing)板块,与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块得总分。
SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中,就是因为它实际就是考查考生对英语得标准书面语(Standard Written English)得掌握程度,并非琐碎复杂得语法知识,SAT语法规则有时与我们通常所学得语法书上得知识点有所出入,规则也不尽相同。
其考试题型与考试重点也与中国得语法题目大相径庭。
因此SAT得语法具有特殊性,它追求得就是“好得语法”,就是恰当得,最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯得用法。
SAT得语法规则,也就就是像OG当中所阐述得那样,就是一种“the rules of good written English”,具有准确,清晰,简洁得特点,杜绝口语化、模糊与冗余得表达。
表现在做题方面,不仅仅会考到您就是否能判断这个句子正确与否,而且会考到这个句子就是否有效与简洁。
这就大大提升了题目得难度。
比如说有些句子在TOEFL中就是对得,但就是在SAT语法里面就就是错误得,因为它不够简洁有效。
整个语法部分包括三种题型:ISE(Identifying sentence errors,即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences,即句子改进题)、IP(Improving paragraphs,即段落改进题),所有题目均为五选一。
SAT语法部分得49个选择题分布在两个section,其中 ISE(句子挑错题)18 小题、IS(句子改进题)25 小题、IP(段落改进题)6 小题。
三种题型所考查得侧重点各不相同,从OG与真题上对各部分考试目得与内容得解析中可以得出这一点。
如在 ISE得介绍中,对考生得要求就是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors”,强调语法与固定用法得使用就是否正确;而IS对考生得要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences”,从语法知识转移到了清晰,准确,简洁得表达方式。
SAT语法讲义（完整版）
SAT语法讲义（完整版）SAT语法讲义Identifying Sentence Errors一、主谓一致1. 就前原则(1) N1 of N2 verb（SAT考试中动词的单复数与N1有关，与N2无关）如：a group of students arethe details of the problems are例：The bright (A) fiberglass sculptures of Luis Jimenez has received (B) critical acclaim not only (C) in his home state, New Mexico, but also in (D) New York.No error (E). (P161.1)(2) 名词1+介词+名词2 如：students in the classroom名词，插入语，verb名词+doing/done 如：students studying hard例：Flints found in (A) the region extending from the Nile Valley to (B) the highlands of eastern Iraq attests to (C) the presence of people there as long ago as (D) one hundred thousand years. No error (E). (P166.3)2.“欲擒故纵”法动词单复数做题基本原则是就前原则，如果句子太长、太难、太复杂时，用“欲擒故纵”法。
3.动词单复数的特殊固定用法(1) a number of 一些；一般情况下其后动词用复数，（不受任何规律限制）；the number of …的数量；其后的动词在任何情况下都用单数。
量词考点：a group/list/line of 使用“就前原则”(2) 倒装结构：就后原则。
(完整word版)新动SAT语法讲义
SAT 语法部分简介语法部分属于SAT reasoning test 中的写作（writing)板块，与essay writing 分值一起组成写作板块的总分。
SAT语法之所以被划分在Writing Skills当中,是因为它实际是考查考生对英语的标准书面语(Standard Written English）的掌握程度,并非琐碎复杂的语法知识，SAT 语法规则有时和我们通常所学的语法书上的知识点有所出入，规则也不尽相同.其考试题型和考试重点也与中国的语法题目大相径庭。
因此SAT的语法具有特殊性，它追求的是“好的语法",是恰当的，最符合英语国家文化传统与语言习惯的用法。
SAT的语法规则，也就是像OG当中所阐述的那样，是一种“the rules of good written English”，具有准确，清晰，简洁的特点，杜绝口语化、模糊和冗余的表达。
表现在做题方面，不仅仅会考到你是否能判断这个句子正确与否，而且会考到这个句子是否有效和简洁.这就大大提升了题目的难度。
比如说有些句子在TOEFL 中是对的,但是在SAT语法里面就是错误的，因为它不够简洁有效。
整个语法部分包括三种题型：ISE（Identifying sentence errors，即挑错题)、IS(Improving sentences,即句子改进题）、IP(Improving paragraphs，即段落改进题），所有题目均为五选一。
SAT语法部分的49个选择题分布在两个section,其中 ISE（句子挑错题）18 小题、IS（句子改进题)25 小题、IP(段落改进题）6 小题.三种题型所考查的侧重点各不相同，从OG和真题上对各部分考试目的和内容的解析中可以得出这一点.如在 ISE的介绍中,对考生的要求是“The ability to recognize grammar and usage errors"，强调语法和固定用法的使用是否正确；而IS对考生的要求则变成了“the ability to recognize and write clear, effective and accurate sentences"，从语法知识转移到了清晰，准确，简洁的表达方式。
赛达语法入门基础知识介绍
SAT语法入门基础知识介绍SAT语法题出现的位置：语法部分属于SAT中的写作(writing)板块，与短文写作分值一起组成写作板块的总分。
SAT语法的题型：语法部分有三个题型，分别为改错题 (Identifying sentence errors)，共18题、句子改进题(Improving sentences)，共25小题、和段落改进题(Improving paragraphs)，共6小题，所有题目均为五选一。
改错题，句子改进题和段落改进题测试学生的语法知识，要求能够提出不地道或不正确语法用法。
在改错题的部分，学生必须找到这个句子产生错误的来源，或选择该句没有错误这个选项，不需要改动原句。
句子改进题更难，要求学生选择一个可接受的解决方案，来消除原句错误或笨拙得用法。
段落改进题测试学生的的逻辑思维和对于段落结构的理解，原文是一段写得不好的学生作文，要求考生提出一系列问题以最大程度的改进原文的结构和思路。
由上述可见，所谓的SAT语法题并不是中国学生原本认为的四选一的语法题，和高考的题型模式也有很大的不同。
当然，所涉及的知识大都中国学生在九年制义务教育中学过的。
SAT语法知识点：SAT语法部分的重点知识包括：(1)主谓一致(尤其是倒装时);(2)逻辑主语(即分词位于句首的情况);(3)时态; (4)人称代词(单数和复数，第一人称和第三人称，主格和宾格);(5)比较级; (6)形容词和副词; (7)句子的整体结构(包括并列句，主从句，省略句)。
所以，对于中国学生来说，要攻克SAT语法的难点在于熟悉题型和美国式语法题的解体方法。
这首先需要经过培训，以了解SAT语法考试的重点和解体思路，之后需要学生经过大量的练习，只有通过练习才能将教师上课讲到的重点融会贯通，将语法题的解题方法自己“悟”出来，确保能在短时间内就敏锐地察觉到题目的错误点。
这看似很难，但却是通过培训和练习可以做到的，而且大部分的SAT高分获得者也确实是这么做的。