跨文化交际communication
北京大学出版社《跨文化交际》unit7_Cross-gender_communication(跨性别交际)
Football; Basketball;
Interactions with other people such as peers, teachers…
Learn from medias, books, history, culture…
• Mother-daughter interaction: same sex
• A survey has been conducted to ask the same questions to males and females: “If you had a car, what would be the first thing you like to do with it?” Most females’ answers were like this: “If I had a car, the first thing I prefer to do would be taking a ride. While most males answer more or less like this: “If I had a car, I would check the engine first.” or :” If I had a car, I would consider if I could clean it every Saturday.”
Men are from Mars， Women are from Venus.
---John Gray
The styles men and women use to communicate have been described as
debate vs. vs. relate rapport cooperative
跨文化交际unit6-verbal-communication
❖ 引言:
❖
各民族的语言是自足的. 处于不同语言世界里的人,即使面对同一个现实面向,
也会在描述它时沿着各自的思路,采用不同的策略, 刻画出不同的版本.正如维特
根斯坦所言:我的语言就是我的疆界,跨出我生于其中的语言,冒险与隔膜就开始
了.
❖
语言与文化紧密相连, 不可分割; 语言是文化的一部分.
❖ Culture and language are intertwined and are shaping each other. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a massage, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices.
❖ ( Beamer, L. and Varner, I Intercultural communication in the Global Workplace. New York, NY:
❖ Teaching objectives: ❖ In this part you are expected to understand some commonly observed differences
The power of verbal communication
Ⅰ. cultural differences on lexical level ❖ (cases) ❖ 1. types of lexical meaning ❖ Words are the basic units of meaning. Understanding
❖ farther and farther away from home.
跨文化交际 unit 1Communication1
关于用语
关于标点
关于空间
关于标题
独立知识点与概念 主题鲜明 标题字数 尽量人性化 分级标题的之间的逻辑性
关于空间
先见文，后见图、表 行长一般以 80-100mm 为适 最有价值信息放在最前面 页面力求丰满
关于文字
增进文字易读性
能见度(visibility) 能辨度(legibility) 能解度(readability)
同类演讲次数
根源（1）观众的数量规模
根源（2）内容的熟悉程度
关于成功者
做别人不敢做的事 做别人不愿做的事 做别人做不了的事
成功其实开始于下定决心
并全力以赴
演讲成功四要素
明确目标 以终为始 知彼知已 组织内容 主题大纲 加味添料 注重细节 呈现形式 用图表说话 PPT制作常识 预演彩排 开场白与结束 避免事项
倾听技巧
• 适当的作笔记； • 关注对方的肢体语言
– – – – 面部表情 姿势 个人空间 语音语调
What is culture?
• The term “culture” was first used in this way by the pioneer English Anthropologist Edward B. Tylor （1832-1917）in his book, Primitive Culture, published in 1871.
加味添料
多媒体 实验
适当的幽默
案例 游戏 实践演练
人性故事
针对性的问题
比喻/证据/示范
加味添料掌握技巧
问一个煽动性问题 引用名人精句 让数字说话 讲述主题相关的亲身经历 摘述最近新闻焦点
跨文化交际
跨文化交际跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willingto give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations.5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It’s a neutral word which is a general conclu sion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "preponderance of belief," — not uniform acceptance of a given belief —that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)6、Stereotypes老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way ofthinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Different in rank and power----equalityEvery society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality.1) Westerners generally have less respect for seniority — age, position and so forth — than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Western societies often try to limit the power of government officials.3) Westerners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and even negative view of power and authority.8、Culture shock文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn’t demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture to behave the same way most other people in the culture do. Tight culture: expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who areborn left-handed. In tight cultures, children who favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand instead, and the percentage of left-handed people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own cultu re as being at the center of the world and identify with one’s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one’s own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the ‘right’ and natural values and ways of doing things.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups”a re the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds ofstories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.14 low context/ high context1.Low context: the way westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state their ideas and feeling s plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to get to the point and say what you mean, and it’s largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her massage is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand. --low context, people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in communication than to context in which things are said. They expect others to ‘take them at their words’-to believe that what they say is what they mean.2.High context: in collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for inerpreting messages correctly. -High context, people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place- who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth-and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.问答题1、Why would intercultural communication be more difficult than the communication between people from the same culture?（Why is it hard to learn a foreign culture?）先定义intercultural communication1)Some stumbling blocks2)Assuming more cultural similarities leads to misunderstanding3)Language difference4)Misinterpreting verbal communication and body language from other country5)Stereotype and preconceptions6)Evaluate before really understanding7)Interact with foreigners stressfully and suffer from culture shock8)Tend to generalize or simplify9)Tend to define groups by a few key characteristic10)Assume everyone is similar2、What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?Are all Westerners individual ? Are all Chinese collectivist?先定义individualist 和collectivist(1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.(2) Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have to right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their benefit for the sake of thegroup.(3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done.(4) A final difference lies in the way people in difference cultures vi ew the idea of “individualism”. Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In English, the word “individualism”has no negative connotation. In fact, its connotation is somewhat positive. In contrast, the Chinese term for “individualism” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and Americans emphasize most?Virtue is a positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being.Chinese: formality/ hierarchy/ industriousness/ being filial/ hard work/ modesty/ thrifty Americans: activity-dominant/ equality/ motivation based on achievement/ the world is material rather than spiritual/ optimistic/ individualist/ materialism/ success/ humanitarianism4、How do Western cultures view the relationship between public and private life?先定义public: work, national duty; private: home, family, personal friendshipsWestern cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, westerners tend to believe that having apersonal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixing work and play completely, and keep their circle of work acquaintances quite separate from their circle of personal friends)Of course, personal relationships do make a difference in how people in the west treat each other, even in public settings. However, the wall between public and private life tends to be somewhat higher in the individualist west than it is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, or chance that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow. A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally important aspects of a person’s character or behavior.Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second hand information and opinion output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.6、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about important characteristics of Chinese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the meanLarge power distance--hierarchyIntergroup harmony and avoidance of over conflict in interpersonal relationsBelief in the naturalness, necessity and inevitability of hierarchyInequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral and finance achievementBelief that “the judgment of wise people” is a better way to regulate life than rigid artificial laws. People exist “in and through relationship with others”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and lengthy homeworkBrain washThe golden meanHypocriticalThe judgment of wise people/law8、What are the similarity and difference between Projected Cultural similarity and Ethnocentrism? P48两个定义Projected Cultural similarity and EthnocentrismThe similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the center.The difference: E is taking one’s own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do. PCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others’ and assume that their own culture’s wayof thinking and acting is more natural, normal and correct than the way people from other cultures’ thinking and act.9、Comment on “Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. “P49先定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it’s right, too. However, it just doesn’t workout like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity? P49定义Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. When they communicate with foreigners, they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture view it. The only way to solve PCS is communication.11、comment on conformity in western cultures p56定义Loose cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views asto what is considered normal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are loose culture. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.Weak conformity12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54定义(1)The degree of change in the population--- the more people move, the looser and more individualist a society tends to be.(2)The density of the population.: small dense societies tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---melting pot.(3)The number of choices available in society--- the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism.(4)strict registration/registered permanent residence13、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in intercultural communication? P59定义ethnocentrismBecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct than those of other cultures. So we tend to use the norms of our own culture---such as the idea of what is good/bad, right/wrong, normal/abnormal—as standards when we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or thinkin ways that differ from our cultural norms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as strange, wrong or bad.14、Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication?P70定义We generally have more positive feelings toward members or our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more than we help outsiders. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders, more generous but to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgments.So the tie of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.15、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back? P77定义There is a difference between the inside and the outside. Chinese generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligation to outsiders.Chinese often view outsiders who come to china as guests., and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group, and tend to treat in-group members very well.16、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79定义individualismAs it is firstly a famous American saying.This sentence meansthat ii is best to not lend money to other people and not to borrow from other people. When we lend or borrow something, we risk losing both things and the friendship with that person. T o begin with, t is because westerners are in individualist cultures. In such kind culture, individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want others to rely on them. either.17、Characteristics of war stories P82The term “war stories”originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now, “war stories”refers more generally to any stories. People tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.War stories about intercultural communication tend to share several characteristics:(1)One reason we tell war stories is to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encountermakes sense.(2)In war stories, we generally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we often paint theforeigner as the “bad guy”.(3)We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually peoplefrom our own culture rather than outsiders.(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from one specific experience to groups offoreigners as a whole.。
Topic 1 Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication (跨文化交际)
Patterns of communication
Upward communication (sending information from people at a lower level to people at a higher level in an organization)
1) new technology and information systems
2) changes in the world‘s population 3) a shift in the world‘s economic arena
1) new technology and information systems Transportation systems: Tourism boomed (tourism is one of the fastgrowing industries in the world)
available in 210 countries, 28.5million households view it in an average week.
The expasion of WWW and the Internet computer network. The benefits & drawbacks of Internet.
Pre-class discussion
Give an example of a(co)-cultural behavior that you do not understand. See if anyone in the class can explain it to you.
跨文化交际概念
跨文化交际概念“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“cross-cultural communication（或inter-cultural communication）”。
它指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。
通俗来说就是如果你和外国人打交道（由于存在语言和文化背景的差异），应该注意什么问题，应该如何得体地去交流。
从对外汉语专业的角度，“跨文化交际”的概念可以这样界定：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
它包含以下几个要点：1.交际双方必须来自不同的文化背景文化背景的差异是一个宽泛的概念，既是指不同文化圈之间的差异，也是指同一文化圈内部亚文化之间的差异。
不过立足对外汉语专业，文化差异主要指不同文化圈之间的差异，尤其是中国和欧美国家的文化差异。
因为从跨文化交际的实际情形来看，由于文化背景的差异导致交际失误，容易引起冲突的主要是中国和欧美国家的人际交往。
中国同亚洲地区国家，如日本、韩国以及东南亚一些国家的人际交往，虽然也有文化差异的一面，但要顺利的多，这是因为这些国家与中国同属东方文化圈，彼此之间在文化取向和交际规范方面有很多相通的地方。
[1]2.交际双方必须使用同一种语言交际这是显而易见的，假如一方使用一种语言，而另一方使用另外一种不同的语言，交际是无法进行的。
但是，既然交际的双方来自不同的文化背景，又要使用同一种语言，那么用来交际的语言对一方来说是母语，而对另一方来说必然是第二语言（习得的“目的语”）。
比如一个中国人与一个美国人交谈，他们可以选择使用汉语，也可以选择使用英语，这样他们就可以用同一种语言直接交际，而不需要通过翻译这个中间环节。
这样界定的着眼点也是由对外汉语专业的特点决定的。
3.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际跨文化交际的途径多种多样。
可以是语言符号的交际，也可以是非语言符号的交际，如商品、画报、实物、影像、演出到其他物化形式符号的交际；可以是现场的双向交际，也可以是通过媒介的单向交际，如电视、广播、报刊、广告等传播方式的交际；可以是口语交际，也可以是书面交际，如信函、公文等的来往。
跨文化交际icc的理解
跨文化交际icc的理解跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication，简称ICC）是指在不同文化背景下进行的沟通和交流。
在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为人们经常需要与来自不同国家、不同文化背景的人交流和合作。
跨文化交际的理解可以从以下几个角度来分析：1. 文化差异，跨文化交际的核心是理解和尊重不同文化之间的差异。
每个文化都有自己的价值观、信仰、习俗和社会规范，这些差异会影响人们的思维方式、行为方式和沟通方式。
了解和尊重这些差异是跨文化交际的基础。
2. 语言和非语言交流，语言是人们交流的重要工具，但在跨文化交际中，语言可能存在障碍。
不同文化之间的语言差异、口音、语速等都可能导致误解和沟通困难。
此外，非语言交流，如身体语言、面部表情、姿势等也是跨文化交际中需要注意的方面。
3. 观念和价值观，不同文化之间的观念和价值观可能存在差异。
例如，对时间的看法、个人主义与集体主义的观念、权力和地位的认知等。
了解和尊重对方的观念和价值观，可以帮助建立良好的跨文化交际。
4. 文化敏感性，跨文化交际需要具备文化敏感性，即能够意识到自己的文化背景对交流的影响，并且尊重和适应对方的文化。
这包括对自己的文化偏见和刻板印象的认知，以及对不同文化之间的平等和互惠的态度。
5. 适应和灵活性，在跨文化交际中，适应和灵活性是非常重要的。
这意味着能够适应不同的沟通风格、礼仪习惯和社交规则，并且愿意调整自己的行为和语言，以更好地与对方进行交流。
6. 跨文化冲突解决，由于文化差异，跨文化交际中可能会出现冲突和误解。
解决跨文化冲突需要开放的心态、耐心和善意的沟通。
通过倾听、提问和解释，可以减少误解并找到共同的解决方案。
总而言之，跨文化交际是一种理解和尊重不同文化差异的沟通和交流方式。
它需要我们具备文化敏感性、适应能力和解决冲突的能力，以建立良好的跨文化关系。
通过有效的跨文化交际，我们可以促进文化交流、增进相互理解，并在全球化时代中实现更好的合作和发展。
Cross-cultural Communication 跨文化交际 PPT课件 (2)
5.Case studies
Mutual Monitoring Process
Xiu went to a BC buffet reception in the BC headquarters in Beijing. It just so happened that Xiu arrived a little too early. The waiting lounge was almost empty except a charming lady sitting at a corner seat. After a long interval of unbearable silence Xiu decided to break the silence by approaching the lady.
Yes, but not good
1.An orator delivers a speech to a large gathering. 3. You send an e-mail message to an American friend. 4.Jane lies in bed reading a novel.
Model Two: unilateral-cultural model
(one knows another’s language and cultural environment but the other one doesn’t)
Lu Bing ,a Chinese tour guide is talking in English with George Luke, a British tourist who does not know Chinese at all.
Activity 3: Meanings in communication
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Message
A message is a set of verbal or nonverbal
symbols that represent a person’s particular state.
For instance,
Uncle Sam-------the United States
Case Study
The Wild Boy of Aveyron
Questions
1.Under what circumstances does a human consider self as a “human” (cultural animal)? 2. How important are cultural influences on human identity?
the message will be.
Like Alice following the white rabbit, thousands of immigrants to the U.S. are trapped in the confusing and allpowerful legal net of recently enacted harsh laws.
Feedback
Feedback tells the source how the receiver has interpreted each message. Feedback can be both positive and negative.
Dialogue
A: Do you know what time it is ? B: Coffee would keep me awake.
9494--------------yes (Internet)
It’s better to give than to receive. Never look a gift horse in the mouth. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. Gifts are fundamental element of culture and our lives as social creatures. They are also an important part of our business relationships.
Channel
A channel is the physical means by which a message moves between people. Forms include both verbal and nonverbal channels of communication.
face-to-face, radio, TV, Internet, telephone, books, etc.
Systemic
Communication always occurs in context. Place Occasion Time Number of participants
Communicative Situation
In the office, Debbie overhears A saying to someone in the hall. A: Not only do I not have time to see you now; in a hundred years I wouldn’t find the time.
COMMUNICATION
Is this dialogue a successful communication?
This conversation is between an overseas visitor and a Chinese and his interpreter. Chinese: 欢迎来到中国。 Interpreter: Welcome to China. Visitor: Thank you. Your wife is pretty. Interpreter: 谢谢！你妻子很漂亮。
Chinese: 哪里！哪里！
Interpreter: Where? Where?
Visitor (shocked): Well! Everywhere.
Communication
Basic Elements of Communication 1. Source / encoder 2. Message 3. Channel 4. Receiver/ decoder 5. Feedback
பைடு நூலகம்
Source / encoder
ⅰ.This is a person with both a need and a desire to
communicate.
ⅱ.The source must encode, or create, a message.
ⅲ.The source also determines what the purpose of
Receiver/ decoder
The person who attends to the source’s message is the receiver.
The act of interpreting messages is called decoding.
It is important to remember that receivers make immediate decisions about what they will respond to in a given situation.
B is in A’s house for a visit.
Characteristics of Communication Dynamic
Systemic Symbolic Cognitive
Dynamic
Communication is like a motion picture. A word is immediately replaced with another word or action.
Debbie peers down the hall and see A smiling and talking to a friend.
Symbolic
Sound Languages Body movements
Numbers: 4 6 7 8 9 13
Cognitive
Everything humans know, think, value, feel, and do is learned through participation in a sociocultural system.