词汇学第六章
英语词汇学教程ppt课件第6章
Sometimes when a word consisting of two or more syllables undergoes conversion, there is a change in the stress pattern.
Some of the most common words include
access, aim, bed, beer, brave, clean, cup, deck, e-mail, fool, impact, pension, ship, train and so on.
The formation of a noun by converting a verb,
He downed his beer and left.
The company has had its share of ups and downs.
Good binoculars a Nhomakorabeae a must for any serious birdwatcher.
Are you out to your parents?
In other words, conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.
It is a productive device for the creation of new words since there is no restriction on the form.
英语词汇学6
c. She has a sharp eye. (abstract 洞察力)
4. Literal and Figurative Meaning
Many English words can be used figuratively. They make the language quite vivid and impressive. flaw: a flaw in the china vase (literal) a flaw in one’s character (figurative)
page)
pen→ originally from pinna (Latin),
meaning “feather”;
derived meaning “an instrument for writing”
2. General and Specific Meaning
Because of the extension and narrowdown of word’s meaning in the process of its development, some words can be used to denote either a category of things or one particular thing in such category.
Generally,
• in radiation mode, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary/central meaning;
•in concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.
词汇学第六章
D. From general words to technical terms e.g. memory(记忆---储存器)； recovery(恢复---航天器的回收)； pack包裹---软片暗包 E. the narrowing of borrowings e.g. liquor (Latin) : liquid----ardent spirits烈酒 garage (French):‘任何储藏东西的地方’---车库
IV. Degradation of meaning (Deterioration) 词义的降格 Words with a commendatory meaning may become ones with a derogatory sense. This is called degradation of meaning, or deterioration. e.g. silly: happy, fortunate, holy, blessed----innocent, harmless (euphemism for the retardedБайду номын сангаасperson)---foolish, imbecile e.g. sad: full, satisfied, contended---- calm----serious---gloomy----sorrowful
B. From concrete to abstract e.g. place (square --- location, status, situation); e.g. ‘thing’ used to mean ‘a public assembly’ or a ‘council’ in Anglo-Saxon times, but now can refer to any object or event. ‘Thing, affair, business, concern, regard, article, circumstance, fact, state, condition, position, situation, way, means, matter, respect’, etc. Each of them may be used in an abstract sense instead of a concrete meaning as used in the past.
6.现代英语词汇学(第六章)
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘ emotion’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as “an integrated system of lexemes (词位) interrelated in sense”. Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields. For example, peach, apricot, mango, pineapple, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of fruits; celery, lettuce, leek, onion, cucumber, pumpkin spinach, carrot,
e.g. There was a fine rocking-chair that his father used to sit in, a desk where he wrote letters, a nest of small tables and a dark, imposing bookcase. Now all this furniture was sold, and with it his own past. In this piece of discourse, the writer uses a set of hyponyms under furniture, which gives the writing coherence and provides the key to understanding the text. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms, and their superordinates can help us achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness. Consider the following two pairs of sentences: (1.a) Trees surrounded the water near our summer place. (1.b) Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
词汇学第六章Culturally-loaded words分析
Siren莎琳
她是海洋里的半人半鸟的仙女，常用甜美 的歌喉引诱水手。使其葬身大海：因此， 英语中 siren 被用来指“任何妖艳、勾引人 的女人”。这类词汇可以归类到喻意词汇。 “喻意词汇”往往是将希腊神话的人名不 作任何改变或稍加改变来使用。
Echo厄科 她是神话中的一个小仙女，但由于太多话 而被天后赫拉剥夺了自主说话的能力，她 所能说的唯一的一句话是别人对她说的最 后几个字，英语中 echo 便有了“回声”的 意思。
Let’s take a piece of plants words for example to show you what is cultureloaded words and a comparative study of culture-loaded words in Chinese and American English.
Red bean 红豆
In Chinese: In English:
相思豆，象征爱情和思念： 见利忘义，为了眼前的微 红豆生南国，春来发几枝。 小利益而出卖原则：sell
愿君多采集，此物最相思。 —王维《相思》
one’s birthright for some red-bean stew
Culturallyloaded words
Definition
In the language system ,culture-loaded words are the vocabulary which can best embody the cultural information that a language carries and they also reflect the social life.
6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义汇总
• • • •
代表整体的词：holonym 代表局部的词：meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词 e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词
•
Plant
• leaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot • • Petal stamen
semantic component.
( Jost Trier / German 1930’s)
• words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic component
(between the genus（类概念） and the species（种概念）.
Note:***---grammatical structure: • He likes dogs and other animals. • There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. • I like all fruits except bananas. • She reads books all day---mostly novels.
semantic field theory 语义场理论 • vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common
词汇学Unit 6
Unit 6 Sense Relations of WordsPart I. Relations of SynonymsI.Origin of SynonymsFrom French , Greek, Latin etc.Differences between British English and American EnglishII.Types of SynonymsA: absolute/ exact/ perfect synonyms 完全同义词B: near/ partial/ loose synonyms 部分同义词III.Differences of Synonyms1.s emantic differences2.s tylistic differences3.s ense differences4.d ifferences of methods and collocations根据以下四个原因，对下列各组同义词的形成原因作出判断：A. dialectB. formalityC. connotationD. collocation1. refuse: garbage__________2. chat: gossip___________3. lawyer: attorney_______4. warning: caveat________5. hate: loathe_________6. money: brass__________7. praise: eulogy________8. much: mickle_________9. western: occidental_________10. throw: hurl_________11. capable: able_______12. pass: die_________13. stingy: economic______14. help: servant________15. diminutive: tiny_______16. abdomen: belly______17. herd: flock______18. children: kids______19. sour: rancid________20. apartment: flat________ Part II. Relations of AntonymsI.Classifications of AntonymsII.Characteristics of AntonymsIII.Applications of Antonyms选出下列各词的反义词：1.i ndeterminate A. qualified B. definiteC. stubbornD. effective2.d iverge A. bypass B. encloseC. relayD. come together3.a nomalous A. viscous B. essentialC. normalD. elemental4.s tabilize A. penetrate B. minimize C. fluctuate D. isolate5.a nchor A. unbend B. disjoinC. disruptD. dislodge 1、2班6.r efute A. associate B. recognizeC. proveD. understand7.b oisterous A. angry B. clever C. frightened D. quiet8.e mit A. absorb B. demand C. mistake D. prevent9.a lly A. mediator B. adversaryC. inventorD. conspirator10.offhand A. accurate B. universal C. appropriate D. premeditated11.profuse A. sequential B. scantC. surlyD. supreme12.extant A. extensive B. extricable C. extinct D. extra13.persevere A. put into B. send outC. take awayD. give up14.pungency A. boredom B. redundancy C. blandness D. insignificance15.sedulous A. ponderous B. careless C. useless D. treacherous 16.flustered A. mute B. calm C. heavy D. courageous17.expire A. evolve B. stabilizeC. come to lifeD. grow to fruition18.morose A. agitated B. overawed C. decisive D. cheerful 19.gist A. artificial manner B. trivial point C. eccentric method D.singular event20.endorse A. provoke criticism B. receive payment C. submit unwillingly D. oppose publicly判断下列各形容词在句中的不同意义：1.blue1)He is wearing a blue shirt today.2)Her hands were blue with cold.3)He’s feeling blue all week.4)That’s a blue joke.2.green1)Wait for the light to turn green.2)These apples are too green to eat.3)You must be green to believe that!4)The passengers turned quite green withseasickness.3.fast1)Who’s the fastest runner in the world?2)That clock is ten minutes fast.3)He led a fast life.4)The color is fast.4. heavy1) Her father carried a heavy burden of responsibility.2) The going was heavy at the race-course.3) I don’t like heavy meals..4) It’s very heavy_ I think there’ll be a storm..5. poor1) They were too poor to buy shoes for the kids.2) The poor little puppy had been abandoned.3) It was raining heavily and visibility was poor.4) She’s a good teacher but a poor manager. 6. rich1) America is a rich country.2) Oranges are rich in vitamin C.3) Indians like rich curries.4) They are looking for a rich well-drained soil.7. short1) He is too short to become a police officer.2) The hospital is getting short of nurses.3) “Ben” is usually short for “Benjamin”.4) I’m sorry I was short with you earlier.8. soft1) The grass is soft and springy.2) I prefer a soft pink to harsh red.3) A soft breeze rustled the trees.4) If you’re too soft with these kids they’ll never respect you.9. strong1) Stay indoors in the middle of the day, when the sun is strong.2) The euro is getting stronger against the dollar.3) Strong will is one of the factors to achieve success.4) He is a strong candidate for the job.10. warm1) The weather is a bit warmer today.2) The host gave me a warm welcome.3) The room was furnished in warm reds and browns.4) Am I getting warmer?Part III. PolysemyI.the Original Meaning and ExtendedMeaningII.General Meaning and Special Meaning III.Abstract Meaning and Concrete MeaningIV.Literal Meaning and Metaphorical MeaningPart IV. HomonymyPart V. Hierarchical RelationGenerality and SpecificityHyponym, Co-hyponym and Superordinate TermQuasi-hyponymy 准下义关系Part VI. TaxonomyTaxonyms superordinate co-taxonyms co-taxonymyPart VII. PartonomyPart-whole relationsSuperordinate and meronymy写出下列共下义词的上义词：1.prawn, crab, octopus, oyster____2.flute, drum, violin, saxophone3.hammer, saw, spanner, screw4.sparrow, nightingale, owl, robin5.date, mango, peach, plum6.sight, hearing, touch, taste7.acridity, aroma, stink, pong8.boat, ship, destroyer, cruiser9.spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope10.jacket, fleece, overcoat, sweater11.roll, bagel, croissant, baguette12.snack, repast, refreshment, feast13.cheesecake, pie, custard, fruit salad14.eggplant, mushroom, broccoli,cauliflower15.borrow, buy, steal, find16.walk, run, stagger, crawl17.murder, slay, slaughter, assassination18.slippers, boots, sandals, sneakers19.paper, pens, envelopes, eraser20.robbery, theft, raid, embezzlement。
新编英语词汇学教程第二版Chapter6Major ApproachestoWord Meaning
6.1 The naming theory
Problems
• This theory seems to apply to nouns only. • Even within the category of nouns, this theory cannot account
for the meaning of some fictional, mythical, or abstract entities, let alone the meanings of polysemous words. • This theory cannot be used to account for the phenomenon that the same object in the real world can be referred to by different expressions which are both meaningful.
6.2 Componential analysis
Componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components. This analysis is based on semantic contrast. These minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity or binary opposition, i.e. they can be X or not X (indicated by +/–) such as [+ADULT] for “adult”, [–ADULT] for “young”.
词汇学Unit 6-7 答案
Unit 6 Semantic Networks of English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.b. Most lexical items form semantic field with other lexemes with certain semantic relation.c. The meaning of a hyponym is included in the meaning of its superordinate.d. There is always a superordinate term for its hyponyms.e. Lexical gaps across English and Chinese exist in all semantic fields.Key: F T F F TIn-Class Activities1. Some semantic fields are quite small. For example, each pair of antonyms, such as long andshort forms a lexical field of two members. The meanings of the two antonyms have in common that both relate to an end section of the same scale, and the group is complete since there are no other adjectives that share this part of the meaning.ASK:(1) Can you find more semantic fields of this small type?(2) Do polysemous word old and its antonyms new and young belong to the same semantic field?Key:(1) alive and dead, male and female, big and small(2) No. old & new and old & young belong to different semantic fields.2. In public notices, we often find the use of general words for persons, objects, places, etc. Look at the following three pictures.ASK:(1) What are the general words used in these pictures? Can you provide some hyponyms for eachof them? Does any of the general words have a certain hyponym that finds no equivalent in Chinese?(2) Do you think it is reasonable to use superordinate terms on these occasions?Key: (1) vehicle, pets, food, drinks, shirt, shoes, customer(2) Omit3. Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ is ahyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym of animal‖.ASK:(1) Can you find other examples to prove the relation of transitivity?(2) Is meronymy a transitive relation like hyponymy? Use examples for illustration.Key:(1) Tulip is a hyponym of flower which is a hyponym of plant.Scarlet, vermilion, carmine and crimson are hyponyms of red which is a hyponym of color.(2) Meronymy is not exactly the transitive relation like hyponymy. For example, ―pupil‖is a part of ―eye‖, and ―eye‖ is a part of ―face‖, while ―pupil‖ is not a part of ―face‖.4. Often a concept lexicalized in one language may not have a corresponding lexical item in another language and thus presents a translation difficulty.ASK:(1) What methods can you employ to translate the missing word, if the concept is important ormust be cited often?(2) Is it an easy job to translate the Chinese sentence ―他铅笔盒里有五支笔‖ into English? Whyor why not? Name some of the hyponyms of ―笔‖ in both Chinese and English.Key: 1) a compound word, a descriptive phrase, borrowing from one language, etc.2) No. Because there is no English equivalence for Chinese word笔.铅笔pencil 钢笔pen / fountain pan圆珠笔ball-point pen 毛笔writing brush画笔painting brush 鸭嘴笔drawing pen / ruling pen蜡笔(wax) crayon 粉笔chalk5. A term which is a hyponym of itself is an autohyponym in that the same lexical item can operate at both superordinate an d subordinate levels; for example, ―man‖ contrasts with ―animal‖ at one level, but at a lower level it contrasts with ―woman‖ (in effect, ―a man is a kind of man‖).ASK:(1) Can you find other autohyponyms?(2) Can you account for the existence of autohyponyms in any possible way?Key: Omit6. Hyponymy and meronymy are often found in language use. It is quite common for a general term and a specific term, or a part word and a whole word to substitute for each other in both speaking and writing. The former rhetorical device is called metonymy and the latter one synecdoche. For example, in the sentence ―An apple a day keeps the doctor away‖, the specific term ―apple‖ refers to the general term ―fruit‖; in the sentence ―How many mouths does he have to feed‖, the part word ―mouth‖ is used to replace the whole word ―person‖. Read the following sentences.a. He could hardly earn his everyday bread.b. I’ve got wheels.c. Last year nearly 6 million vehicles rolled off the assembly lines.d. Put down the steel.ASK:(1) Can you point out the words substituted by the bold-faced words?(2) Can you supply more examples of your own?Key: (1) 1. food 2. car 3. automobiles 4. knife(2) OmitPost-Class T ask1.How is meronymy different from hyponymy? Use examples to illustrate their differences. Key: Meronymy is different from hyponymy in that the former is a ―part of‖ or ―member of‖ relation while the latter a ―kind of‖ relation. For example, a leaf is a part of a tree; an oak is a kind of tree.Hyponymy is a transitive relation, i.e, if x→y and y→z then x→z. For example, since ―dog‖ isa hyponym of ―mammal‖ and ―mammal‖ is a hyponym of ―animal‖, ―dog is a hyponym ofanimal‖. Meronymy is not necessarily a transitive relation. For example, although.2.Read the following tree diagram on the relationship of hyponymy among lexical items in thesemantic field of fruit and illustrate the lexical gap existing in the field.fruit?? etc. berryapple pearKey: The term berry acts as the general term for more specific fruits blackberry and raspberry, but there seems to be no term for the category including such fruit as apple and pear.3. Meronymy is classified into the following seven types. Find more examples for each type.1. component — object (branch — tree,)2. member — collection (fish — shoal)3. portion — mass (strand — hair)4. stuff — object (gold — ring)5. feature — activity (paying — shopping )6. place — area (Cambridge — Massachusetts)7. phase — process (adolescence — growing up)Key: Omit4. Identify the meaning relationship between the following pairs.a. window houseb. football gamec. Chinese Languaged. New Y ork USAe. CPU computerf. scarlet redKey: 1)meronymy 2) hyponymy 3) hyponymy 4) meronymy 5)mernymy 6) hyponymy5. The Chinese word ―吃” can be used flexibly to form various expressions. Translate thefollowing Chinese slangs into English.吃闲饭吃香吃不消吃力吃苦吃不开Key:吃闲饭‖（lead an idle life），―吃香‖（be very popular），―吃不消‖（more than one can stand, too much）吃力(word hard, be tired)，吃苦（have a tough time）吃不开（be unpopular）6. The following passage is an introduction to ―pop‖. Please draw a lexical network of ―pop‖ constructed by words with semantic relations of hyponymy, meronymy, etc.Key:Unit 7 The Semantic Relations among English WordsCheck Y our UnderstandingState whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.a. The word classes of gradable antonyms are adjective, noun and verb.b. Chat and gossip form a pair of synonyms in terms of connotation.c. Homonymous words always come from different etymological roots.d. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between two items are said to berelational opposites.e. The cohesive effect of a text is always achieved by the co-occurrence of words with meaningrelations of synonymy and antonymy.Key: T T F T FIn-Class Activities1. Antonyms are commonly found to co-occur in natural languages, among which are (both) X and Y, X as well as Y, X and Y alike, (eithe r) X or Y, neither X nor Y, from X to Y, and now X, now Y. Read the following sentences.a. They were free with the fellows, young and old, about the place, and exchanged banter inrude phrases, which at first shocked her. (Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie)b. That was one reason she did not look forward to Cathy's visit, short or long.c. The Danderlea’s energies were claimed by buying and selling liquor, while Mrs Fortescuewent out a lot. (Doris Lessing: Mrs Fortescue)ASK:(1) What does each italicized part in the above sentences mean respectively?(2) Can you find some idioms formed by the co-occurrence of antonyms?Key: (1) In the first sentence, young and old is used actually to mean, and semantically could well be replaced by, ―(fellows) regardless of age‖ or ―(fellows) of all ages‖, rather than just―those who are young and those who are old‖; short or long in the second sentence hasthe emphasis of ―any visit‖ or ―visit of any length in time‖; buying and selling in thethird simply means the action of ―trading‖.(2) Omit2. Antonymy is widely used in wise sayings, as in ―A good beginning makes a good ending‖ and ―All things are difficult before they are easy‖. Now look at the following incomplete sa yings.a. Adversity leads to __________.b. A good husband makes a good __________.c. A young idler, an __________beggar.d. Be swift to hear, __________ to speak.e. Easy come, easy __________.f. Every advantage has its __________.g. Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes ___________.h. Pride goes before, and shame comes __________.i. The wise man knows he knows nothing, the fool thinks he knows __________.j. The world is a ladder for some to go up and others to go__________.ASK:(1) Can you complete each of the above sayings with a word which has an antonymousrelationship with the bold-faced word?(2) Do you know the meaning of each saying? Try to translate them into Chinese.key:a. Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变。
词汇学chapterSix资料
Name
Definition
Property Example
Denotation
Reference
relation between a lexeme and a relation ships holds between an whole class of extra-linguistics expression and what the
• 2. Naturalists:
• 1) no intrinsic reason
• intrinsic correspondence
• 2) linguistic social contract
Relationship between a sound and its
meaning
• 3. homophones • write, right, rite
generally not applicable to single
word forms, never applicable to single lexeme. John’s computer – er to the specific computer o John.
6.3.2 Denotation and Sense
2. There is no such animal as a unicorn. There is no such book as a unicorn.
Contents (2)
• 6.4. Meaning Relations 6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.1.1 Strict VS Loose Synonymy 6.4.1.2 Distinguishing Synonyms 6.4.1.3 Explanation for so many Synonyms
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C. Two process leading to Polysemy
RADIATION ( 词义的 ) 辐射 CONCATENATION 连锁，连结性
1.Radiation
Semantically, radபைடு நூலகம்ation is the
process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like ray.
2.Homophones（同音异义词）:
e.g. dear, deer; pair ,peer; 3.Homographs（同形异义词）:
e.g. lead[li:d]: v. guide or take, esp. by going in front, etc. lead[led]: n. easily melted metal of a dull
B. Two approaches to Polysemy
Diachronic [ˈ daiə'krɒnik] (历时角度) Synchronic [ sin'krɒnik ] (共时角度)
There are two approaches to Polysemy:
Diachronic:
We study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word, or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from a primary meaning to the present polysemic state, i.e. with derived meanings springing from the original meaning.
being the “flower” (the finest part of the wheat).
Now flour keeps the specific sense “wheat meal”, while flower has a more general sense.
3.Foreign influence
1.Perfect homonyms(完全同音同形异义词):
e.g. lie vi. make a statement that one knows to be untrue; lie vi. Put oneself flat on a horizontal surface or in a resting position;
board
A piece of timber
Table Dining table Food served at table, esp. meals supplied by the week or month(e.g. at a lodging house) Council table councillors , committee; directors of a company
e.g.
pop –popular(music)
pop – to thrust, to push (up)
3.The stylistic value of Polysemy and homonymy
Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humor or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.
e.g.
fair - attractive; beautiful; lovely[OE] fair - a gathering of people held at
regular intervals for barter and sale of goods[L feria, holiday ]
4.Shorting 缩短法
Concatenation, “linking together” is a
semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
Chapter VI
POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY
[PƏˈL ɪSɪMI]一词多义
[‘HɒMƏNIM]同音（形）异义
1. Polysemy(一词多义)
A. Definition :
A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings.
Board (and lodging)
2. Homonymy
TWO OR MORE WORDS MAY HAVE THE SAME FORM BUT BE DIFFERENT IN MEANING.
A. Types of homonyms
ENGLISH HOMONYMS ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:
B. Sources of homonyms:
1.Phonetic convergence音变的汇合
e.g. bean been beat beet sea see
2.Semantic divergence 词义分化
e.g.
flower …flour
Originally they were one word, “flour” (a flower)
Synchronic:
Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meaning and interrelation between the central meaning and secondary meanings.
e.g. Power
Vigour;
energy;
Government;
influence; Authorization, Delegated authority…;
Active property…;
Ability to do or act …;
authority…;
2.Concatenation
e.g.
FAIR
Just and honest; impartial; (of attitude,
behavior) Average; quite good; (of results) Clear and sunny; (of the weather) Satisfactory; abundant; (of amount) Pale; light in color; (of the skin, hair) Clean ,clear; without blemish[ 'blemi∫ ].