英汉语言比较之二
known for its graduates who……
• 汉语句子的特点: • 话题说明,叙述分层,可断可续,
意尽为界;
• 英语句子的特点: • 主谓搭架,枝叶上挂,叠床架屋,
都有语法。
In-class exercises
• E.g. I shall despair if you don’t come .(The American Heritage Dictionary, p.649 )
• Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, but by underlying semantic or logical relation, e.g.
implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
语义型语言 意合语言
(以意统形)
English
Form-focused with emphasis on
explicit cohesion (显性衔接)
Hypotactic
形态型语言 形合语言
(以形驭意)
• Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives;
• The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away. (The world Book Dictionary, p. 1513)
• 汉语句子: (parataxis) 语义型或意合型
依仗意义,即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手 段。“以意统形”
• I usually come across too many young friends, who are diligent and study hard, being capable of getting good results. However, their acquaintance of Chinese is so not enough to make a letter smooth. Asked for reasons, they answered that their interests were not in Chinese.
• On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.
• 汉语:主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的 句式 “话语 ---说明结构” 汉语句子建立 在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。
• 评论:SVO三分结构,直译,显得不通顺。改译后, 原主语的偏正结构变为描写句(名词+形容词),后 句续评论。通顺,符合汉语表达习惯。
• That dirty house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street.
• 那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的 人都很讨厌它。
• 2) 东湖既是花的海洋,也是水的世界。“月月有 节,季季有花”是东湖的魅力所在。东湖名花荟 萃,万彩纷呈,花开四季,十里飘香,春兰、秋 桂、夏荷、冬梅是风景区最具特色的花卉;东湖 浩淼的水域云蒸霞蔚、雾绕烟横,万倾波光浮天 摇地。
• 3) He bought a book which was written by a
• 1. Topic-prominent vs. Subject-prominent • 2. Paratactic vs. Hypotactic • 3. Left-branching vs. Right-branching • 4. Top-heavy vs. End-weight • 5. relatively fixed order vs. flexible order
Form-pivot
Topic-prominent Subject-prominent
Language
Language
话题突出型语言
主语突出型语言
• In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. We can venture to say that an English sentence is built on the subject-predict-pivot, with the subject and predicate in agreement.
• 2) 东湖既是花的海洋,也是水的世界。“月月有 节,季季有花”是东湖的魅力所在。东湖名花荟 萃,万彩纷呈,花开四季,十里飘香,春兰、秋 桂、夏荷、冬梅是风景区最具特色的花卉;东湖 浩淼的水域云蒸霞蔚、雾绕烟横,万倾波光浮天 摇地。
• 3) He bought a book which was written by a
• 英语句子: (hypotaxis) 语法型或形合型
依仗形式(包括词的形态变化,词汇的衔接 等)将语言符号由“散”(个体的词)到 “集” (词组乃至语篇)的语言组织手段
•
——王力《中国语法理论》
Examples
• I bought 4 pens and 3 pencils which cost me 12 dollars in all. When I took them home, I found they were second-hand, which could only be thrown away. 我买了四只钢笔,三只铅笔,一共花了十二 美元。拿回家一看,都是用过了的,只能把 它们扔掉。
她希望儿子平平安安的。
• Warm-up thinking:
• 1) 武汉市自然风光绚丽多姿,人文景观璀璨夺目。 屈原曾在这里行吟;李白曾在这里漫游;商代盘 龙城遗址,是长江流域发现的第一座商代古城; 龟山脚下的古琴台,流传着俞伯牙和钟子期知音 相会的千年佳话;黄鹤楼名闻天下,晴川阁古色 古香,归元寺参禅圣地,东湖,磨山景色宜人。
➢ ① SV: The bell rang. / 铃响了。 ➢ ② SVC: He is a teacher. / 他是老师。
You look young. /来自你看上去很年轻。 ➢ ③ SVO: He dug a hole. / 他挖了个洞。 ➢ ④ SVoO: He gave me a pen. / 他给了我 支笔。 ➢ ⑤ SVOC: She wished her son safe and sound. /
teacher who taught in a school which was known
for its graduates who……
Generally, the major syntactic differences between English and Chinese can be summarized as the following:
• The strong walls of the castle served as a good defense against the attackers.
• 原译:那城堡的坚固城墙充当了抵御进攻者的良好防 御物。
• 改译:那座城堡的城墙很坚固,在敌人的进攻中起到 了良好的防御作用。
• 改译:那座城堡的城墙很坚固,能够很好抵御敌人的 进攻。
• 英语:主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几乎都采用主语-谓语(subjectpredicate) 的句式 “主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(formpivot)上。
• Comparison:
• 1) 武汉市自然风光绚丽多姿,人文景观璀璨夺目。 屈原曾在这里行吟;李白曾在这里漫游;商代盘 龙城遗址,是长江流域发现的第一座商代古城; 龟山脚下的古琴台,流传着俞伯牙和钟子期知音 相会的千年佳话;黄鹤楼名闻天下,晴川阁古色 古香,归元寺参禅圣地,东湖,磨山景色宜人。
• 那座老房子很脏,住在那条街上的人 都很讨厌它。
• Her effort gained her a reputation.
• 她的努力为他赢得了声誉。 • 她很努力,名声很好。
• His skills qualify him for the job.
• 他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工作。 • 他有技术,能担任这一工作。
A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English (II)
At the syntactic level
Similarities
English and Chinese share a lot in common in their syntactic structures.
Examples
1) 天气寒冷,河水都结冰了。 It was so cold that the river froze.
2) 江山易改,本性难移。 ① It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature. ② (A person can hardly change his nature as) a leopard can hardly change its spots.
英汉语言十大差异
英汉语言十大差异语言毕竟是文化的载体,语言与文化,甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融,它们无孔不入地反作用于语言,使语言打上深深的文化烙印。
英汉翻译者,若不知英汉各自的特点,不知两者的差异,是不能想象的。
不要以为,汉语是我们的母语,从牙牙学语开始,便开始接触汉语,因此,就想象自己很了解汉语。
其实,这是一种误解。
汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语,因为没有距离,就看不真切,因为没有比较,就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立,碰撞交流,才会燃爆出绚丽的火花,两者之差异,才会赫然呈现。
目前,从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少,但是,当我们放眼这个领域,就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题:英汉对比研究的目的是什么?弄明白英汉的差异,并不是我们研究的最终目标,至多只能是一种手段而已,而手段总得服务于一定的目的。
英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是:服务于翻译。
译界的实践证明:只有对英汉之差异了然于心,译者才能做到下笔如有神。
下面结合英汉翻译的实际,对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。
1.英语重形合(Hypotaxis),汉语重意合(Parataxis)汉语重意合,结构松弛,多以意思连接的积累式分句(Accumulative Clause)或独立的单句(independent Sentence),其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。
有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句,所谓“竹节”,则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives);有以“流水句法”写汉句,所谓“流水”,指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。
美国的翻译学家Eugene A.Nida在其Translating Meanings (1983)一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异:就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比,在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中,句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如,although,because,when,in order that,so及so that等词明确地表达出来。
第二章英汉语言比较
Difference 5 English : Abstract (抽象) Chinese: Concrete (具体)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. If you don’t compare, you’re in the dark, but the moment you do, you get a shock. 2. As Tom has failed to come due to his sudden illness, we have to ask you to take his place. • 不比不知道,一比吓一跳。 (比较:如果不比,你就不 知道,一旦比了,你会吓一 跳。) • 汤姆突然病了,没能来,我 们只好请你顶他。 (比较:因为汤姆突然病了, 所以他没能来,因而我们只 好请你顶他。)
Enlightenment on Translation from the Contrast between the two Languages
Contrast Between English and Chinese
1. Astonishment and even horror oppressed him. 2. Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. 3. The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。 我兴奋得什么话都说不 出来。 我一看到那棵大树就想 起了童年的情景。
Difference 2 English : Passive (被动) Chinese: Active (主动)
Contrast Between English and Chinese
英汉两种语言差异性对比分析
英汉两种语言差异性对比分析中英两种语言的差异是显而易见的,无论是语音、语法、语义还是语用方面都存在很多不同之处。
这些差异给跨文化交流带来了很多挑战,需要我们在学习和运用语言时注意到这些差异,避免出现不必要的误解和沟通障碍。
在语音方面,中英两个语言的发音方式显然不同。
英语语音重音明显,音调跳跃大,说话方式较为生动,而汉语则是音调平稳,声调调值不强烈。
这使得在英语中,强调和重要的信息能够通过重音和语调来表达,而在汉语中往往需要通过词语的选择和句式的排列来表达。
在语音方面需要特别注意的应该是音调的问题,以免造成语义的混淆和误解。
在语法方面,中英两个语言的语法结构也存在很多不同。
英语突出句子的主语和谓语,强调语句的逻辑关系,而汉语则重视句子成分的完整性和连贯性。
英语倾向于使用简单句和并列句,汉语则有许多较为复杂的句式,例如长句和嵌套句。
此外,英文使用较为丰富的时态和语态,以表达不同时态和语态下的意思,汉语则采用了六个基本的时态和一个语态,语法相对较简单。
境外学生在学习汉语时容易被“主谓宾”和“时间状语位置在前”等语法要点所迷惑,在写作中常常出现字句不通或串行翻译等问题。
在语义方面,中英两个语言的所指对象和词汇含义也有差异。
英语中有许多同义词、近义词和反义词,使得词汇的选择更为灵活,而汉语中则以单音多义较为突出,同一字或短语有多种词义,含义较为丰富。
此外,由于文化背景不同,中英两个语言中词语的文化内涵也存在差异,需要特别注意译文的意义和意义的区别。
在语用方面,中英两个语言的应用和使用场合也存在很多不同。
英语注重言辞优美、主题鲜明和说理严密,而汉语则更注重文章的整体效果和表达的情感色彩。
英语中常常运用修辞手法,如比喻、夸张和反问等,表达言简意赅的文字效果,而汉语则通过语言的细节表现情感。
此外,中英两种语言的正式与非正式、文学性与口语性等语用差异也需要特别注意到。
总之,中英两个语言存在各种差异,我们在进行跨文化交流时需要注意到这些差异,尽可能避免在翻译、写作等方面产生误解和沟通障碍。
第二部分 英汉语言对比及标识翻译
Verb into Nouns 名词派生出来的动词,为符合汉语表达 习惯,可将其还原成名词来译。 A. He was blacklisted and lost his job. B. Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.
I. Write
Section 6 Practice
First Street
第一大街
Do
Not Enter 请勿入内 YIELD 请让行!
II.
1.
Dangerous Bend 弯路危险 2. Entry to Motorway 机动车道入口 3. No Parking Except For Loading 禁止停车(装货车辆除外)
Come
In A Rush, Leave With A Flush.
Other Signs
1.
Left Baggage 行李寄存 2. Photography and video are not permitted inside the building 楼内禁止拍照、录像 The use of cameras or video equipment is prohibited
PEDESTRIAN
DO
NOT DISTURB 请勿打扰
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英汉语言对比
第二章英汉语言对比A Comparison between English and Chinese第二部分Part TwoProcedures of today:●Differences between English and Chinese syntax●Differences between English and Chinese rhetoric●Differences between English and Chinese discourse●Exercises in class●Assignments of today●“…so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.”E. A. Nida●就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别,就是形合和意合的对比。
Differences between syntax:●形合与意合(hypotaxis and parataxis): 英汉两种语言最本质的区别●Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives, e.g.I shall despair if you don‟t come.●形合指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形式手段(如连词或关联词)连接起来,表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。
●Parataxis: The juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, e.g.The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away.●意合指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义来表达。
英汉互译英汉语言对比练习2
英语语言对比练习分析句子内部结构和关系,翻译时注意母语的迁移现象:1. 人到齐就开会。
2.不要人云亦云。
3. 帐单撕碎了。
4. 问题解决了。
5.你再说一个字,我马上走6. 你死了,我去当和尚。
7. 人在阵地在。
8. 人无远虑,必有近忧。
9. 病来如山倒,病去如抽丝。
10. 我来他已去。
11. 他人老心不老。
12. He wore dark glasses, and thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.13. Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up on flavorful Mexican food and beer.14. But his attack was always repulsed击退by a kick or blow from a stick.15. Kino hurrying towards to his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.分析观察汉语的句式并翻译:1. 他决定去拉车,/就拉车去了。
/赁了辆破车,/他先练练腿。
/第一天没拉着什么钱。
/第二天的生意不错,/可是躺了两天,/他的脚脖子肿得像两条瓠子似的,/再也抬不起来。
2. 原来这婆娘自从药死武大,/哪那里肯带孝,/每日只是浓妆艳抹,/和西门庆作一处取乐。
/听得武松叫声“武二归来了”,/慌忙去面盆里洗落了脂粉,/剥去了首饰钗环,/蓬松挽了个髻,/脱去了红裙绣袄,/旋穿上孝群孝衫,/便从楼上哽哽咽咽假哭下来。
//3. 武松沉吟了半晌,/便出门去,/径投县里来;/开了锁,/去房里换了一身素净衣服,/便叫士兵打了一条麻绦,/系在腰里;/身边藏了一把尖长柄短背厚刃薄的解腕刀,/取了些银两带在身边。
翻译时注意英汉两种语言之间修饰语的差异:•姑娘•北京姑娘•漂亮的北京姑娘•年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘•正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘翻译下面句子,注意英汉两种语言形合与意合的差异:5.All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.6.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.7. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would close their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.8. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.9. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.10. Power can be transmitted over a great distance with practically negligible loss if it is carried by an electric current.11. The present onslaught猛攻/猛击of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.12.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at six years of age to work under the lash in the factories for sixteen hours a day.13.They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma耻辱/瑕疵that they had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war.14. Could any spectacle, for instance, be more grimly可怕whimsical荒谬than that of gunners using science to shatter men’s bodies while, cl ose at hand, surgeons use it to restore them?15. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride.1.说是说了,没有结果。
汉英语言对比
(3)词法和句法拚不拢。 词法和句法拚不拢。 英语词法和句法可以对勘,词类和句成分有较 明显的对应关系。拿最基本的三种: 名 形 动 主 宾 补 定 谓 汉语骨子里还是语义,抄袭西方设立句子成分, 其语法大厦最基本的矛盾是词法和句法拚不拢。 名 动 形 主 宾 谓
英语语法是刚性(rigidity)的, 刚性( 刚性 ) 汉语语法是柔性 (flexibility)或曰弹性 或曰弹性(elast 柔性 或曰弹性 icity) 的。 作为形态型的补充---刚性, 作为形态型的补充 刚性, 有许多强制性的 刚性 规定:形足型语言。 规定:形足型语言。 英:形式上要求的一般要遵守,不可减少。 I have a book. / He has two books. There is a boy and two girls in the room. 英语起基本作用的规律是形态,随着形态简化, 词序和虚词起了重要的调节作用。但词序和虚 词在英语的使用中比较固板,虚词更不是可有 可无。
(2)[欣赏] 满树金花,芳香四溢的金桂;花白 如雪,香气扑鼻的银桂;红里透黄,花多味浓 的紫砂桂; 花色似银,季季有花的四季桂; 竞相开放,争妍媲美.进入桂林公园, 阵阵 桂香扑鼻而来。 (在模糊中传递语义,朦胧 中孕育意境)毛荣贵《译朝译夕》53-54页 The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its prof usion of osmanthus trees. Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom which pervade the whole garden with fragrance of their blossoms . 此为以精确译模糊。(或以精确译精确。 都
第二章 英汉语言的对比分析
翻译技巧:英译汉时,在大多数情况下可译成句尾封闭式;汉译英时, 要把汉语的句尾封闭译为句首封闭。
第二节 英汉语言的不同点
〔例1〕 I am very happy and grateful to receive your message of greetings. 〔译文〕接到你们的贺函,我十分愉快和感谢。 〔分析〕在表示原因的句子中,英语表态在前,叙事在后;汉语则往往相反, 叙事在前,表态在后。
[译文] 声明宣称:国际经济秩序必须改变,否则发达国家与发展中国家 之间的差距将继续加大。
[分析] 上述译文采用顺译法,语序与原文相差无几,只是用了一个冒号 ,切开原文的长句,使译句层次了然。
第一节
英汉语言的共同点
[例3] The development of science and technology has been one of the most spectacular phenomena of our generation. It has revolutionized our way of living—and possibly also our way of dying. You may not realize what is happening because it is a piecemeal process. But you can feel the increasing convenienctelevision, telephones, and even insect killers. There is hardly anything that we see, hear, feel or eat that hasn’t been changed by science and technology. [译文] 科技的发展是我们这一代人最为惊异的现象之一。它使我们的生活方式发生了 革命性的巨变,可能还改变了我们的死亡方式。你也许意识不到其中的变化——因为 这一切是一个渐进的过程。但你能感受到飞机、电视、电话甚至杀虫剂所带来的越来 越多的方便与舒适。我们所看到、听到、感觉到和吃到的,几乎没有一个不是科技变 革的结果。
Leture2 英汉语言对比
英汉语言对比一、英汉词汇现象的对比英语中存在大量一词多义现象,其词义比较灵活,词义范围较宽,词义在较大程度上取决于特定的上下文;而且英语词汇的发展促使其词义变得更加灵活,涵义范围变得愈加宽广。
相比之下,汉语的词义比较严谨固定,涵义范围较窄,词义对上下文的依赖程度比较小。
因此,需要针对两种语言词义上的不同点,灵活地运用相应地翻译技巧。
1.1英汉词义对比1、英语中有些词所表示的意义,在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达。
它们的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等。
这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。
例:The United Nations The Pacific Ocean helicopter minibus equator taxi2、英语中词的概念或涵义范围比相应的汉语词宽泛。
例1:cousin>表兄弟queen>皇后school>学校stand>站、立例2:正如以下各例所示,school在许多情况下并不能译成“学校”:1)There will be no school tomorrow.明天不上课。
2)The head teacher gave a talk to the school at assembly.校长在全校学生大会上讲了话。
3)Susan works at the School of African and Asian Studies.苏珊在亚非研究学院工作。
4)How do you like the one-day schools that we run for teachers?我们开办的师资一日训练班你觉得怎么样?5)The scholar doesn’t belong to the Kantian school.那位学者不是康德学派。
6)The professor was well schooled in foreign languages.那位教授在外语方面受过良好的训练。
第二章英汉语言比较
第二章英汉语言比较五.翻译练习True Lies A World without Thieves The Dream Factory Shawshank RedemptionSix of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两隔墙有耳Walls have ears. 鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey 白马王子、梦中情人Mr./Mrs. Right; Prince Charming Rob Peter to pay Paul 拆东墙补西墙I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age. 直:我把青春献给海洋,我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。
意:我把青春献给海洋,等我回到家里见到妻子的时候,已经是白发苍苍。
少时海为家,归乡两鬓斑。
青春献海洋,暮年伴我妻。
Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate. 直:砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散。
意:逃避并不能解决实际问题。
第二章英汉语言比较English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family(汉藏语系). It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles’ language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages.Vocabulary 在英语史上,英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇,在英语史上,英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇,加上英语本身就具有很多同义词。
