翻译理论与实践-多元系统理论

By focusing on "norms" and "models", he argues scholars may find the "ground(基础) for comparison". (P133)
preliminary norms(预先规范)
Norms
(包括翻译政策translation policy和翻译的直接性)
• Disadvantage: Dogmatically committed to polysystem theory. Another kind of structualism.Zohar's claim for "objective"analysis of "literary" facts seems even less tenable(站不住脚).
• Contribution: Their system theory work helped translation studies break down certain conceptual barriers and find a method for better describing translations.
• Translation not identified(认同) by a culture
• （eg:film adaptations同化, versions倒转, imitations模仿,
false translations错译）
•
（P134）
7、Even-Zohar&Toury 佐哈尔&图里
2、Jose Lambert & Hendrik van Gorp 何塞•兰博特&亨德里克•范•高
• They suggested that all functionally relevant aspects of translation activity in its historical context(历史文本) needed to be carefully observed.
• they furthered our understanding of the translation process, and firstly recognized the importance of translation within the study of any individual literature.
methods for describing literary translation and determining cultural and translational normative behavior. Unfortunately, many of the discussion
were lost or unpublished.
•
(P135)
8、Translation scholars in England and America
Representatives: Bassnett, Lefevere, David Lloyd, Maria Tymoczko.
They think Zohar's polysystem theory is too formalistic and restrictive, and focus on institutions of prestige and power within any given culture and patterns in literary translation. Meanwhile, they drop the inductive and scientific approach in favor of a more deductive and less formalistic method.(eg: Lefevere)
• Treating literature as a complex and dynamic system; there is an interplay between theoretical models and practical case studies; the approach to literary translation is descriptive(描述性), target-oriented（目的语为导向）, functional（功能性）, and systemic（系统性）; and thinking the norms（规范） and constraints will gorvern the production and reception of translation." （P131）
optional norms（操作规范） （指翻译活动中指导决定的作出）
Norms determine what kind of translational relations
ensue, and the way foreign material is "imported" and "domesticated". Every instant of the translation process is governd by norms.
• She believed that the descriptive branch must focus upon investigating norms and strategies, but the systematic comparison of translations and source texts was neglected.(忽略了译文和原文本的系统比 较)
systems • Authors and other writers • Differing literary systems • Differing sociological aspects
(eg:publishing,distribution) Advantage of the systemic approach: more applicable.
•
(P133)
• Her method not only showed that every word contains shifts, but that frequently the words or clauses translated show multiple shifts.
• Shifts were seen not as mistranslations or violations of rules of equivalence(对等原则), but as the rule itself. These shifts will impact the text at the macrostructural level.
The very definition of translation is dependent upon norms and how they work in any given system/society.
(P133)
5、Kitty Van Leuven-Zwart 凯蒂.范.路文兹瓦特
• She is a Dutch scholar, former head of the Translation Studies Deparment（翻译研究部） at the University of Amsterdam.
• eg: in daily life, we use translation without being aware of it.
• Pseudo-translation 伪翻译（no original exists）
• Translation via an intervening language(中间语)
（P131）
Typical representatives
• 1、Theo Hermans(西奥•赫曼斯)
• Professor of London University, British translation theorist, representative of descriptive and systematic theory（描写 与系统理论）.
(P132)
• The relationship between the two systems was an open one, the predictions about the relationships initially should be kept to a minimum.
• They also calld for a study for relations between • Authors' and the translators'intentions • Pragmatics and reception in source and target
• Thus, the author, text, reader and literary norms in one literary system were to be juxtaposed(并列) to an author, text, reader, and literary norms in another literary system.
• She traces shifts on a microstructural level(eg: words, clauses, setences),relates the consequences of the microlevel shifts on the macrostructural level(eg: characters, events, time), and categorizes them.