物业管理系统论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
外文翻译---物业管理信息系统
标题：物业管理信息系统资料来源: 《物业管理信息系统》作者：拉斯Basiura, 迈克Batongbacal 物业管理信息系统按照物业管理的类型和范畴主要分为两大类型：住宅小区物业管理信息系统和非住宅物业管理信息系统。
小区物业管理信息系统是围绕物业管理企业的内部管理与小区的功能管理这两方得需求进行设计的。
系统具有人力资源管理、房产管理、财务管理、设备管理、客户服务与业主投诉、数据维护和系统安全等功能模块，提供全方位的数据存储、计算、查询、统计、汇总、输出等日常处理，不但能管理文本数据，还可以管理大量的图片资料，操作简便，业务流程规范，对具有不同特色的物业管理小区有着广泛的适应性。
住宅小区管理房产管理：针对物业管理企业所属的一切房产，对房产信息进行集中管理。
包括：详细描述记录小区、楼盘、业主单元的位置、物业类型、房屋结构、房号、户型等信息。
客户管理：帮助物业管理企业建立起完整的客户档案，对物业管理企业所管房屋的业主进行管理。
可详细记录业主的姓名、身份证号等描述信息。
财务管理：主要包括水电费标准的建立，水电气费用台账、综合费用台账、物业管理费用台账等管理。
设备管理：对小区内所有公用设备、设施及固定资产从其采购到更换，对其位置、数量、价格、维修、保养进行全面的管理。
车辆管理：对小区内的车辆进行管理，主要包括管理客户的车辆档案及车辆事件，了解与业主相关的附属信息，为业主提供更周全的服务。
物业管理企业的内部管理物业管理企业的内部管理一般包括企业办公自动化、领导综合查询、财务计划与预算、人力资源管理、物资采购、外协单位管理、文件合同管理、企业知识管理功能。
办公自动化：包括电子邮件、公告通知、工作流审批、新闻管理、会议申请与安排、BBS等功能，支持在集团、分公司、管理处多层面上的直接沟通，强化管理力度、实现扁平化管理。
领导综合查询：专门供公司领导查询各区域公司、各管理处、各项业务的处理状况和所有管理处的综合统计数据，方便管理人员分析问题。
物业管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Promoting sustainability in the United States multifamily property management industry（促进美国多户型住宅物业管理行业的可持续发展）国外作者：EA Hopkins，DC Read，RC Goss文献出处：《Journal of Housing and the Built Environment》,2016,32(2):1- 16字数统计：英文 3593 单词，21196 字符；中文 6168 汉字外文文献：Promoting sustainability in the United States multifamilyproperty management industryAbstract Efforts to promote environmental sustainability in the real estate industry continue to proliferate throughout the United States in response to both economic and social forces. This trend has received a considerable amount of attention in the academic literature, yet relatively little is known about the importance of sustainability to third-party property management firms operating in the multifamily sector of the housing market. For those interested in promoting sustainability, an important question that arises is whether barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices commonly observed throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third-party property management services. A second question of equal relevance focuses on determining what sustainability initiatives third-party property management firms are actually using in their efforts toprocure new clients or retain existing ones. The qualitative analysis presented in this paper is one of the first to the authors’ knowl edge to explore third-party property managers’ perceptions about sustainability in an attempt to address the aforementioned issues. The findings of this study support two overarching conclusions. First, sustainability is increasingly being promoted by large, third-party property management firms in the multifamily housing industry. Nonetheless, numerous barriers are perceived to exist that may impinge upon future efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the rental housing stock. Second, some firms appear to be better positioned than others to take advantage of sustainability initiatives as a result of the types of properties they manage and the characteristics of the owners they represent.Keywords: Business strategy, Environmental sustainability, Green buildings, Multifamily housing, Property management1.IntroductionEfforts to promote environmental sustainability (hereafter ‘‘sustainability’’) in the real estate industry continue to proliferate throughout the United States in response to both economic and social forces. This trend has received a considerable amount of attention in the academic literature, yet relatively little is known about the importance of sustainability to third-party property management firms operating in the multifamily sector of the housing market. Third-party property management firms, defined as those who actively engage in the fee management of apartment communities in which they do not have an ownership interest, act in an advisory role to their clients by providing a wide array of services. These services can include marketing, leasing, budgeting, maintenance and repairs, staffing, property policies and procedures, capital improvements, rent collection, bill payments, establishment of rental rates, and resident relations. This gap in the extant research is noteworthy because these firms manage millions of apartment units across the country and thenumber continues to grow. There are currently 19.7 million apartment homes in the United States representing $1.3 trillion to the economy and there could be 5 million new rental households formed by 2023 (National Multifamily Housing Council 2015). Third-party property management firms are therefore, well positioned to reduce the environmental impact of the rental housing stock if they have the ability, autonomy and inclination to do so when making management decisions.For those interested in promoting sustainability, an important question that arises is whether barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices commonly observed throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third-party property management services. Notable examples include a reluctance to embrace new technologies, concerns about implementation costs, skepticism regarding consumer demand, and a lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks. A second question of equal relevance focuses on determining what sustainability initiatives third-party property management firms are actually using in their efforts to procure new clients and retain existing ones. Gaining a better understanding of these practices is anticipated to shed light on whether sustainability agendas are viewed as an effective way to improve the operational efficiency of multifamily properties or simply as a means of satisfying the corporate social responsibility commitments of institutional real estate owners.The quali tative analysis presented in this paper is one of the first to the authors’ knowledge to explore third-party property managers’ perceptions about sustainability in an attempt to address the aforementioned issues. A series of semi-structured interviews are conducted with executives representing some of the most prominent firms in the multifamily housing industry to complete the task. Those participating in the research are asked to assess the importance of sustainability to their clients, as well as to identify any sustainable management practices currently being used in the business development process to differentiate their firms from competitors.The paper begins with a discussion of the property manager’s role in promotingsustainability. Next, consistent barriers encountered in implementation of sustainability initiatives in the housing and rental housing industries are reviewed. An overview of the data and methodology used to examine the extent which firms promote sustainability in their business development process is presented next. This is followed by a summary of the interview results and an analysis of these results. The paper concludes with key findings of the study, research limitations, and issues in need of further analysis.2.The third-party property manager’s role in promoting sustainabilityThere are four distinct phases in the building lifecycle where decisions can be made to promote environmental sustainability: material manufacturing, construction, use and maintenance, and end of life (Bayer et al. 2010). Material manufacturing includes activities such as manufacturing raw materials and transportation of these building products, the construction phase includes the activities of the actual building of the project, the use and maintenance phase involves managing the building operations such as energy and water usage and maintenance and repairs, and the end of life phase occurs when the building has reached its end of life and is decommissioned with materials either being disposed to landfills or being recycled and reused (Bayer et al. 2010). Third-party property management firms do not typically have a significant amount of influence in all of these phases, but they are well-positioned to advocate on behalf of sustainability initiatives that affect the way multifamily properties are operated once construction is complete. It is also important to note that the end of life stage can be delayed by effective maintenance which extends the building’s physical life and makes the building more sustainably developed (Christudason 2002). The extant real estate literature outlines a number of steps that can be taken to achieve these objectives. Some of the most commonly cited practices focus on establishing clear channels of communication between property managers and their clients; modifying apartment lease structures to realign theallocation of costs and benefits among the parties involved; and investing in human capital to increase awareness of environmental concerns.First and foremost, third-party property managers can empower the owners they work for to make more sustainable business decisions by providing them with information. Since these professionals control granular data measuring the operational efficiency of the real estate assets they manage, they can potentially encourage owners to invest in capital improvements promoting resource conservation and other environmentally favorable outcomes if they can clearly illustrate the resultant financial benefits (Wai-chung Lai 2006; Kyro¨et al. 2012). Property managers can also provide their clients with information about the rent and sales premiums that can potentially be achieved as a result of environmentally friendly design features and programming (Zieba et al. 2013). Multiple studies show that green buildings often command higher rents and sales prices than conventional buildings (Eichholtz et al. 2010; Fuerst and McAllister 2011; Miller et al. 2008).Property managers can also advise their clients about the advantages offered by environmentally-friendly leases. The provisions included in these leases impose few direct costs on real estate owners, while generating environmental benefits by requiring tenants to engage in sustainable behaviors such as using public transportation, composting or participating in recycling programs (Caulfield 2015). For example, a green lease could include an energy efficiency upgrade clause where tenants agree to have increased monthly rents to cover these costs. Besides the obvious environmental benefits, this can be mutually beneficial to the tenant and owner as the owner can receive a return on his or her investment and the tenant’s overall rental expenses can be lowered if the monthly energy savings are higher than the monthly rent increase (SPUR 2009).Finally, third-party property management firms can work to ensure site managers and maintenance staff are appropriately trained in sustainable practices and procedures. Such training has been shown to effect the priorities of real estatepractitioners, as well as their commitment to sustainability (Kyro¨et al. 2012; Saha and Paterson 2008; Oladokun 2010). One way to implement this training is through an environmental management system (EMS). An EMS is a comprehensive environmental program addressing environmental training, executive management support, teamwork, rewards, and empowerment while also documenting the process from commitment and policy to review and improvement (Daily and Huang 2001). An even more integrated method is to train staff on how sustainability measures impact financial performance. As more companies are seeing sustainable efforts increase revenue and decrease operating costs (Epstein and Roy 2003), a framework to implement sustainability into operations and decision making processes is h elpful.3.Housing industry barriersThe unwillingness to embrace new sustainable technologies continues to pervade the housing industry (Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). One reason for this struggle stems from the fact that many technological activities are outsourced (Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). Furthermore, new technologies are not being embraced due to the qualitative attributes of some of these new technologies (Jaffe and Stavins 1994). For example, the hue of energy efficient lightbulbs can be less aesthetically pleasing than more traditional lightbulbs. Another reason for the lack of energy conservation technology adoption is the lack of information available (Jaffe and Stavins 1994; Pinkse and Dommisse 2009; Toole 1998). This lack of information can cause uncertainty.Implementation costs also present a struggle in the residential building sector when deciding on sustainable initiatives implementation. The principal-agent problem remains persistent throughout the literature. Construction companies are hesitant to undertake the incorporation of energy-efficient technologies because the financial benefactor of lower utility bills are the end-users of the building, not the construction company (Farrell et al. 2007; Jaffe and Stavins 1994). These challenges, coupled with the fact that many companies do not have the proper systems in place to evaluate thecosts and benefits of sustainable building practices, compounds the problem (Epstein and Roy 2003).Another major obstacle to sustainability adoption within the housing industry is skepticism regarding consumer demand. One reason for this skepticism is the lack of information provided to retailers and consumers regarding sustainability opportunities. From the retail perspective, knowledge on new sustainable products is needed just as much as existing conventional products in order to understand both options (Toole 1998). On the consumer side, educating homebuyers on the advantages and consequences of sustainable technologies can be helpful during the decision making process (Farrell et al. 2007; Pinkse and Dommisse 2009). Another cause for this obstacle is that consumers make decisions regarding sustainable features, such as energy use, based on more than just financial considerations. Consumers, no matter their income level, take into account the comfort and convenience versus strictly financial considerations when deciding on their energy use (Farrell et al. 2007). Furthermore, capital is often not available to the end user to invest in more efficient technologies (Farrell et al. 2007).4.Rental housing barriersAlong with the aforementioned barriers within the housing market, there are potential barriers to sustainability that are unique to the rental housing market. Lease provisions commonly used in the multifamily housing industry pose a problem because tenants are typically required to pay their own utility bills. This creates a disincentive for property owners to invest in things such as energy efficient appliances and fixtures because they do not realize a direct economic benefit from these investments unless tenants’ cost savings are fully capitalized into prevailing rental rates (Blumstein et al. 1980; Davis 2011; Klein et al. 2009; Economidou 2014).Although sustainability actions impact customers’ decisions and thereforerevenue (Epstein and Roy 2003), the multifamily housing market has been largely overlooked (Labanca et al. 2015). The typical shorter-term leases in multifamily housing (versus commercial buildings) prevent tenants from participating in sustainability programs (Cradduck and Wharton 2011).Rental housing owners and managers may not realize the benefits of taking full advantage of greening measures (Carswell and Smith 2009). Uncertainty in implementation time and costs, long anticipated payback periods and tepid market demand for ‘‘green’’ apartments in some markets amplify these concerns (Kriese and Scholz 2011; Kyro¨et al. 2012; Miller and Buys 2008). In comparison to other property types, LEED certification of multifamily buildings can take approximately five extra months (Carswell and Smith 2009). Furthermore, managers believe that the economics of sustainable development clash with the environmental management (Bansal 2002) and the cost of sustainable buildings tend to be overestimated by building professionals (Kriese and Scholz 2011). While tenants recognize the benefits of sustainability, many are not willing to pay significantly more for it (Miller and Buys 2008). In the aggregate, these factors diminish the desirability of sustainability initiatives in the rental housing industry, which may in turn discourage property managers from actively promoting such endeavors.Another potential obstacle to sustainability is the lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks to guide market participants. Real estate developers, property managers, owners, and tenants frequently have very different interpretations of what the term ‘‘sustainability’’ means from an enviro nmental perspective (Evans and Jones 2008; Kriese and Scholz 2011; Priemus 2005). Information asymmetries of this type may encourage underinvestment in sustainable property management practices to the extent market participants revert back to service offerings with more clearly defined benefits.5.Data and methodologyThe data used to complete this study was collected through a series of interviews conducted with executives representing firms on the National Multifamily Housing Council’s (NMHC) list of the ‘‘50 Largest U.S. Apartment Managers’’ in 2015. The NMHC, whose mission is to provide insight, advocacy, and action in the multifamily sector, assists apartment industry leaders and the communities they serve. The NMHC compiles an annual list of the 50 largest managers in the United States by performing an annual survey. The 35 firms on the list offering third-party property management services comprise the population for the study at hand, as the objective of the research is to explore the perceptions of managers working in this capacity.NMHC’s leadership graciously a greed to contact senior executives at these companies who were actively involved in the trade organization. This initial email correspondence included a summary of the research, an informed consent document for those interested in scheduling an interview, and an endorsement of the study’s value to the multifamily housing industry. Senior executives representing all of the firms in the population were then contacted directly by the research team via email and telephone to schedule interviews. A total of 25 firms agreed to participate in the research, which equated to a survey response rate of approximately 71 %. Interviewees included 11 CEOs/COOs, 8 executive/ senior vice presidents, and 6 vice presidents.Semi-structured telephone interviews approximately 1 h in duration were conducted with all of the executives. Each respondent was asked a series of open- ended questions about a variety of topics of relevance to the multifamily property management industry, including several exploring perceptions about sustainability initiatives. Respondents were specifically asked to describe the extent to which their firms promoted sustainability initiatives during the business development process, the advantages their clients hoped to achieve, and any barriers to such initiatives. The nature of the research warranted the use of open-ended questions to allow business elites to fully articulate their ideas and guide the flow of the interview in a conversational manner (Aberbach and Rockman 2002; Mikecz 2012). Any questionsthat proved ambiguous to the respondents could also be addressed by the research team in this setting (De Wit 1996).6.Results and discussionThe information demonstrates that 60 % of respondents are using sustainability as a business development strategy in some way. Approximately 16 % of the firms in the sample promote basic water conservation, energy efficient lighting, and recycling initiatives; 12 % actively brand and market their sustainability efforts to tenants; 16 % provide sustainability recommendations and advisory services to their clients on a consistent basis; and 16 % conduct comprehensive environmental evaluations of all properties under management as a matter of course. The remaining 40 % of the firms in the sample are not promoting sustainability as a business development strategy.While over half of the companies are doing something within the sustainability initiative arena, 40 % of companies are not participating. This is interesting because many of these companies, both participators and non-participators, manage the same types of properties, on behalf of the same types of clients, in the same geographic areas. This suggests there is at least some disagreement as to the benefits that can be derived from sustainability initiatives. The firms in the sample are acting on this perceptual differences in significant ways, as several have relatively strong sustainability consulting capabilities in place.7.Conclusions, limitations, and recommendationsThe purpose of this study is to explore whether large third-party property managers are utilizing sustainability as a business development strategy; and if so, to identify the various initiatives being implemented. The results suggest a majority of the third-party property managers represented in the sample are leveraging sustainability to win business. However, significant variability exists in the strategiesadopted. Initiatives adopted by the firms in the sample fall on a continuum from rather basic efforts to encourage resource conservation and recycling to much more expansive endeavors involving comprehensive environmental audits of all properties under management.With 40 % of respondents not promoting sustainability as a means of procuring business and varying ranges of initiatives, it is clear that barriers persist in the pursuit of sustainable initiative implementations. Various barriers to environmentally-friendly business practices seen throughout the housing industry extend to the market for third- party property management services. These include concerns about implementation costs, skepticism regarding consumer demand, and lack of clear definitions and communicative frameworks. However, reluctance to embrace new technologies was not seen as a barrier in this study; which suggests that this barriers does not extend to the market for third-party property management services. Furthermore, inefficient lease structures are seen as a unique barrier to sustainability initiatives within the third-party property management sector as illustrated in this study.A limitation of this study is that there were voluntary study participants sharing their views on sustainability within their firm and the third party property management industry. Another limitation is that the findings can only be generalized to the largest firms in the country. Additionally, property management practices are rapidly evolving in response to market demand so the information in this study can become obsolete in a relatively short period of time. Lastly, this study focuses strictly on third party property management companies which have limited ability to implement sustainability initiatives in light of property owner desires.This study suggests there is at least some disagreement as to the benefits that can be derived from sustainability initiatives. In order to address the information gap within the property management industry, education and training are recommended. Introducing sustainability into the housing curriculum within institutions of higher education can be one way to educate the future property management workforce(Parrott and Emmel 2001). Another way to educate property managers to more successfully ascertain and consider innovation information is to establish procedures, norms, and appropriate staff (Toole 1998). As Toole (1998) notes that employees in the housing industry need to be just as knowledgeable about new products as existing products, the research team offers that this can be adapted to the multifamily property management sector so that their business development strategy includes information on sustainable initiatives. This can be done by training employees on various sustainability initiatives which can empower them.Continuing to refine the term ‘‘sustainability’’ as it relates to the third party property management industry will be helpful, as it appears to have different meanings in the thirdparty property management industry. This may be problematic because owners and tenants do not necessarily know what they get when they work with a property management firm. Greater clarity and consistency is needed to address this information asymmetry. It is recommended that trade organizations participate in the development of a universal checklist to make the transfer of information easier to manage. Furthermore, lifecycle valuation assessment (LCVA) can be incorporated into this universal checklist to assist firms with understanding sustainability initiative cost and benefit implications through a full building lifecycle (Epstein and Roy 2003). This can help managers measure future as well as day to day performance (Epstein and Roy 2003).Serious attention should be devoted to exploring residential lease structures that better incentivize property owners for investing in sustainable design and programming. This can perhaps be accomplished by creating avenues for information sharing between property owners and managers to create a more integrated approach. Additionally, summoning trade organization participation in the development of a new standardized lease structure can be helpful to make the transfer to this new structure easier.In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate the need for researchexamining best practices in sustainable property management that can be adopted by a wide variety of firms to improve the financial performance of the assets they operate, while simultaneously encouraging resource conservation and the responsible use of land. Creating and disseminating this type of information is anticipated to help the multifamily housing industry move to the forefront of sustainability.中文译文：促进美国多户型住宅物业管理行业的可持续发展摘要在经济和社会力量的影响下，整个美国都在致力于促进房地产业环境的可持续发展。
系统管理论文—中英对照
外文资料：Information management systemWiliam K.Thomson U.S.AAbstract:An information storage, searching and retrieval system for large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual dam. The system includes multiple query generation processes, a search process, and a presentation of search results that is sorted by category or type and that may be customized based on the professional discipline(or analogous personal characteristic of the user), thereby reducing the amount of time and cost required to retrieve relevant results.Keyword:Information management Retrieval system Object-Oriented1.INTRUDUCTIONThe Design and Development of the Students' Information Management System As information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management ofthe information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.This invention relates to an information storage, searching and retrieval system that incorporates a novel organization for presentation of search results from large (gigabytes) domains of archived textual data.2.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe invention provides an information storage, searching and retrieval system for a large domain of archived data of various types, in which the results of a search are organized into discrete types of documents and groups of document types so that users may easily identify relevant information more efficiently and more conveniently than systems currently in use. The system of the invention includes means for storing a large domain of data contained in multiple source records, at least some of the source records being comprised of individual documents of multiple document types; means for searching substantially all of the domain with a single search query to identify documents responsive to the query; and means for categorizing documents responsive to the query based on document type, including means for generating a summary of the number of documents responsive to the query which fall within various predetermined categories of document types.The query generation process may contain a knowledge base including a thesaurus that has predetermined and embedded complex search queries, or use natural language processing, or fuzzy logic, or tree structures, or hierarchical relationship or a set of commands that allow persons seeking information to formulate their queries.The search process can utilize any index and search engine techniques including Boolean, vector, and probabilistic as long as a substantial portion of the entire domain of archived textual data is searched for each query and all documents found are returned to the organizing process.The sorting/categorization process prepares the search results for presentation by assembling the various document types retrieved by the search engine and then arranging these basic document types into sometimes broader categories that arereadily understood by and relevant to the user.The search results are then presented to the user and arranged by category along with an indication as to the number of relevant documents found in each category. The user may then examine search results in multiple formats, allowing the user to view as much of the document as the user deems necessary.3.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an information retrieval system of the invention;FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a query formulation and search process utilized in theinvention;FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a sorting process for organizing and presenting searchresults.4.BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTIONAs is illustrated in the block diagram of FIG. 1 , the information retrieval system of the invention includes an input/output process ,a query generation process, a search process that involves a large domain of textual data (typically in the multiple gigabyte range), an organizing process, presentation of the information to the user, and a process to identify and characterize the types of documents contained in the large domain of data.Turning now to FIG. 2, the query generation process preferably includes a knowledge base containing a thesaurus and a note pad, and preferably utilizes embedded predefined complex Boolean strategies. Such a system allows the user to enter their description of the information needed using simple words/phrases made up of "natural" language and to rely on the system to assist in generating the full search query, which would include, e.g., synonyms and alternate phraseology. The user can then request, by a command such as "VI CO 1", to view the complete document selected from the list, giving, in this case, complete information about the identity and credentials of the expert.FIG. 3 illustrates how five typical sources of information (i.e., source records) can be sorted into many document types and then subsequently into categories. For example, a typical trade magazine may contain several types of information such as editorials, regular columns, feature articles, news, product announcements, and a calendar of events. Thus, the trade magazine (i.e., the source record) may be sorted into these various document types, and these document types in turn may be categorized or grouped into categories contained in one or more sets of categories; each document type typically will be sorted into one category within a set of categories, but the individual categories within each set will vary from one set to another. For example, one set of categories may be established for a first characteristic type of user, and a different set of categories may be established for a second characteristic type of user. When a user corresponding to type #1 executes a search, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #1, corresponding to that particular type of user, in organizing the results of the search for review by the user. When a user from type #2 executes a search, however, the system automatically utilizes the categories of set #2 in presenting the search results to the user.The information storage, searching and retrieval system of the invention resolves the common difficulties in typical on-line information retrieval systems that operate on large (e.g., 2 gigabytes or more) domains of textual data, query generation, sourceselection, and organizing search results. The information base with the thesaurus and embedded search strategies allows users to generate expert search queries in their own "natural" language. Source (i.e., database) selection is not an issue because the search engines are capable of searching substantially the entire domain on every query. Moreover, the unique presentation of search results by category set substantially reduces the time and cost of performing repetitive searches in multiple databases and therefore of efficiently retrieving relevant search results.While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described, it should be understood that various changes, adaptations and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims.5. Systems Analysis and DesignSystemsWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn’t enough, because the program is but one component is in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day, employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Systems AnalysisComputer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user’s field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps:Problem definitionAnalysisDesignImplementationMaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much: stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder any given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst’s objective is determining what the user needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a “magic box,” and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own terms.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing. Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst’s understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money, and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study, a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:Can the problem be solved?Can it be solved in the user’s environment?Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done; during analysis, this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system’s basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store’s owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Given the system’s basic functions, the analyst’s next task is gaining a sense of their logical relation. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used. Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system form a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or changed by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person’s memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, and data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start a CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, the STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a recorder. Once a reorder is authorized, Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products, it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flow. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as purchased and the purchase quantity, are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock –on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to, stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system’s major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user’s needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware, and during this initial, crucial analysis stage, it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst’smemory; for example, if the analyst doesn’t have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst’s understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstanding or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point for the next step, design.DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system’s necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let’s focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system. Our flowchart shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are stored on an inventory by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Tow programs are needed: Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flows between the I/O devices and the software. Note that system flow chart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file’s data structure can be planned.How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted, it must be identified immediately; the idea of waiting until 5:00 p. m because “that’s when the air defense program is run” is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally, such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has tow programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice, a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.ImplementationOnce the system’s major components have been identified, we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.SummaryA system is a collection of hardware, software, data, and procedural components that work together to accomplish an objective. A program is but one component in a system.System are planned and designed by system analysts who generally follow a well-defined, methodical process. The first step in the process is problem definition, when the analyst attempts to discover exactly what the user needs. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, a feasibility study is conducted to determine if the problem can be solved.Given a clear problem definition, analysis begins. During this stage, the analyst develops a logical model of the system. Key functions are linked through a data flow diagram. Using the diagram as a tool, the data flows are traced, and the system’s data elements are identified and recorded in a data dictionary. After the logical system is reviewed with the user, design begins.During design, the analyst develops a model of the physical system. A system flowchart can be used to map the system, defining each physical component as a symbol. A good systems analyst considers a number of alternative solutions to the problem before settling on one. Implementation follows design. Programs are planned and written; hardware is ordered and installed; procedures are written; files and databases are initialized; and, finally, the pieces are assembled and tested. Following release of the system, maintenance begins.中文译文：信息管理系统Wiliam K.Thomson U.S.A摘要：一个信息存储，查询和检索系统主要应用于大(千兆字节)的需要存档的文字领域。
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
信息管理与信息系统论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Construction of Network Management Information System of Agricultural Products Supply Chain Based on 3PLsAbstractThe necessity to construct the network management information system of 3PLs agricultural supply chain is analyzed, showing that 3PLs can improve the overall competitive advantage of agricultural supply chain. 3PLs changes the homogeneity management into specialized management of logistics service and achieves the alliance of the subjects at different nodes of agricultural products supply chain. Network management information system structure of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed, including the four layers (the network communication layer, the hardware and software environment layer, the database layer, and the application layer) and 7 function modules (centralized control,transportation process management, material and vehicle scheduling, customer relationship, storage management, customer inquiry, and financial management).Framework for the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is put forward. The management of 3PLs mainly includes purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, storage management and distribution management. Thus, a management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is obtained. The network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has realized the effective sharing of enterprise information of agricultural products supply chain at different nodes, establishing a long-term partnership revolving around the 3PLs core enterprise, as well as a supply chain with stable relationship based on the supply chain network system, so as to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to explore the sales market for agricultural products.Key words3PLs (third party logistics)，Agricultural products supply chain, Network management information system, China3PLs means that production enterprises entrust the logistics activity to the professional logistics service firms in order to concentrate efforts on core business, to keep close contact with logistics enterprise through information system, and to achieve a logistics operation and management mode with full control in logistics. According to the 3PLs requirements forinformation technology, supply chain management information system based on 3PLs is a supply chain management mode with 3PLs enterprises as the core, using EDI technology, GIS/GPS system, B/S mode and other technologies. Integration, processing and application of 3PLs enterprises in supply chain management information system are fully applied in order to reduce the cost of logistics and to improve the service level of logistics.At present, management information technology in China is just at the initial stage. The existing management information system offers insufficient information for the 3PLs enterprises which are engaged in the circulation of agricultural products.Besides, its construction of logistics data processing system is imperfect, having not realized the truly professional 3PLs enterprises for the circulation of agricultural products with information technology. At the same time, 3PLs enterprise for agricultural products has just started in China. And logistics applied in the agricultural supply chain with 3PLs enterprise as the core is time-consuming, inefficient and low-level, which can hardly meet the needs of the rapid development of rural market and social productive forces. Therefore, it is particularly important and urgent to construct a management information system for agricultural products supply chain under the current Internet environment. Problems in the management of the supply chain of agricultural products are analyzed, and a network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs is constructed in order to offer references for the information management in the supply chain of agricultural products in China.1 Necessity of constructing the network management information system of agricultural products supply chain based on 3PLsAgricultural products are seasonal, perishable and vulnerable. With the improvement of income level，consumers have increasingly high requirements for the diversification, personalization, just-in-time nature, and environment protection of agricultural products, which requires faster, more professional，and better organized logistics. At the same time, supply chain of agricultural products has the characteristics of the special purpose of funds, the uncertainty of market, and the unbalanced development of market. Thus, the support of supply chain management information system is needed during the circulation of agricultural products. Construction of market integration,as well as the integration of production, supply and marketing,urgently needs a new management information system of agricultural products, as well as an accompanying legal support system, in order to reduce the cost and to increase the profit for agricultural enterprises. And the application of 3PLs in the supply chain of agricultural products can solve this problem.Therefore, we should give full play to the central hub function of 3PLs enterprises in agricultural products supply chain, increase the input in the informationization of agricultural products supply chain, and promote the construction of logistics operation system and management information system.1 .1 Improving the overall competitive advantage of agricultural products supply chain by 3PLs3PLs is a new logistics organizational form established by modern information technology, as well as a kind of complementary and win-win strategic alliance by signing contract with the party being served. Taking 3PLs as the professional and core enterprise in the production and circulation of agricultural products can help to realize resource consolidation of the construction and organization of the whole supply chain of agricultural products. The specialization of raw materials and the service for product distribution have greatly improved the logistics efficiency of traditional enterprise. At the same time, construction of the management information system ofagricultural products supply chain based on 3PLs has made up for the shortage of information in agricultural market, has improved the efficiency of the flow of agricultural products, has connected all the links in the supply chain into an organic whole in an reasonable and effective way,and has enhanced the overall competitive advantage and economic benefits. 3PLs platform has greatly brought down the production and circulation processes of traditional agricultural enterprises, and has reduced the costs in raw material procurement and product distribution, so as to better adapt to the changes in market demand, to realize the rational distribution of resources, and to improve the overall competitiveness of the supply chain of agricultural products.1 .2 Changing the homogeneity management to specialized operation of logistics service by 3PLsDue to the characteristics of agricultural products, market requirement for logistics varies widely. Since traditional enterprises try to obtain the competitive advantage, there is fierce market competition in commodity circulation. Therefore, behavior of logistics market shows the characteristics of homogeneity and the profit is getting lower and lower. In order to seize the customer, some enterprises even take a loss. 3PLs enterprises share business risk with partners and carry out operation according to the items number, time and cost of customer by integration and utilization of resources. As a means of the supply chain integration of agricultural products, specialized operation of 3PLs can help the stakeholders of supply chain to obtain more demand information of agricultural products, and can reduce the circulation cost of agricultural products.1 .3 Alliance of the subjects in supply chain nodes of agricultural products by 3PLs3PLs stresses the relationship of “mutual complementarity, benefit sharing, information sharing” among the stakeholders in different nodes of supply chain. Development of the agricultural producer, supplier and retailer is limited if they rely only on their own resources. 3PLs enters into the outside service market, integrates the resources through the way of strategic alliances, ensures that the subject focuses its attention on core business, reduces the cost by scale effect, enhances the anti-risk strength, and helps to achieve quick response to market demand by information sharing.At the same time, contract-0riented 3PLs enterprises unify the interests of all subjects in supply chain of agricultural products, emphasize the strategic partnership of both parties,and alleviate market competition of related industries in agricultural markets. Subjects in both downstream and upstream of the supply chain share information and establish long-term partnership with 3PLs enterprises as the core.2 Construction of the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs2.1 Construction of structural system3PLs platform is used to offer network communications and system services to the subjects in agricultural supply chain. Fig. 1 illustrates the structural system of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs.Fig.1 Structural system of network management information system of agricultural supplychain based on 3PLsFig. 1 illustrates that the basic hardware of the system is combined by the network transmission media and network equipment, that is the network communication layer. Hardware facilities, corresponding system software, operation system and netmanager software together constitute the software and hardware environment layer.This layer provides necessary software and hardware facilities for 3PLs enterprises during the data storage and management of agricultural products. Database layer is responsible for the management of data source in agricultural information resources and network systems, and offers data integration to the application layer. 3PLs standard system includes the overall standard, network infrastructure standard, application support standard, application standard, information security standard, and management standard. Safety system of 3PLs includes the security management, security infrastructure, and security service.This system is composed of 7 function modules, such as the centralized control module, transportation process management module, material and vehicle scheduling module, customer relationship module, storage management module, customer query module, and financial management module(Fig. 2),the function of which is to ensure the information fluency and system security of 3PLs enterprises during the operation and integration of resources. These modules have improved the service module of different nodes in agricultural supply chain and have reduced the operation risk of system, so that the system becomes more structured, perfect, and rational.2.2 Framework of management systemBased on the existing research result，the business and module of modern logistics management，and the management information systems，Fig.3 reports the management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises according to the circulation of agricultural products from the manufacturer，supplier，and retail terminal to the consumer.Fig．2 Function modules of 3PLs network management information systemFig.3 The management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises Fig.3 shows the framework of network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs. The whole system, running under an open 3PLs, is formed by four layers of network communication layer, software and hardware environment layer, database layer and application layer. In the application layer, 3PLs, as the core of management information system of agricultural supply chain, plays the role of information processing center. It mainly manages the plan, inventory, and other subsystems, supervises subsystem through supplier relationship, conducts information interaction with procurement management subsystem and the supplier, and carries out information interaction with the supplier, producer and consumer through customer relationship management subsystem and sales management subsystem. Besides, 3PLs is also responsible for logistics management and control through the distribution management subsystem. Management of 3PLs mainly includes the 7 modules of purchasing management, supplier relationship management, planning management, customer relationship management, sales management, inventory management and distribution management. Through the effectiveintegration and coordination between 3PLs and the business with partner at the downstream and upstream of agricultural supplier chain, management system of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprises is formed using the logistics information system to realize the integration of logistics and information flow.In general，3PLs enterprise is still in the initial stage in China. Management information system of agricultural supply chain is not perfect, which can not meet the current needs of the rapid development and agricultural products circulation in rural China. Thus, there is an urgent need to build a new mode of agricultural logistics, so as to reduce the process of sales turnover, to lower the production cost of 3PLs enterprises, to improve the circulation efficiency of agricultural products, and to expand the sales market of agricultural products.3 ConclusionDeveloping modern 3PLs is an inevitable trend of market development. Design and development of management information system based on 3PLs can bring spillover benefits to the producer, supplier and retailer of agricultural products.Under the current Internet environment, management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs must be established based on the specific characteristics of operation mode and the actual business situation of 3PLs enterprises, so as to establish a management information system suitable for a given enterprise. From the perspective of overall integration of resources, the network management information system of agricultural supply chain based on 3PLs established has connected the interests of different nodes in agricultural supply chain into an organic whole, has effectively eliminated the barriers to information flow, and has increased the profits of agriculture-related enterprises and farmers. At the same time, according to the characteristics of agricultural enterprises in China, a rational agricultural products logistics mode of internal and external integrated agricultural enterprise is established, which offers a reference for the management of agricultural supply chain in China.基于第三方物流的农产品供应链网络管理信息系统的建设摘要本文对构建网络农业第三方物流供应链管理信息系统的必要性进行了分析，表明第三方物流可以提高农产品供应链的整体竞争优势。
计算机类生毕业论文---小区物业管理系统(含外文翻译)
本科生毕业论文题目：小区物业管理系统院（系）：专业年级：姓名：学号：指导教师：日期：目录摘要 (IV)Abstract (V)第1章绪论 (5)1.1 选题背景 (5)1.2 选题目的 (5)1.3 选题意义 (6)1.4 数据库应用系统开发工具简介 (6)1.4.1 系统设计工具C#.NET简介 (6)1.4.2 系统设计工具简介 (7)1.4.3 数据库实现工具SQL Server 2000简介 (7)1.5 系统所做工作 (7)第2章系统可行性研究 (8)2.1 技术可行性分析 (8)2.2 经济可行性分析 (8)2.3 使用可行性分析 (8)2.4 法律可行性分析 (9)第3章需求分析 (9)3.1 功能需要 (9)3.2 数据字典 (10)第4章系统概要设计 (14)4.1 系统基本E－R图 (14)4.2 系统流程图 (15)4.5 系统结构图 (17)4.6 系统解决方案 (18)4.7 模块分析与设计 (18)4.8 库表结构 (19)第5章小区物业管理系统详细设计 (24)5.1 编写公共操作类 (24)5.2 系统主框架页面的设计 (25)5.3 用户身份验证模块 (26)5.4 物业管理模块 (28)5.4.1 物业管理中的小区概况页面的设计与实现 (28)5.4.2 物业管理中的设施概况页面的设计 (30)5.4.3 物业管理中的楼宇概况页面的设计与实现 (34)5.4.4 物业管理中的房间信息页面的设计与实现 (34)5.4.5 物业管理中的车位资料页面的设计 (35)5.5 住户管理模块 (36)5.5.1住户管理中的住户基本信息页面的设计与实现 (36)5.5.2 住户管理中的入住房屋信息页面的设计与实现 (38)5.5.3 住户管理中的空出房屋信息页面的设计与实现 (39)5.5.4 住户管理中的电话资料页面的设计与实现 (40)5.6设备管理模块 (40)5.6.1 设备管理中的设备明细表单页面的设计与实现 (40)5.6.2 设备管理中的设备维修记录页面的设计与实现 (41)5.7 系统管理模块 (41)5.7.1 系统管理中的用户管理页面的设计与实现 (41)5.7.2 系统管理中的用户管理页面的设计与实现 (42)结论 (45)致谢 (46)参考文献 (47)附录 (48)摘要当前，以计算机为基础的信息科学在经济和社会生活各个领域得到了极为广泛的应用，在房产建筑业也得到迅猛发展，专门为房产建筑业而设计的诸多应用软件也日益完善并为许多小区所使用。
数据库管理系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
数据库管理系统毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述英文翻译数据库管理系统的介绍Raghu Ramakrishnan数据库（database,有时被拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。
数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储、检索、修改和删除。
数据库可以存储在磁盘、磁带、光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。
数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一条记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。
字段是数据存取的基本单位。
数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。
通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。
所有数据库（除最简单的）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。
处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。
DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。
（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）DBMS可组织、处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。
该功能使决策者能搜索、探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。
这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。
简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项和从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项用以回答非程序员的询问。
DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加、删除、维护、更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。
在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势：1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。
文献综述修改版
国内外物业管理系统的探讨作者：董贺摘要：随着我国经济发展和城市开发，住宅小区越来越成为居住的主流，小区物业管理是针对当代社会这一市场需要应运而生的。
用计算机操作的小区物业管理系统是为小区管理者和小区用户更好的维护各项物业管理业务处理工作而开发的管理软件，根据需求分析，实现小区管理业务，效益已越来越明显。
因此，开发这样一套小区物业管理系统软件成为很有必要的事情关键字：小区物业、管理系统、用户、DELHPI、SQL、ASPAbstract : As China's economic development and urban development, residential area becoming more mainstream residence , residential property management for the contemporary social needs of the market came into being . Residential property management system using computer operations manager for community and residential users better maintenance of the property management business processes and the development of work management software , according to the needs analysis , to achieve community management services, efficiency has become increasingly evident. Therefore , the development of such a residential property management system software has become very necessary thing.Key words: residential property, management system, user, DELHPI, SQL, ASP一、物业管理系统设计与开发的背景和意义随着市场经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，住宅小区已经成为人们安家置业的首选，几十万到几百万的小区住宅比比皆是。
物业管理系统毕业论文
物业管理系统毕业论文物业是我国居民生活、办公的必要管理者,是保障人们生活、工作质量的必要管理部门。
下面是店铺为大家推荐的物业管理系统毕业论文，欢迎浏览。
物业管理系统毕业论文篇一摘要:本文通过对项目管理基础理论和方法的阐述，引出物业管理行业对项目管理方法的需求。
在此基础上，对项目管理方法在物业管理企业中的应用进行了论述，得出项目管理方法是可以应用到物业管理行业中的。
关键词：项目管理、物业管理中图分类号：C29文献标识码：A 文章编号：一、现状及发展趋势1、国内物业管理现状随着我国房产经济的蓬勃发展，国内的物业管理市场正不断地迅速发展壮大，需求日益扩大。
据不完全统计，目前全国实行物业管理的房屋面积超过120亿平方米，物业管理覆盖率已接近50%，北京等较发达城市的覆盖率达70%，深圳、上海己达90%以上,以上3座城市物业管理企业创造的产值已占当地国民生产总值的2%左右.由此可见，物业管理在我国发展快速，市场广阔，潜力无穷。
然而，我国物业管理企业在迅速发展的同时，所面临的难题也不少，尤其是物业管理企业体制陈旧、企业管理规模较小等是当前的主要问题。
可以看出，现阶段大多数企业无法取得规模效益，整个行业仍处于发展初期，行业的整体抗风险能力较差，多数企业面临难以可持续发展的难题。
2、物业管理的发展趋势(1) 随着物业管理行业法律法规的建立和健全，物业管理行业将会走上规范化、法制化管理的轨道。
(2) 物业管理企业实现市场化经营将会成为今后物业管理项目发展(3) 区域化管理将会成为今后物业管理的发展方向。
因为实现区域化管理不但能提高物业管理的整体管理水平，而且可以使物业管理企业实现规模效益，有利于文明城市的建设。
(4) 物业管理市场空间进一步扩大。
随着房地产经济的发展，社会对物业管服务的需求将会进一步提高，这将拓展物业管理企业的发展空间。
二、项目管理的基本理论和方法1、项目管理的基本理论项目管理指在一定约束条件下，以高效率地实现项目业主的目标为目的，以项目经理个人负责制为基础和以项目为独立经济核算，并按照项目内在规律，进有效的计划、组织、协调、控制的系统管理活动。
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外文翻译原文1 2.0 Web Pages and Web Controls U ntil now, all of the example applications in this text have focused on console-based and Windows Forms front ends. In this chapter and the next, you’ll explore how the .NET platform facilitates the construction of browser-based presentation layers. To begin, you’ll quickly review a number of key web-centric concepts (HTTP, HTML, client-side, and server-side script) and the role of the web server (including the development server, WebDev.WebServer.exe).With this web primer out of the way, the remainder of this chapter concentrates on the composition of (including the enhanced code-behind model) and how to work with web controls. As you will see, ASP.NE T 2.0 provides a number of new web controls, a new “master page”model, and various customization techniques.The Role of HTTPWeb applications are very different animals from traditional desktop applications (to say the least).The first obvious difference is that a production-level web application will always involve at least two networked machines (of course, during development it is entirely possible to have a single machine play the role of both client and server). Given this fact, the machines in question must agree upon a particular wire protocol to determine how to send and receive data. The wire protocol that connects the computers in question is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).When a client machine launches a web browser (such as Netscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox,or Microsoft Internet Explorer), an HTTP request is made to access a particular resource (such as an *.aspx or *.htm file) on the remote server machine. HTTP is a text-based protocol that is built upon a standardrequest/response paradigm. For example, if you navigate to www. , the browser software leverages a web technology termed Domain Name Service (DNS) that converts the registered URL into a four-part, 32-bit numerical value (aka an IP address). At this point, the browser opens a socket connection (typically via port 80) and sends the HTTP request for the default page at the website.Once the hosting web server receives the incoming HTTP request, the specified resource may contain logic that scrapes out any client-supplied input values (such as values within a text box) in order to format a proper HTTP response. Web programmers may leverage any number of technologies (CGI, ASP, , Java servlets, etc.) to dynamically generate the content to be emitted into the HTTP response. At this point, the client-side browser renders the HTML emitted from the web server.Another aspect of web development that is markedly different from traditional desktop programming is the fact that HTTP is an essentially stateless wire protocol. As soon as the web server emits a response to the client, everything about the previous interaction is forgotten. Therefore, as a web developer, it is up to you take specific steps to “remember” information (s uch as items in a shopping cart) about the clients who are currently logged on to your site. As you will see in the next chapter, provides numerous ways to handle state, many of which are commonplace to any web platform (session variables, cookies, and application variables) as well as some new techniques (view state, control state, and the cache).Understanding Web Applications and Web ServersA web application can be understood as a collection of files (*.htm, *.asp, *.aspx, image files, etc.) and related components (such as a .NET code library) stored within a particular set of directories on a given web server. As shown in Chapter 24, web applications have a specific life cycle and provide numerous events (such as initial startup or final shutdown) that you can hook into.A web server is a software product in charge of hosting your web applications, and it typically provides a number of related services such as integrated security, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) support, mail exchange services, and so forth. Internet Information Server (IIS) is Microsoft’s enterprise-level web server product, and as you would guess, it has intrinsic support for classic ASP as well as web applications.When you build web applications, you will often need to interact with IIS. Be aware, however, that IIS is not automatically selected when you install the Windows Server 2003 or WindowsXP Professional Edition (you can’t install IIS on the Home editions of Windows). Therefore, depending on the configuration of your development machine, you may be required to manually install IIS before proceeding through this chapter. To do so, simply access the Add/Remove Program applet from the Control Panel folder and select Add/Remove Windows Components.Working with IIS Virtual DirectoriesA single IIS installation is able to host numerous web applications, each of which resides in a virtual directory. Each virtual directory is mapped to a physical directory on the local hard drive. Therefore,if you create a new virtual directory named CarsRUs, the outside world can navigate to this site using a URL such as (assuming your site’s IP address has been registered with the world at large). Under the hood, the virtual directory maps to a physical root directory such as C:\inetpub\wwwroot\AspNetCarsSite, which contains the content of the web application.When you create web applications using Visual Studio 2005, you have the option of generating a new virtual directory for the current website. However, you are also able to manually create a virtual directory by hand. For the sake of illustration, assume you wish to create a simple web application named Cars. The first step is to create a new folder on your machine to hold the collection of files that constitute this new site (e.g., C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).Next, you need to create a new virtual directory to host the Cars site. Simply right-click the Default Web Site node of IIS and select New ➤Virtual Directory from the context menu. This menu selection launches an integrated wizard. Skip past the welcome screen and give your website a name (Cars). Next, you are asked to specify the physical folder on your hard drive that contains the various files and images that represent this site (in this case, C:\CodeTests\CarsWebSite).The final step of the wizard prompts you for some basic traits about your new virtual directory (such as read/write access to the files it contains, the ability to view these files from a web browser, the ability to launch executables [e.g., CGI applications], etc.). For this example, the default selections are just fine (be aware that you can always modify your selections after running this tool using variousright-click Property dialog boxes integrated within IIS). 2.0网页和Web控件到现在为止，本书的示例应用程序主要集中在控制台和基于Windows窗体前端。