2023届中考语文阅读专项练(5)说明文阅读
(5)说明文阅读说明文阅读。
人体的色彩科学①色彩具有令人惊讶的特征之一是:它具有“重量”。
我们不妨做这样一个实验:将同样重量的两份东西分装于两个盒子,再将一个盒子用白纸包封,另一个用红纸包封,然后用手掂量掂量,你一定会觉得用红纸包封的盒子重一些。
②戴尔教授在14年前首先发现色彩有“重量”。
他经过多种复杂的实验后得出结论,各种颜色在人的大脑中都代表一定“重量”。
他还将颜色按“重量”从大到小排列成如下顺序:红、蓝、绿、橙、黄、白。
③色彩学还告诉我们,颜色不仅具有“重量”,而且还有“味道”。
这是因为我们不仅能用眼睛看清颜色,而且还能用其他器官分辨它们。
每一种颜色都代表着某一具体波长的能,我们的神经末梢,即感觉器官可以接收到这种能。
正是由于这种原因,许多盲人也能分辨颜色。
④根据这一发现,科学家们认为,人的皮肤吸收其喜爱的颜色,而拒绝其讨厌的仅过了1个小时。
而且,人的体温也会因室内的颜色的变化而变化。
如果从红色房间移到蓝色房间,人的体温就会下降。
⑤更为奇异的是,专家们发现:颜色可促进人体分泌荷尔蒙,而分泌荷尔蒙的多寡,能影响人们的身心健康和工作情绪。
如黄、橙、红等色有使人振奋提神的作用,能提高和激发人们的积极性,促使进入兴奋状态;而蓝色、紫色、绿色等则有使人平心静气的特殊效用。
因此前者能使工作环境产生活跃的气氛,刺激和增进生产活力;而后者则能使人镇定、平和,有利于完成各种复杂精细的工作。
1.专家们发现颜色具有的特性。
2.第④段中加线句运用了什么说明方法?有何作用?3.⑤段中加粗字能否删掉,为什么?4.在举重比赛中,为了使举重运动员发挥更好的水平,你认为比赛场地的地毯应是什么颜色的?杠铃应是什么颜色?这有什么好处?阅读《“登陆火星”探秘》,回答相关问题。
“登陆火星”探秘庞之浩①2021年5月15日,天问一号探测器在火星的乌托邦平原南端着陆。
②最新的科学探测发现,在火星乌托邦平原距离地面1到10米的浅表底层下方有大量地下水冰存在,储水量相当于地球面积最大的淡水湖——苏必利尔湖。
选择乌托邦平原着陆,或可揭开火星生命之谜。
但火星登陆凶险万分,探测器需要克服哪些困难?登陆火星又有哪些不同的方式?③选定着陆点后,最大的挑战就是如何在火呈着陆。
且前,世界火星探洲器着陆的成功率只有大约50%,这是由于火星距离地球太遥远了,地面的逃测和遥控信号很微弱。
另外,由于地球与火星的通信延时达10分钟以上,所以在火星着陆的全过程中,一切都要靠探测器自主进行。
还有,当火星探测器运动到火星背面时,地球上无法准确地确定其轨道参数,这就会给再入高度的选择带来困难。
④着陆前,必须提前给火星探测器注入数据,使它在着陆过程中完全自主地执行上百个程序,任何一个程序都不能有误。
⑤进入火星大气层后,火星探测器防热措施如何,降落伞、气囊和暖冲火萧等能否按程序工作,都至关重要,必须非常精确,1秒不差。
因此,火星探测器的着陆过程的每个环节都不能有闪失。
有一名美国科学家曾形容火星探测器着陆时的心情,就好像丈夫在产房外等待妻子分娩一样。
⑥原定1999年12月3日在火星着陆的美国“火星极区着陆器”在印书登陆火星表面时,由于软件错误导致其起减速作用的火箭发动机过早关闭,最终挫毁。
2016年10月20日,欧洲“火星生物学——2016”探测器中的“夏帕雷利”进入、降落和着陆演示器在着陆前与地面失去了联系,原因仅为一个一秒的计算失误,提前将降落伞与防热罩分离,导致“夏袖雷利硬着陆而撞毁。
⑦日前,探测器在火星软着陆方式主要有三种,每种方案都各有优缺点,都是依靠火星大气对进入舱和降落伞产生的阻力以及探测器上冲发动机的反推,把高速飞行的火星探测器在着陆火呈表面时的速度减为零。
⑧第一种看陆方式是气囊弹跳式。
这种方式比较简单,成本低,但只能满足重量小的火星探测器软着陆要求,且着陆精度不高。
第二种着陆方式是反推着陆腿式。
这种着陆方式复杂一些,成本高,可满足重量校大的探测器在火星软着陆要求,着陆精度校高,与“神舟“飞船返回舱返回地球类似。
第三种着陆方式是空中吊机式。
这种着陆方式最为复杂,成本最高,技术最先进,可满足重量更大的探测器软着陆要求,着陆位置也可以更精确。
(选自《科技日报》,有改)5.概括选文说明内容。
6.选文第⑥段主要采用了哪种说明方法?请说说其作用。
7.下面句子中加粗的词语能否删掉?为什么?目前,世界火星探测器着陆的成功率只有大约50%。
8.下面对选文内容理解有误的一项是()A.火星探测器运动到火星背面时,地球上无法准确地确定其轨道参数。
B.进入火星大气层后,火星探测器防热措施如何,降落伞、气囊和缓冲火箭等能否按程序工作,都很重要,但也允许有少许误差。
C.目前,探测器在火星软着陆方式主要有三种。
D.气囊弹跳着陆方式比较简单,成本低,且着陆精度不高。
阅读下面的文章,完成下列各题。
长征8号——运载火箭中的“万金油”毛新愿①2020年12月22日,中国航天年末大戏——新型中型运载火箭长征8号首次飞行试验取得圆满成功。
②在长征8号前,中国航天主要由长征2、3、4三个系列扛大梁,它们在前些年能够承担起我国航天发展的主要发射需求。
但现有的这三大主力系列还存在诸多不足,如近地轨道大型发射任务无法完成,极地/太阳同步轨道的大型任务搞不定,且均为一次性火箭,成本高,存在火箭残骸落区问题。
而后研制的四种新型火箭——长征5、6、7、11虽然优化了不少性能,但无法全面解决上述问题。
③长征火箭家族的新成员——长征8号的横空出世,就是专门用来以极高的性价比集中解决上述问题的。
该系列火箭基本定位是弥补传统长征三大系列在发射极地/太阳同步轨道方面的不足,且肩负着一个重要使命:低成本并最终实现火箭回收复用。
④太阳同步轨道和极地轨道是极其重要的轨道资源,由于能基本实现全球覆盖,所以是各种气象、遥感以及资源勘探等卫星的必备选项。
长征8号的出现就是为了完成长2、4、11做不到,而用长5、7又浪费的中型载荷的近地轨道、极地轨道、太阳同步轨道发射任务。
具体说来就是8吨以内低轨、不低于4.5吨的极地/太阳同步轨道任务。
同时,长征8号还有能力发射小型2、3吨级别的高轨任务,给长3系列做补充。
由此可见,长征8号可称为运载火箭中的“万金油”!⑤长征8号运用模块化设计理念,把长征3、7运载火箭的相关技术和发动机灵活组合,实现低成本可组装;长征8号完全采用清洁推进剂(液氧煤油、液氧液氢燃料);长征8号最大的亮点是,它将会是长征家族中首个突破火箭一级回收技术的火箭。
⑥美国太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)的猎鹰系列火箭,凭借可复用、规模化量产、成本低廉、高可靠性的“撒手锏”,在国际商业航天发射市场上引发洗牌般的“鲶鱼效应”。
美国传统的联合发射同盟不断有火箭被迫退役,著名的德尔塔火箭家族只剩下德尔塔—4重型火箭,而且目前其形势也岌岌可危。
研发可复用火箭,目前已成为航天界的共识。
⑦不过,火箭回收不是一朝一夕能够成功的,SpaceX也是在无数爆炸中才换来了成功。
2020年末首飞的长征8号虽然是不可回收版本火箭,但该型号火箭将作为我国火箭回收技术的试验田,技术成熟后会不断应用在新型火箭上,未来有望赶超猎鹰系列火箭。
总体上,终极版长征8号会是___________、___________、___________的中型运载火箭,主要面向具有国际竞争力的商业卫星发射任务。
(选自《百科知识》2021.02A,有删改)9.下列选项中对本文的理解分析错误的一项是()A.第②③段主要运用作比较的说明方法,突出了长征8号火箭肩负的重要使命。
B.长征8号把长3、7相关技术和发动机灵活组合,实现低成本可组装。
C.猎鹰系列火箭出现后,美国传统的联合发射同盟不断有火箭被迫退役。
D.文章按照逻辑顺序,先后说明长征8号设计理念、发展前景和主要特征。
10.揣摩文章中加粗的词语,回答下列问题。
①第④段“万金油”在语段中是什么意思?②第⑤段“将会”一词能否删去?为什么?11.阅读全文,在文中最后一句空白处补写“终极版长征8号火箭”的特点。
12.本文第⑥段介绍美国猎鹰系列火箭,有何作用?阅读下文,完成下列各题。
蚕春回大地,万物复苏,有一种昆虫也开启了生命的历程。
蚕的一生蚕的一个生命周期大约是60~80天。
它的一生要经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个阶段。
像芝麻般大小,经过半个月孵化为一龄幼虫。
一龄幼虫很小,像蚂蚁一样,也叫蚁蚕。
从二龄幼虫开始,蚕的食量明显增加,四、五龄幼虫的食量最大,体重也快速增加,可以达到蚁蚕的八九千倍。
蚕的幼虫期一共要蜕4次皮。
每次蜕皮前,蚕都不吃不动,像睡着了一样,但它的体内却在进行着非常剧烈的生理活动。
在短短的一天内,它要形成新皮,蜕去旧皮,让身体长大,从而进入下一个龄期。
五龄幼虫继续长大一段时间后,就不再吃桑叶了。
它会找一个地方开始吐丝结茧,为自己建造一个厚实安全的“小屋”,然后在“小屋”中化蛹。
再经过大约两个星期,蛹羽化为蚕蛾,即成虫。
蚕蛾破茧而出后开始求偶交配,雄蛾交配完成之后就死去,而雌蛾要等到产卵以后才算完成使命,力尽而亡。
(1)___________蚕在野外的桑树上生活,随时会面临恶劣的环境和天敌的围追堵截。
蚕的一生中最脆弱的时期就是刚孵化的蚁蚕期和没有行动能力的蛹期,那么蚕是怎么保护自己的呢?不是很多,所以很多小昆虫都模仿它们,这些昆虫被称为“拟蚁昆虫”,蚁蚕就是其中的一种。
蚕结茧是为了给自己营造安全的空间,可以不被打扰地在里面化蛹和羽化。
在化蛹和羽化的过程中,蚕如果被外界打扰,它们的生命进程就会停止,要么无法化蛹,要么无法羽化。
一生只吐一根丝达到了三千米。
令人惊叹的是,这是一根不间断的细丝,而且这根细丝是由几百根更细的细丝扭合而成的,因此十分坚韧牢固。
这样的蚕丝制成的丝绸非常轻薄飘逸,因此就有了“罗衣飘蝉翼”“风过动罗纹”这样的诗句。
(2)__________蚕最喜欢吃的食物就是桑叶。
蚕的嗅觉很发达,能准确地嗅到桑叶发出的类似薄荷的味道。
不过,蚕的食谱并不只是桑叶,榆树叶、无花果叶、蒲公英叶等都能成为它的食物,只是它更偏爱桑叶罢了。
但自然界的桑叶并不是一年四季都有,所以人工饲料就成了实现工厂化高效生产优质蚕茧的关键。
近年来,科研人员们研发出了能替代桑叶的人工饲料,蚕的食谱也就更加丰富了。
(文/杨红珍,选自《百科知识》,有删改)13.请在横线处各拟写一个小标题。
14.从修辞角度简析文中画框句子的表达效果。
15.选文中画直线的句子运用了哪些说明方法?有什么作用?16.在读到诗句“春蚕到死丝方尽”时,小晶说:“原来蚕吐完丝生命也就走到了尽头。
”小志说:“其实丝尽蚕未亡。
”你赞同谁的说法?请依据选文说说你的理由。
阅读下文,完成第下题。
材料一今年寒露恰逢农历九月初三,正应了白居易的《暮江吟》:“可怜九月初三夜,露似真珠月似弓。
2023中考语文真题分类汇编:说明文阅读试题(含答案解析)
说明文学校:___________姓名:___________班级:___________考号:___________一、现代文阅读(2023·湖南永州·统考中考真题)阅读说明性文章,完成各题。
贺兰山苏峪口瓷窑址重现人间马思嘉①2017年,宁夏文物考古研究所考古人员对贺兰山东麓古代文化遗址进行考古调查,贺兰山苏峪口生态保护区内的一处山坡上,发现大量闪着神秘光泽的细白瓷碎片,以及部分从流沙中浮现的窑炉遗迹。
②a据调查,瓷窑遗址占地面积约4万平方米,有13处窑炉。
2021年7月至2022年10月,宁夏文物考古研究所联合复旦大学围绕1号和2号窑炉进行正式发掘,发掘面积1000平方米,揭开了包括两座窑炉在内的完整作坊遗迹,出土大量精细白瓷产品和各类窑具,并在窑场周围发现开采瓷土、石英、煤、石灰等制瓷原料与燃料的矿坑。
③专家介绍,两座残高逾两米的马蹄形半倒焰馒头窑历经千年风雨,保存完好的风道、火膛、窑室、烟囱等遗迹揭示了当时高超的窑炉建制。
b作坊遗迹还包括瓷土粉碎、贮存、拉坯、上釉、晾坯等痕迹,反映了较为完整的制瓷工艺流程。
④今年2月15日,c国家文物局将这一考古新发现作为2023年“考古中国”重大项目重要进展发布。
2月22日,宁夏贺兰山苏峪口瓷窑址入选“中国社会科学院考古学论坛·2022年中国考古新发现”。
据考古专家推断,这一窑址始建于西夏早期,是目前国内发现的最早的西夏瓷窑址。
⑤d苏峪口瓷窑址项目负责人、宁夏文物考古研究所研究馆员朱存世说,窑址废弃后就被山上流沙掩埋,后期人类破坏极小,因此是全国瓷窑址作坊遗迹保存最好的窑场之一。
(选自《半月谈》2023年第8期,有改动)1.下列说法与原文意思相符的一项是()A.宁夏文物考古研究所考古人员发掘苏峪口瓷窑完整作坊遗迹的时间是2017年。
B.现已发掘的两座马蹄形半倒焰馒头窑高两米,虽历经千年风雨,依然保存完好。
C.考古专家认为,贺兰山苏峪口瓷窑址建于西夏早期,是国内最早的西夏瓷窑址。
2024年语文中考总复习说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
品来看。郦道元历来被认为是描写风景的高手。他不用前人的
陈词滥调,追求新颖的表达方式,比如描写河流的清澈,他用
的话是“鱼若空悬”。唐代文学家柳宗元在《小石潭记》中描写
潭水清澈时,说道:“
”这就是化用郦道元的表述。书
中写景很少有雷同之处,皆因郦道元追求语言多变。以瀑布为
例,《水经注》里用过的指代词汇有“悬流”“悬水”“悬涛”“悬
说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
2.下面的句子运用了哪些说明方法?有什么表达效果?(4 分)
清代学者沈德潜认为,在我国古代记载河流水道的 著述中,《水经注》可谓“不可无一,不容有二”。 引用和作比较,强调了《水经注》有极高的地理价值, 使说明更权威,更具有说服力。(共4分。说明方法2分, 表达效果2分)
-29-
说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
一
阅读下面的文字,回答问题。(20分)
为什么石楠“花香”如求也越
来越高。但有些植物为人类美化环境的同时,却默默背
负了诸多骂名。例如石楠,因为开花时散发出特别的气
味,被极度嫌弃。
②其实石楠心里也挺委屈的,努力开花有错吗?生命 生生不息,每个物种都有其生存之道。
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
⑤除了自然地理,《水经注》繁征博引,留下了不少 人文地理的内容。凡一水流经之地,郦道元都会考察流 域内有历史意义的事件,记述逸闻轶事。古代的神话与 传说,往往赖以保存。
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
⑥不同于一般的旅行记载,《水经注》可当作绝美的文学作
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
③石楠,属于常绿灌木或小乔木,全世界约有60余种, 分布在亚洲东部及南部。我国约产40余种,是妥妥的石 楠属植物多样性分布中心。
2023年中考语文真题专项汇编:说明文阅读(含解析)
说明文阅读【2023年天津】阅读《如何给山峰测高》一文,回答下题。
如何给山峰测高于先文①山峰的高度通常指海拔高,是以平均海水面为基准,到山顶的垂直距离。
怎样测量山峰的准确高度呢?主要有三种方法。
②目前,山高测量中精度最高的是水准测量法。
一般来说,是从山脚下一个已知海拔高的点出发,利用水准仪和两把水准尺测量相距不远两点间的高差。
水准测量精度高,误差可控制在厘米级,甚至毫米级。
但水准测量进度慢,例如,200米左右高度的山,沿上山路测量也需要1天;如果碰到草木丛生没有路的山,测量进度就更加缓慢。
因此,该方法只适合测量较低的山峰。
③相比之下,三角高程测量法要简单快捷得多。
我们测量448.9米的南京紫金山主峰,用的就是这个方法:在山脚下,利用安置在海拔高已知点上的全站仪,瞄准安置在山顶的棱镜,可测得视线的高度角和距离,利用数学方法就能算出一个垂直高差。
这个垂直高差加上已知点海拔高和全站仪高,再减去山顶棱镜高,就得到了山的海拔高。
这个方法虽然“多快好省”,但仅仅适合测量精度要求不高的山峰。
④利用北斗卫星导航定位技术测量山峰高度,工作更加简便且测量精度高。
2020年,我国科学家测量珠穆朗玛峰时就采用了这种方法。
但这个方法测得的是大地高,大地高需要减去一个叫作大地水准面差距的值,才能得到海拔高。
要想得到精确的大地水准面差距,需要有严密的数学模型和当地的重力加速度等数据,这也是2020年在珠峰测量中开展重力测量的重要原因。
目前,北斗卫星测高误差已可控制在5厘米之内;随着科学技术的进一步发展,未来可能达到毫米级精度,进而全面替代水准和三角高程测量法。
⑤掌握山峰高度,对工程建设、科学研究有着重要作用。
一方面,准确的山峰高度是工程规划、设计、施工的重要地理数据;另一方面,对于山峰及周边区域的高程监测,也可用于地壳形变、板块运动等演变机理研究,以及地震、泥石流等自然灾害预报。
此外,准确了解山峰的高度,还有利于科学家开展生态环境演变研究,分析沧海桑田的变化趋势,探索人类家园的未知奥秘。
初中语文2023中考复习说明文阅读专项练习(附参考答案)
中考语文说明文阅读练习班级考号姓名总分(一)材料一:亚洲象四肢粗壮,几乎垂直于地面,像四根柱子。
它体型庞大,雄性肩高可达3.2米,体重可达5.4吨。
亚洲象有着很高的智商和独特的思维能力,更有堪比人类的记忆力,它们能精准记住大面积区域内食物和水源的位置。
亚洲象常年都在行走,在寻找食物和季节迁移时,它们都能在丛林中开辟新的“象道”,偶尔也会借用人类开辟的道路。
在西双版纳,1991—1995年,有30头亚洲象因偷猎致死。
1996—2005年,亚洲象得到严格保护,中国境内的大象基本摆脱了被猎杀的厄运。
人象冲突的焦点,已经从盗猎和杀戮,变成了保护与发展的矛盾。
(摘编自刘东黎《观象》)材料二:2021年,一群来自西双版纳的野生亚洲象一路向北迁移,进入昆明。
在当地政府的柔性引导和细心呵护下,终于,它们在外“游荡”数月后,向南跨过元江,重返家园。
这群陆地“巨无霸”的大胆行为吸引了全世界的目光。
有日本媒体专门做了一期节目,详细介绍这次长达数百公里的“奇幻旅行”,称“中国政府对迁移中大象的呵护令人印象深刻”。
而网友则表示:“逛吃逛吃,一路溜达,大象之旅诠释了什么叫共建地球生命共同体。
”显然,“野象北移”事件已经成为一个缩影,见证了中国为生物多样性保护付出的努力,也向全球展示了中国生态文明建设取得的显著成效。
近些年来,我国不断推进自然保护地建设,保护了重要自然生态系统和生物资源,在维护重要物种栖息地方面发挥了积极作用。
(摘编自《生物多样性保护:在美丽的中国,看生机如此盎然》,《光明日报》2022年4月25日)材料三:生物多样性不仅指生物种类的多样性,还包括基因的多样性和生态系统的多样性。
一方面,每种生物都是由一定数量的个体组成的,这些个体的基因组成是有差别的,它们共同构成了一个基因库;每种生物又生活在一定的生态系统中,并且与其他的生物种类相联系。
另一方面,某种生物的数量减少或灭绝必然会影响它所在的生态系统;当生态系统发生剧烈变化时,也会加速生物种类的多样性和基因多样性的丧失。
新部编人教版中考语文 说明文阅读专题训练阅读训练含解析
新部编人教版中考语文说明文阅读专题训练阅读训练含解析一、中考语文说明文阅读专题训练1.阅读下列文字,回答小题。
中国,最贫穷的挥霍者①就水来说,中国是世界上最贫穷的挥霍者。
②联合国一项研究报告指出:全球现有12亿人面临中度到高度缺水的压力,80个国家水资源不足,20亿人的饮水得不到保证。
预计到2025年,形势将会进一步恶化,缺水人口将达到28亿至33亿。
世界银行的官员预测,在未来的5年内,“水将像石油一样在全世界运转”。
③我国属于缺水国之列,人均淡水资源仅为世界人均淡水量的1/4,居世界第109位。
在人均水资源方面,中国已被列入全世界13个贫水国家之一,而且分布不均,大量淡水资源集中在南方,北方淡水资源只有南方淡水资源的1/4。
据统计,全国600多个城市中有一半以上城市不同程度缺水,沿海城市也不例外,甚至更为严重。
目前我国城市供水以地表水或地下水为主,或者两种水源混合使用,有些城市因地下水过度开采,造成地下水位下降,有的城市形成了几百平方公里的大漏斗,使海水倒灌数十公里。
由于工业废水的肆意排放,导致80%以上的地表水、地下水被污染。
专家们警告:“20年后中国将找不到可饮用的水资源。
”美国民间有影响的智囊机构—世界观察研究所发表的一份报告中称:“由于中国城市地区和工业地区对水需求量迅速增大,中国将长期陷入缺水状况。
”中国的黄河在过去的10多年间,年年断流,其中1997年断流226天。
流经中国一些人口稠密地区的淮河去年也断流了90天。
从卫星拍摄的照片看,数百个湖泊正在干涸,一些地方性的河流也在消失。
目前全国600多座城市中,有300多座城市缺水,其中严重缺水的有108个。
其中北京市的人均占有水量为全世界人均占有水量的1/13,连一些干旱的阿拉伯国家都不如。
④但是,广大老百姓能感受到我们如此地窘境吗?没有。
⑤就生产用水来说,在宁夏的一些地方,每亩水稻一年大约需要浇2000多立方米水,一亩小麦要浇1200多立方米水。
中考模拟真题速递】第一期 专题5 阅读理解之说明文10篇-备战2023年中考英语二轮复习(广东专用)
第一期专题05 阅读理解之说明文10篇(2022·广东韶关·校考二模)A record of 1,101 manatees(海牛) died in Florida last year, many from hunger. So last December, government wildlife experts thought up a plan to give food to the manatees. They decided to feed them green vegetables like lettuce and cabbage. Ron Mezich, an expert, said, “We’re making a difference.” So far, they have served up more than 193,000 pounds of lettuce to hungry manatees. But as the weather is getting warm, the program is expected to end soon.Manatees are huge sea animals that only eat sea grass and other plants that live in the sea. That’s one reason why they’re sometimes called “sea cows”. Since 1967, Florida’s manatees have been on the US government’s list of endangered animals. Most dangers to manatees come from humans. One of the biggest problems facing the animals are boats. Manatees are curious (好奇的) and fairly slow. That has led to thousands of manatees being hit or killed by boats. At one point, there were only about 2,000 manatees left in Florida. With protection, the number increased. In 2016, there were more than 6,000 manatees.However, as sea grass began to disappear, the number of manatees keeps going down again. Warming seas with polluted water have created huge growths of algae (藻) on the ocean’s surface. The algae blocks the sunlight that allows the sea grass to grow. For example, in Indian River Lagoon, where manatees often go in the winter, about 90% of the sea grass beds there have died off. Long term, Florida will work to help restore (恢复) sea grass beds. But that will take time. Scientists still worry that hundreds more manatees could starve this winter.1.Why are manatees sometimes called “sea cows”?A.They are as big as cows.B.They can swim like cows.C.They have tails like cows.D.They feed on plants like cows.2.How has the number of manatees changed over years?A.B.C.D.3.Which shows the correct order of the causes of manatees’ death?A.sea pollution→growth of algae→death of see grass→death of manateesB.growth of algae→sea pollution→death of see grass→death of manateesC.sea pollution→death of see grass→growth of algae→death of manateesD.growth of algae→death of see grass→sea pollution→death of manatees4.What is the meaning of the underlined word “block”?A.provide B.prevent C.help D.attract5.Which is the best title for this passage?A.Manatees Feeding Program B.Money Given to Save ManateesC.Sea Grass Bed Restored for Manatees D.Reasons for Manatees’ Death Still Unclear(2022·广东韶关·校考二模)Games from all over the world can be fun and simple to play. Some of the games might be similar to ones you have played many times before. Others may be new to you, but one thing you can be sure is that you will enjoy how children in countries around the world like to play.JacksCountry: The United States /BrazilThings for the game: A small rubber ball and 15 star-shaped metal piecesNumber of the players: 2 to 4 peopleWay to play: Throw the ball into the air and then pick up as many jacks in one hand as possible. The man with the most jacks is the winner.Tangram (七巧板)Country: ChinaThings for the game: A set of tangramNumber of the players: Alone or a group of peopleWay to play: You begin with a square paper that has been divided into seven pieces—five triangle (三角形), a square and a rhombus (菱形). The goal is to make as many pictures as possible with the pieces.SepaktakrawCountry: ThailandThings for the game: A small colorful footbagNumber of the players: A group of peopleWay to play: The players stand in a group and try to pass the ball to one another without allowing it to touch the ground. You can only use your head, shoulders, feet and leg, not your arms or hands.The next time you get together with your friends to play a game, think about trying a game from another6.________ countries are mentioned in the passage.A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five7.If Xiaoming wants to play by himself, he will choose ________.A.Jacks B.Tangram C.Sepaktakra D.Jacks and Tangram8.When people play Sepaktakraw, they can use the following parts of body Except ________.A.legs B.heads C.hands D.shoulders9.Which statement is TRUE according to the passage?A.Sepaktakraw can be played alone.B.B.Tangram is a game from Thailand.C.Sepaktakraw needs a small colorful football.D.Jacks needs 15 star-shaped metal pieces.10.The purpose of writing this passage is to ________.A.find out the differences among the games B.introduce different kinds of gamesC.show how easy to play a game with children D.encourage people to buy the things for the games.(2022·广东江门·校考一模)By 2050, the world will be urbanized(都市化的). Nearly 70% of the world’s population will live in cities. Many of them will develop into large cities with a population of more than 10 million. Moving people around each large city will be a very big challenge. The traffic speed in London will fall to about 7 miles per hour. Around the same speed it was 150 years ago, in the days of the horse and cart.But city planners are working on ways to solve the problem.Self-driving CarsRobot TaxisBusesBikesFor many people, urban transport in 2050 might be cool.11.Most of people will live ________ by 2050.A.in big cities B.in small cities C.in London D.in villages12.________ means of transport will help the traffic in the future according to tho passage.A.Two B.Three C.Four D.Five13.The underlined word “Self-driving” probably means ________ in Chinese.A.People need to go out by robot taxis.B.People need to have a driver on their own.C.People don’t need to drive by themselves.D.People need to drive a car when they go out.14.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A.The traffic speed in London will be slow because of the large population.B.There will be robot taxis in the city streets by 2040.C.Buses can make the way by themselves.D.Roads for bikes will be high above city streets.15.The best title for the passage may be ________.A.Cars In The Future B.Buses In The FutureC.Bikes In The Future D.Transport In The Future(2022·广东清远·统考一模)Everyone knows that exercise is important. We all need to exercise. Doctors say it is good for us. It makes our heart and body strong. Children who often exercise are more alert(思维捷的). This means they do better in tests and schoolwork than those who don’t exercise.There are many ways to exercise. You can walk, run, swim, skate, or play ball games. Make sure you exercise in the following ways.You have to like what you’re doing.Exercise enough, but not too much. It’s best to exercise twice each week. Thirty minutes each time is enough.Try all kinds of things until you find one, two or even three sports right for you.Lots of people choose to exercise at fitness centers(健身中心). Why? Because there is a lot of sports equipment(器材)there. The equipment will help exercise your arms, legs and other parts of your body to makeyou healthy. Some people buy sports equipment, but it is very expensive.Exercising can be fun. Friends can exercise together at a fitness center or they can play sports together outside. How do you exercise?16.In the passage, the writer tells us that we all need to ________.A.drink B.sleep C.exercise D.rest17.Which of the following sports is NOT mentioned in the passage?A.Fishing.B.Running.C.Swimming.D.Walking.18.It’s best to exercise ________ a week and ________ each time.A.once; thirty minutes B.twice; half an hourC.three times; half an hour D.four times; an hour19.What does the underlined word “right” mean here in Chinese?A.右边的B.合适的C.正确的D.没关系20.According to the passage, why do many people go to fitness centers to keep healthy?A.Because they have much free time.B.Because they don’t think they can keep healthy at home.C.Because there are different kinds of sports equipment at fitness centers.D.They like it.(2022·广东江门·统考一模)Not everyone is born smart or good at sports. But everyone can study to become smarter and train to get better at sports. Science shows that anyone can get better skills.Your brain is made up of billions of neurons(神经元). They are all connected and send messages to each other. Scientists have found that when we learn, neurons make new connections and old connections grow stronger. But if connections aren’t used, they will break down. So, learning is like exercise for your brain.A mindset is a way of thinking. Some people have a fixed mindset. They think they are either smart or stupid and they will stay that way forever. Other people have a growth mindset and they think they can learn and get better.According to Dr. Carol Dweck’s studies, people with a fixed mindset worry about grades. They’re afraid of looking stupid when they make mistakes. People with a growth mindset care about learning, not grades. They learn from their mistakes and try to find different ways of solving problems. They ask for help when necessary. In only two years, babies learn to walk, talk and feed themselves. They never worry about looking stupid when learning. If they make mistakes, they just try again.Dweck’s team discovered that kids can choose to have a growth mindset. They can do better in school. Sonotice what mindset you have. If you ever think yourself stupid, it’s not true. You just have not learned how to do something yet.21.Everyone can get better skills by ________.A.eating healthy food B.getting enough exerciseC.sleeping well D.studying or training22.When you learn, neurons will ________.A.collect messages B.make new connectionsC.make old connections weaker D.break down23.The underlined word “fixed” in the passage means ________ in Chinese.A.变化的B.固定的C.聪明的D.修复的24.The writer gives the example of babies in Paragraph 4 to show ________.A.babies learn skills faster than older peopleB.babies have fewer worries than older peopleC.babies learn from mistakes to learn new skillsD.babies easily make mistakes in daily life25.The passage is about to ________.A.advise us to choose the proper way of thinking B.advise us to learn with smart peopleC.show us how neurons work in our brains D.compare two special ways of thinking(2022·广东惠州·统考一模)Imagine a perfect day: the weather is good and everything seems fine. When, suddenly, your mobile phone loses its signal, the television has no programs, and you can’t get online with your computer. What has happened? These are just the types of problems a solar storm (太阳风暴) might cause. You may not think of storms as putting our society in danger. But today, a solar storm is as serious as other bad events, such as earthquakes.A solar storm is caused by solar flares (太阳耀斑): large explosions (爆炸) near the sun that can give off lots of energy. The strong energy can stop the satellite systems that control our computer, telecomputer networks and so on. These storms can even cause the power to go out for weeks or months.In the past few months, scientists have recorded some of the strongest sun flares in years. The most recent one happened around Valentine’s Day, 2011. It caused radio and satellite signals to go down in some northern cities in China.“Solar flare activity is going to be much worse than what we’ve seen in the past. We’re not talking about a few cities losing power, it could be half of the country, maybe more,” a US website about space weather, warned.Scientists say that little can be done to predict such a storm. Governments around the world are trying to work together before the next storm, although they are not sure when that may happen.26.According to the passage, a solar storm can cause many problems except that ________. A.earthquakes happen B.mobile phones have no signalsC.people cannot get online D.the power may go out27.According to the passage, solar flares are ________.A.telecomputer networks B.solar stormsC.large explosions near the sun D.the energy of the sun28.In 2011, ________ caused radio and satellite signals to go down in some northern cities in China. A.earthquakes B.satellite systems C.solar flares D.telecomputer networks29.From the passage, the right order of the following is ________.a. Solar flares give off lots of energy.b. People can’t get online with their computers.c. Solar storms happen.d. Satellite systems are stopped.A.a-b-c-d B.a-c-d-b C.c-a-b-d D.c-b-a-d30.This article mainly tells us ________.A.the weather is good and everything seems fine on a perfect dayB.something about why we can’t get online with our computerC.some facts about a solar stormD.how to predict a solar storm(2022·广东江门·江门市陈白沙中学校考二模)You may have heard the saying “The Yangtze River is China’s mother river.” It is almost 6,400 kilometers long. As the world’s third-longest river, it covers one-fifth of China’s land area. The Yangtze River Economic Zone(长江经济带) covers eleven provinces and cities, making up about forty percent of China’s total population and GDP.On December 26, China passed the Yangtze River Protection Law, which came into force on March 1, 2021. It is the first law to protect a waterway in China.The mother river is in great need of protection because something is wrong with it. For example, because of overfishing and water pollution, the river’s Chinese paddlefish has died out there. There’s also desertified land and soil pollution near the river.According to the law, fishing will not be allowed in all of the Yangtze’s natural waterways, including its major tributaries(支流) and lakes. Those who are caught fishing will be fined(罚款) 50,000 to 500,000 yuan.Digging sand will be strictly limited(限制) in the river. Many companies are digging sand along the river.However, this has led to lower water levels on the river, which has caused the river’s water to decline.Companies and factories along the river will need to focus on green development. If their activities do harm to the waterways, they will be moved away, the law says.31.The Yangtze River covers ________ of China’s land area.A.20%B.50%C.40%D.10%32.Which of the following is TRUE about the Yangtze River Protection Law?A.It was passed on March 1, 2021B.It came into force about ten years ago.C.It has increased the population of the area.D.It is the first law to protect a waterway in China. 33.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?A.There is nothing wrong about the mother river.B.Overfishing is the only reason why Chinese paddlefish has died out.C.People can go fishing in Yangtze’s major tributaries.D.A person may be fined 80,000 yuan for fishing in Yangtze River.34.The underlined word “decline” in the passage means ________.A.dry B.fall C.disappear D.increase35.What’s the purpose of the passage?A.To explain the new law to us.B.To tell us not to fish in Yangtze’s major tributaries.C.To tell us not to dig sand along the river.D.To give us suggestions on protecting the Yangtze River.(2022·广东江门·江门市福泉奥林匹克学校校考二模)The World Health Organization says that teenagers of the world’s do not get enough exercise, influencing their current and future health.The WHO says that kids should get at least an hour of medium to hard exercise every day. A research done by the UN health agency found 81 percent of students aged between 11 and 17 fail to get daily physical activity such as walking, riding a bike or playing sports. The report on global trends for teenagers physical activity is based on survey data collected on 1.6 million students from 146 countries since 2001.Exercise is really important for the health of the heart and lungs. More and more research are showing that physical activity is associated with better heart and lungs, mental health and cognitive (认知) activity, which have influenced on students’ learning. Exercise, along with healthy eating, is also viewed by experts as key to controlling a global over-height. The report did not mention why teenagers aren’t active in exercise, but it suggested digital technology means more young people spend too much time on computers and mobile phones.The study also found 85 percent of girls and 78 percent of boys surveyed failing to hit the daily exercise target. Male youths in rich Western countries and female youths in South Asia get the most exercise. While in China, the qualified rate of Chinese students’ physical test in 2018 was 91.91 percent, and the excellent and good rate was 30.57 percent. From 2016 to 2018, the situation of student’s exercise and health in the country showed an upward trend. However, the physical health of Chinese students hasn’t much improved, said Liu Bo, director of the Division of Sports Science and Physical Education in Tsinghua University.The current rate of over-weight among students is still high, according to a report released by the Chinese Ministry of Education. Therefore, we should encourage families, schools and society to guide students to develop healthy habits since childhood, do more exercise and prevent diseases such as shortsightedness and over-weight. 36.Which of the following statements is TRUE about the research?A.Many teenagers don’t meet the requirements of the experiment.B.Girls are more likely to do less exercise than boys.C.Teenagers spend less time doing exercise at home.D.Nonwhite teenagers spend more time on physical activities than white teenagers.37.Which of the following isn’t associated with physical activity?A.Heart.B.Lungs.C.Learning.D.Mental health.38.Teenagers need to _________.A.wear a belt in their hands every day B.report their location every 30 seconds every dayC.wear the accelerometer and GPS tracker in the waist D.exercise for 60 minutes every day39.What does the underlined word “digital” mean in Chinese?A.经济的B.信息的C.数字的D.计数的40.The best title for this passage may be _________.A.Teenagers Aren’t Getting Enough Exercises B.School Should Pay More Attention to Teenager’s Health C.Teenagers Don’t Like Exercise Nowadays D.Teenagers Get Half Their Day’s Activity at School(2022秋·广东惠州·九年级统考一模)Have you ever seen a solar panel(太阳能电池板) in your neighborhood? Solar panels take energy from the sun and turn it into electricity. Over the past ten years, the price of solar panels has gone down greatly. In many parts of the world, solar energy is now the cheapest form of electricity. More and more people have started using solar energy to power their homes. However, common solar panels also have their problems. They stop working at night and on rainy days. Is it possible to make them produce electricity all of the time?Scientists at Suzhou University, China, have invented a new solar panel now. It can produce electricity notonly from solar energy but also from falling rain. When a raindrop falls on the solar panel and then rolls(滚动) down, it creates friction(摩擦力) on the surface(表面) of the panel, which can then be turned into electricity.Sun Baoquan is one of the inventors. “Our new invention can produce electricity in any weather during the day,” he says. “It can even provide electricity at night if there is rain.”The solar panel, however, does not make much electricity from falling rain. So Sun Baoquan is still working hard to improve it. The scientist also wants to make more flexible solar panels, which are as soft as cloth. They will be much lighter and provide more electricity.The field of solar energy is developing fast. Scientists around the world have been improving solar panels. Some have been working on ways to join solar panels and wind power together. Some have been trying to use sunlight to produce liquid and gas fuels(液体和气体燃料).41.In many parts of the world, the cheapest form of electricity is ________.A.solar energy B.water energy C.wind energy D.light energy42.Common solar panels are not good enough because ________.A.the price of them is rising B.they can’t work all of the timeC.they can hardly power people’s homes D.they can’t take energy from the sun43.The new solar panel made by scientists at Suzhou University can ________.A.create more electricity at night B.provide electricity even in rainy conditionsC.turn water into electricity D.produce electricity from falling rain only44.The underlined word “flexible” in Paragraph 5 mean ________in Chinese.A.光滑的B.坚硬的C.柔软的D.粗糙的45.We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.A.there is no room for developing solar energyB.solar panels don’t need to be improved any moreC.solar energy has completely replaced other kinds of energyD.there is no end to the research in the field of solar energy(2022秋·广东阳江·九年级统考一模)Nowadays, more and more people use the internet to shop, pay bills, and keep in touch with friends. As a result, a lot of our important personal information is online. And it becomes a target (目标) for online thieves (贼).Online thieves try new tricks every day. They won’t just try to steal your credit card (信用卡) numbers. They’ll try to win your trust to get your personal information. They will tell lies and make up stories in order to get money from you.However, if we pay much attention and learn about these, it will be easy for us to guard and protect our information.Many these things come by e-mail. When you receive any e-mails that you’re not expecting, don’t open them! They may let thieves control your computer.Also, if you follow a link (链接) in an e-mail, don’t enter any information on that website. The website may be fake. Thieves hope you will think it’s the real thing. Type the address yourself if you want to visit the website.Thieves might also pretend to be your friends on social networks (人际网). They’ll send you messages and ask you to lend them money. Before you do that, call your friends to make sure if they really need help. They may need it, or they may not know what you’re talking about. Then you’ll know what to do next.46.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A.The Internet.B.An online activity.C.The way to buy things.D.The personal information.47.What is the final purpose of online thieves according to the passage?A.To control you and your computer.B.To win your biggest trust.C.To try to cheat for your money.D.To know your personal information.48.The word “fake” in Paragraph 5 means ________ in Chinese.A.可信任的B.假的C.难堪的D.出乎意料的49.According to the passage, we’re supposed to protect ourselves online by ________.A.never using the internetB.refusing to open any online emailsC.making sure if a message for help is trueD.avoiding visiting any strange website50.What is the main purpose of the passage?A.To introduce how online thieves cheat us.B.To tell us how to protect ourselves from online thieves.C.To describe what we can do online.D.To explain to us how internet tricks take place.参考答案:1.D2.B3.A4.B5.A【导语】本文主要介绍了海牛所面临的问题以及政府的保护措施。
2023年中考语文一轮复习:说明文阅读练习(说明方法)
2023中考语文一轮复习:说明文阅读练习(说明方法)一、阅读下面文章,完成下面小题。
用“氢”洁理念塑造未来交通①随着亚洲地区机动车保有量的快速上升,交通拥堵已经成为许多地方无法避免的“大城市病”。
②目前,人们对于新能源汽车的理解大多停留在混动汽车和纯电动汽车层面,但是其实人类对于各种能源和电池的探索一直都在进行。
比如,氢就是一种能量密度很高的清洁可再生能源。
从补充速度的角度看,充氢比充电的速度快得多,但是长期以来,氢的存储和运输难题一直都在阻碍氢能的大规模应用。
锂电池的发展经过多年的并喷目前已经开始趋缓,而随着技术的进一步提升,氢燃料电池将成为最具潜力的新一代能量提供系统之一..。
理论上,氢燃料电池车的排放物只有水,因此被称为“终极环保车”。
③欧美等发达国家在2000年以后才加速对氢气能源的开发和基础构建,而现代汽车集团无疑是氢燃料电池车研发领域最早取得显著成绩的汽车制造商:1998年开始研发,2000年11月首次推出了圣达菲燃料电池车;2006年独立研发成功途胜氢燃料电池车;2013年2月,第三代车型ix35FCEV 首次量产,对全球汽车进入环保时代意义深远。
现代汽车还参与了英国首个氢燃料电池车的网络和基建项目,英国政府将与现代汽车合作,从2015年开始正式向公共机关和个人出租氩燃料电池车辆。
④值得一提的是,核心零部件难以量产一直是制约各大厂商的瓶颈,攻克这一难题并不容易。
如今,现代在包括驱动马达、电子功率零部件、锂电池包及燃料电池集成模块等在内的零部件均成功实现全球首家量产。
据悉,现代汽车未来还将投入150亿韩元“氢气基金”来开发燃料电池零件。
⑤由于氢燃料电池车的理论唯一排放物是水,因此相较传统汽车,它可以充分利用自身的产物——水作为使用资源。
现代FE燃料电池概念车名称中的“FE”全称为 F uture E co,即未来生态的意思,这体现了其运用创新型新技术,并契合了这款车本身的生态友好特性一一也是对其独特燃料源的认可。
2023中考语文说明文阅读真题及答案
2023中考语文说明文阅读真题及答案2023年中考语文说明文阅读真题1. 屏幕是如何制造的?屏幕是我们日常生活中经常接触到的电子设备,它在电脑、手机、电视等各个领域中发挥着重要的作用。
那么,屏幕是如何制造的呢?首先,屏幕的核心部件是液晶显示屏。
制造液晶显示屏需要用到高纯度的硅素材料,并通过化学聚合技术将硅制成类似薄膜状的基板。
然后,在基板表面涂覆液晶材料,并使用精密的光刻技术对其进行微米级别的图案刻蚀。
刻蚀后的液晶基板上形成了各个液晶分子组成的小单元,这些小单元组合起来就形成了整个屏幕的像素点。
接下来,制造屏幕还需要进行背光源的安装。
背光源可以是冷阴极灯管或者是LED灯。
背光源的主要作用是提供光源,使得屏幕上的画面能够清晰可见。
背光源安装完成后,还需要将其与液晶基板通过特殊的封装技术进行固定,形成一个完整的屏幕。
制造好的屏幕需要经过严格的测试和质量检查,确保其正常运行和显示效果。
最终,经过层层工序和检验,屏幕制造完成,并可以应用到各个电子设备中。
2. 玻璃的制作工艺玻璃是一种常见的材料,广泛应用于建筑、家居和工业领域。
那么,玻璃是如何制作出来的呢?首先,制作玻璃需要石英砂、碳酸钠和石灰石等原材料。
这些原材料经过一系列处理,包括破碎、洗涤和筛分等,以去除杂质和调整成分比例。
接下来,将经过处理的原材料送入玻璃窑炉进行熔化。
窑炉内温度高达1500℃以上,原材料在高温下熔化并形成玻璃液体。
玻璃液体经过一段时间的保温,使其温度逐渐降低并达到稳定状态。
随后,将玻璃液体从玻璃窑炉中取出,并通过特殊的工艺将其浇铸成平板,或者制成玻璃管、玻璃瓶等不同形状的产品。
在制作过程中,还可以根据需要添加不同的颜料和添加剂,以改变玻璃的颜色和特性。
最后,制作好的玻璃产品需要经过退火等工艺的处理,以消除内部应力和提高强度。
同时,还需要进行切割、打磨和抛光等加工工序,使得玻璃表面光滑且无刺眼的边缘。
综上所述,制作玻璃需要经过原材料处理、熔化、浇铸和加工等多个步骤,最终得到各种形状和特性的玻璃产品。
2023届中考语文专题练现代文阅读(说明文):说明结构问题(解析版)
现代文阅读(说明文):说明结构问题(共18题)一、复合题(共18题)1.阅读下文,完成下面问题。
晋祠梁衡①从山西省太原市西行40 里,有一座悬瓮山。
在山下的参天古木中,林立着一百多座殿堂楼阁和亭台桥榭。
悠久的历史文物同优美的自然风景浑然融为一体,这就是著名的晋祠。
②晋祠的美,在山,在树,在水。
③这里的山,巍巍的,有如一道屏障;长长的,又如伸开的两臂,将晋祠拥在怀中。
春日黄花满山,径幽香远;秋来草木萧疏,天高水清。
什么时候拾级登山都会心旷神怡。
④这里的树,以古老苍劲见长。
有两棵老树:一棵是周柏,另一棵是唐槐。
那周柏,树干劲直,树皮皴裂,顶上挑着几根青青的疏枝,偃卧在石阶旁。
那唐槐,老干粗大,虬枝盘曲,一簇簇柔条,绿叶如盖。
还有水边殿外的松柏槐柳,无不显岀苍劲的风骨。
以造型奇特见长的,有的偃如老妪负水,有的挺如壮士托天,不一而足。
圣母殿前的左扭柏,拔地而起,直冲云霄,它的树皮上的纹理一齐向左边拧去,一圈一圈,纹丝不乱,像地下旋起了一股烟,又似天上垂下了一根绳。
晋祠在古木的荫护下,显得分外幽静、典雅。
⑤这里的水,多、清、静、柔。
在园里信步。
但见这里一泓深潭,那里一条小渠。
桥下有河,亭中有井,路边有溪。
石间细流脉脉,如线如缕;林中碧波闪闪,如锦如缎。
这些水都来自“难老泉”。
泉上有亭,亭上悬挂着清代著名学者傅山写的“难老泉”三个字。
这么多的水长流不息,日日夜夜发出叮叮咚咚的响声。
水的清澈真令人叫绝,无论多深的水,只要光线好,游鱼碎石,历历可见。
水的流势都不大,清清的微波,将长长的草蔓拉成一缕缕的丝,铺在河底,挂在岸边,合着那些金鱼、青苔以及石栏的倒影,织成一条条大飘带,穿亭绕榭,冉冉不绝。
当年李白来到这里,曾赞叹说:“晋祠流水如碧玉。
”当你沿着流水去观赏那些亭台楼阁时,也许会这样问:这几百间建筑怕都是在水上漂着的吧?⑥晋祠,真不愧为我国锦绣河山中一颗璀璨的明珠。
(有删改)(1) 在第③段横线处填入合适的关联词。
湖北省襄阳市三年(2024-2023-2024)中考语文试卷分类汇编说明文阅读(含解析)
湖北省襄阳市三年(2024-2023-2024)中考语文试卷分类汇编说明文阅读(含解析)说明文阅读湖北省襄阳市2023年中考语文试卷10.(7分)说明文阅读。
揭秘天舟六号上的那些“黑科技"宋晨陈凯姿温竞华①5月11日,天舟六号货运飞船成功对接于空间站天和核心舱后向端口。
本次任务中,有哪些科技产品为天舟六号货运飞船保驾护航?高科技船衣:柔性“盔甲”贴身有型②天舟六号货运飞船完成总装和综合测试之后,需要转运并进行下一步工作。
在此期间,必须适应海南高温、高湿、高盐雾的特殊环境。
③为此,航天科技集团五院为其量身打造了一套新型柔性船衣,这套船衣的主体结构由里层、中芯和外层组成,不仅可以阻隔高温、高湿、高盐雾环境对飞船的影响,还是防雨、防尘、防雷电、防污染的“盔甲"。
④研制人员首次采用刚柔结合式设计理念,专门设计了前锥段船衣支撑装置,有效避免船衣磕碰划伤敏感设备和电缆,并针对后锥段大量的载荷设备凸出物设计了不同大小的“帽子”,加强对个别载荷的保护,让柔性船衣穿起来既“贴身"又“有型”。
舱门保护罩:一“罩"呵护安全出入⑤当天舟六号货运飞船与空间站完成“太空牵手”后,航天员将通过舱门进入货运飞船,拆解来自地球的“大礼包"。
⑥为确保航天员进出舱以及在轨工作和生活的安全与便利,航天科技集团五院508所研制人员分别设计了舱内用、舱外用两种规格的舱门保护罩。
航天员在舱内工作和生活时,只需将“骨架式”舱门保护罩口部撑开,就像给电视机、空调套上防尘罩一样套在舱门上,便可保护整个舱门安全。
⑦航天员出舱时,在厚重的舱外服和舱外手套的限制下,操作灵活性、抓握能力降低。
舱外用保护罩被设计成“卷帘式"结构,只需将其左右两侧的把手固定在舱门相应位置,一“抓”、一“套"、一“拉”几个简单的操作即可完成安装,守护航天员安全出入。
太阳电池阵:“巨能翅膀"动力满满⑧相较于此前批次货运飞船的载货量,天舟六号货运飞船再次扩容,整船物资装载能力大幅提高。
