在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料
乡村旅游外文翻译文献
乡村旅游外文翻译文献乡村旅游外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译:Factors for success in rural tourism tourism developmentSince the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making older development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because oftourism's ability to bring in dollars and to generate jobs and support retail growth. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine those factors that have helped rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. Several focus groups were conducted with local businesspersons and leaders in six rural Illinois communities. The results clearly demonstrate the importance of the community approach to tourism development and that rural tourism development and entrepreneurship cannot work without the participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly and indirectly involved in tourism.Since the 1970s, economic restructuring and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural communities. As rural joblessness rates rose above urban levels, real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid 1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small rural towns. Not surprisingly, a 1992 statewide survey in Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).These changes limited rural communities’economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural developmentstrategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994). Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and their distinct cultural, historic, ethnic, and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993). Rural tourism also is less costly and easier to establish than other rural economic development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally with participation from local government and small businesses, and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside firms or companies. Although tourism can be expensive to develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can involve large firms and chains, rural tourism can be developed with relatively little investment credit, training, and capital. Hence, rural tourism can be less costly to develop as compared to other economic development strategies; additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be in an area. Rural tourism provides a base for these small businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities because of their small populations. Tourism particularly helps two types of small businesses in rural areas—those directly involved in tourism (e.g., attractions and hotels/motels) and those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms) and can generate important secondary income for farm households (Oppermann 1996).Nonetheless, rural tourism remains one of the few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other economic development strategies, rural tourism requires several components to be successful.Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community; (2) promotion:the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tourists are treated by both community residents and employees in tourism businesses and attractions (Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs and their role in fostering these components.While the above components and a community’s assets are clearly important to tourism development, only the widespread participation and contribution of rural tourism entrepreneurs can ensure a broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the development of tourism. One view, drawing heavily on the economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping and creating individuals businesses and then letting them compete in the marketplace for a review and description of this view). This view, however, has been critiqued because (1) it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated from the larger community and its issues;(2) it does not recognize the interdependence of the various sectors and actors involved in tourism; and (3)most small tourism business, especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual resources to promote either themselves or the community as a tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou 1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name implies, the approach argues that tourism is a community product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership and formal and informal networks)directly involved in tourism development and promotion effort (Murphy 1985). While the community approach may be an effective way to develop and promote tourism, creating the necessary intercommunity cooperation and collaboration is a complex and difficult process. Businesses are asked to share resources while simultaneously competing. Local governments may see collaborating to develop tourism as risky, or they may be worried about losing control over local decision making (Huang and Stewart 1996; Jamal and Getz 1995). Because of these problems, research on collaboration and those factors that allow for community development of tourism is needed . The purpose of the present study is to identify and examine those factors that help rural communities successfully develop tourism and its entrepreneurship opportunities. The present study makes an additional contribution to the research literature by including rural tourism entrepreneurs, an overlooked group in rural tourism research (Stokowski 1990).乡村旅游发展成功因素作者：苏珊娜威尔逊，丹尼尔·朱莉和约翰国籍：美国出处：SAGE 出版社中文译文：20世纪70年代以来，经济体制的改革和农业危机使得农村社区经济发展的选择减少，同时促使老年人发展战略可行性降低，迫使人们去寻找非传统的方式来维持生计。
旅游的英语论文带翻译
- "What are the operating hours for [attraction]?"
- "Is there a guided tour available?"
- "Are there any discounts for students or seniors?"
Traveling is a popular activity that many people partake in, whether it is for leisure, education, or business purposes. It allows individuals to explore new places, learn about different cultures, and create memories that last a lifetime. In this paper, we will delve into the topic of travel in English, discussing its importance, the benefits it provides, and providing useful templates and sample phrases for different travel-related situations.
旅游是许多人参与的一项流行活动，无论是为了休闲、教育还是商务目的。它使个人能够探索新的地方，了解不同的文化，并创造一生难忘的回忆。在本论文中，我们将深入探讨英语中的旅游主题，讨论其重要性，提供的好处，并为不同的旅行相关情景提供有用的模板和例句。
沙漠旅行英文作文带翻译
沙漠旅行英文作文带翻译Title: A Journey Through the Desert。
The desert, a vast expanse of sand and sky, holds a mystical allure for adventurers seeking the thrill of the unknown. My recent expedition into the heart of the desert was both exhilarating and enlightening, as I ventured into the sandy abyss with a spirit of curiosity and determination.Our journey began at the crack of dawn, as the first rays of sunlight painted the dunes with hues of gold and amber. With our supplies carefully packed and our camels laden with water and provisions, we set off into the endless sea of sand. The heat was intense, shimmering waves rising from the ground like a mirage, but we pressed on, guided by the promise of discovery.As we traversed the rugged terrain, the desert revealed its secrets to us gradually. We encountered oases nestledamidst the dunes, their lush greenery a stark contrast to the arid landscape that surrounded them. These oasis offered us a respite from the relentless sun, a chance to replenish our water supplies and rest our weary limbs before pressing onward.But it was not just the natural beauty of the desert that captivated us—it was also the sense of solitude and serenity that enveloped us like a cloak. In the vast emptiness of the desert, there were no distractions, no noise pollution to drown out the whispers of our own thoughts. It was a place of introspection, where the mind could wander freely amidst the silence and solitude.Yet, for all its beauty and tranquility, the desert could also be a harsh and unforgiving mistress. We faced countless challenges along the way, from sandstorms that whipped through the dunes with ferocious intensity to scorching temperatures that tested our endurance to the limit. But with each obstacle we overcame, our bond grew stronger, our resolve more resolute.As the days turned into weeks, our journey through the desert became a test of both our physical and mental fortitude. But despite the hardships we faced, we emerged from the desert not as conquerors, but as humble seekers of wisdom and truth. For in the heart of the desert, amidst the shifting sands and endless skies, we found not only adventure, but also a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us.And so, as we emerged from the desert, weary but triumphant, we carried with us the memories of our journey—a journey that had tested us in ways we could never have imagined, but had ultimately enriched our lives in ways we could never have foreseen.在沙漠中旅行的经历。
研学旅行的英语作文加翻译
English Composition on Study ToursTitle:The Enrichment of Study ToursStudy tours have become an integral part of modern education,offering students a unique opportunity to learn beyond the confines of the classroom.These educational journeys are designed to provide a holistic learning experience,combining academic study with cultural immersion and practical application.Introduction:The concept of a study tour is not new however,its significance in the educational sphere has grown exponentially in recent years.Schools and educational institutions are increasingly recognizing the value of experiential learning,which is at the heart of study tours.These trips allow students to step out of their comfort zones,engage with new environments,and apply the knowledge they have acquired in a classroom setting to realworld situations.Body:1.Cultural Exchange:One of the most significant benefits of study tours is the opportunity for cultural exchange.Students are exposed to different customs,languages,and traditions,which broadens their perspectives and fosters a greater understanding of global issues.This exposure can also inspire a lifelong interest in foreign cultures and languages.2.Practical Learning:Study tours often involve field trips to places relevant to the subjects being studied.For instance,a history class might visit historical sites,while a biology class could explore natural habitats.This practical application of theoretical knowledge helps to solidify learning and makes it more tangible for students.3.Teamwork and Social Skills:Traveling in a group requires cooperation and collaboration.Students learn to work together,solve problems,and communicate effectively,which are essential skills for both academic and professional success.The camaraderie developed during study tours can also lead to lasting friendships.4.Independence and Responsibility:Being away from home,even for a short period,can be a transformative experience for young people.It encourages them to take responsibility for their actions and becomemore independent.This is a crucial step in their personal growth and development.5.Career Exploration:Study tours can also provide insights into potential career paths.Visiting universities, companies,or research institutions can help students make informed decisions about their future education and career goals.Conclusion:In conclusion,study tours are a valuable addition to the educational curriculum.They offer a wealth of opportunities for personal and academic growth.As students navigate new environments and experiences,they gain a deeper understanding of the world around them and develop the skills necessary to succeed in an increasingly globalized society.Translation:标题：研学旅行的丰富性研学旅行已经成为现代教育不可或缺的一部分，为学生提供了一个在教室之外学习的独特机会。
大学生论文旅游发展外文文献
Measuring the Impact of Tourism upon Urban Economies:A Review of LiteratureKTHC – Knowledge, Technology, Human CapitalUgo Gasparino, Elena Bellini, Barbara Del Corpo and William MaliziaAbstractTourism is increasingly seen as a potential lever towards high economic growth, measured both in terms of income and employment. In recent years, interest in tourism has spread rapidly throughout many small and medium European cities, which previously have not considered themselves as tourist destinations. This paper reviews and summarizes the existing literature on the economic assessment of tourism with the objectives of, firstly, identifying the main categories of impacts and, secondly, constructing an inventory of methodologies available to assess them. We will progress step by step, starting from the most simplistic approaches and relaxing assumptions as we proceed. Firstly, we assume a static setting, with spare capacity. In such a setting (partial equilibrium), prices do not respond to demand shocks: only quantities (production, income and jobs) adjust. Secondly, we relax this assumption and assume that there is no spare capacity: prices respond to increasing demand (general equilibrium), leading to reallocation of resources across sectors. We then move from a static to a dynamic setting and survey those contributions that look at the relationship between tourism specialisation and long-run growth.Keywords: Tourism, Economic Impacts, Input-Output Analysis, General and PartialEquilibrium Analysis1 The partial equilibrium analysisPartial equilibrium analysis assumes that there is spare capacity unemployed resources and that, as a consequence, prices do not respond to increasing demand (perfect elastic supply). Adjustment takes place only through quantities (production, jobs, and therefore income).The basic concept of partial equilibrium analysis is that of ‘multiplier’ although, as noticed by Archer, «there is perhaps more misunderstanding about multiplier analysis than almost any other aspect of tourism research» (Archer, 1982). Multipliers measure the present economic performance of the tourism industry and the effects of short-run economic adjustments to a change in the level of tourist expenditure.The definition of multiplier, in terms of Keynes, is unequivocal: the multiplier measures the increase in economic activity generated in an economy by a unit increase in tourismgenerated in an area by an additional unit of tourist spending: for instance, if tourists spend an extra EUR 1 million in the area and this generates EUR 800,000 of income, the Keynesian multiplier is 0.81. However, alternative definitions of multipliers can be found in tourism literature. The mo st popular of these is the use of ‘ratio’ multiplier, where for example the income multiplier tends to be expressed as the ratio of a ‘total’ income generated by tourism expenditure (see Section 1.1) to the ‘direct’ income. Depending on what is meant by ‘total’ income, three types of ‘ratio’ multipliers can be generated.Despite the strong assumptions implicit in their calculation, multipliers are widely used in policy-making. They are used to study the impact of tourism on business turnover, income and employment and can be used to compare the impact of increased demand on other sectors of the economy or different policy options.In what follows, we firstly introduce the economic meaning of multipliers, analysing how the tourist expenditure ripples through the economy. Secondly, we present two widely used methodologies to calculate multipliers. Finally, we briefly discuss and compare some of the empirical results.2 The economic meaning of multipliersIn the destination tourists spend their money to buy certain goods and services. This initial tourist expenditure is generally directed to very specific sectors of the economy (lodging, restaurant, amusement, retail trade, transportation – which we will refer to asAlthough the correct methodology would require the calculation of the multiplier at the margin, it is common practice (mainly because of data limitation) to calculate income effects in terms of average, rather than marginal, tourism expenditure and to assume that there is no significant difference between them. This implies that the economy has available capacity to meet future demandTourism industries and represents additional revenues for these activities. These are the so-called direct effects.Part of those revenues is used to buy intermediate goods and services that will be used in ‘future production cycles’ (intermediate demand). A remaining part will be used to buy the services of production factors: labour, capital and land (wages, interests and profits, and rents –gross value added), to pay taxes to central and local governments, or saved. In all cases, some money could go outside the area, to intermediate producers and production factors located outside the area (i.e., it ‘leaks’ out of the local economy).However, some will remain within the area: local tourism industries will hire new localworkers (paying a bigger number of wages) and demand additional goods from local producers. As a result, local output increases, employment opportunities increase and local income rises (due to the increase in the number of wages). These are the so-called indirect effects.The increase in employment brings to an increase in the total income of local residents.Part of this income is saved and part is spent in consumption goods. This in turn generates additional demand which, as before, translates into additional production and employment (and so on). These are the so-called induced effects. Indirect and induced effects are often called secondary effects. The effect of tourism on the local economy is influenced by a few key factors: The characteristics and the spending patterns of the local tourists, affecting the direct impact on the economy. Essential features here include: The reason for travel (tourists travelling for cultural reasons spend more/less and put more/less pressure on natural and cultural resources than sun&beach tourists);The length of stay (tourists staying for the day are likely to spend a smaller share of total expenditure in locally produced goods); The accommodation chosen (hotels are more expensive than campsites).The characteristics of the tourism industries and of the local economy. Key features here include the ability of local economy to satisfy the demand of tourism industries, as well as the size and the shares of tourism industries that are locally owned. The extent of the indirect effects depends on the size of the area under study (e.g., municipal, regional, national) and on the extent to which business firms in the area supply each other with goods and services (the more likely the more diversified and interlinked is the local economy). In general, the smaller the scale of the economy and the higher the share of initial expenditure that leaks out of the local area, the fewer are these linkages and the smaller are the indirect effects. Moreover, the magnitude of indirect and induced effects depends on the share of capital, land and labour that is locally owned. For instance, small family-owned hotels and restaurants are more likely to buy local intermediate inputs than chain hotels and tourist villages. If factors are locally owned, their remunerations – profits, rent and wages – will stay locally and local community will strongly benefit from them.3. Direct, indirect and induced benefits and effects on the economy triggered by touristSpending Several types of multiplier are commonly used:Sales (or transactions) multiplier refers to the effect on business turnover (value of business turnover created by a unitary increase in tourism expenditure); Output multiplier refers to the effect on the level of output of the economy. With respect to the sales multiplier it does not only take into account the impact on turnover of local businesses, but also any changes in the level of stocks they hold. This can be useful in identifying potential supply shortfalls, or bottlenecks; Government revenue multiplier refers to the effects on governmental revenues from all sources (e.g., direct and indirect taxation, duties, licenses and fees); Income multiplier refers to the effect on incomes (sales net of intermediate consumption, including wages, salaries and profit). This is commonly regarded as the most important indicator of the economic performance of tourism industry. Income multipliers vary depending on whether they include or not incomes accruing to nonnationals residing in the region under investigation, and whether they include or not income accruing to governments. The multiplier can be measured as disposable income –the income available to individuals to spend or save, which is net of tax – or value added income – the income which includes tax and other expenditures which are defined according to national income accounting rules; Employment multiplier refers to the effect on employment. It is usually derived from the output or income multipliers. It can be expressed as the ratio of the number of ‘total’ additional jobs (e.g., direct and indirect or direct and secondary) to either the number of direct jobs (‘ratio’ multiplier) or to the initial tourist expenditure(Keynesian multiplier). Employment can be measured in terms of full time equivalent jobs, or the actual number of jobs including part-time jobs.Suppose additional tourist expenditure of EUR 1 million generating EUR 2.5 million of extra output and EUR 500 000 of direct and secondary income. It also creates 200 jobs directly and 180 secondarily. In Keynesian terms the multipliers are, respectively: 2.5 (output), 0.5 (income) and 3.8 jobs for 10 000 EUR of tourist expenditure (employment).On the other side employment, in terms of ‘ratio’ multipliers (i.e., total employment generated to direct employment) can alternatively be expressed as 1.9 (i.e., 380/200).The various multipliers are inextricably linked to each other. Sales and Output multipliers have limited use from the policy point of view, except as an indicator of the degree of economic internal linkages. On the other side, it is important for policymakers to be aware of the income and employment effects of any anticipated changes in final demand, making income and employment multipliers the most often quoted types of multipliers.Multipliers are not only influenced by the economy and tourism characteristics of the area ofconcern, but they also reflect its size (and population). Studying the impact of local tourism one of the most common errors, when the available resources do not allow independent and consistent estimations, is to ‘borrow’ multipliers evaluated at national scale (or in areas erroneously considered to be ‘equivalent’ to the area of concern) and to apply them uncritically to sub-national areas (e.g., municipalities, regions). The use of national multipliers tends usually to yield inflated estimates of impacts.The model is static and assumes that there are (unlimited) idle resources (including labour, natural resources and capital goods), which means that any increase in final demand can simply be met by proportionally increase in sectoral outputs. As a consequence, prices do not respond to increasing demand (perfect elastic supply) and the growth of tourism do not lead to a reallocation of resources across sectors. Even granted that in most economies there is some unemployment of labour, this assumption seems rather unlikely. The ability of the economy of a study area to respond immediately to changes in final demand (i.e., the absence of capacity and supply constraints) has seriously been questioned by many researchers (Briassoulis, 1991);Technologies are fixed. All firms in each sector employ the same technology, and there are neither economies nor diseconomies of scale and no substitution among inputs;The outputs of each sector are homogeneous. An industrial sector cannot increase the output of one specific product unless it proportionally increases the output of all its other products;In calculating the employment effect, the model assumes a fixed employment/output ratio. Productivity increases are not taken into consideration (any additional demand for labour translates into a proportional increase in the number of employees);It is a ‘data hungry’ methodology, as it relies on the existence and availability of a reliable case study-specific I-O matrix;The I-O matrix approximates the actual economy with respect to the year it is estimated. The farther away we are from the I-O table year, the less the evaluation corresponds to actual economy. Tourism, as any economic activity, passes through several stages during its development. The early stages of tourist development of an area are characterized by dynamic, short-term changes implying that technical coefficients do not remain stable at least for some period. Furthermore, tourism can induce developments and infrastructures in the host region that otherwise would not probably occur. As a tourist region matures, the assumption of constant coefficients may be more acceptable (but the coefficients cannot be assumed to remain constant for time periods longer than, typically, five years). At the level of multipliers,it has to be noticed that the income multiplier, expressed as ratios of money to money may not significantly change over time; Keynesian employment multiplier, however, being expressed as a ratio of number of employees to tourism expenditures, will be affected by inflation. These limitations become increasingly binding the greater the simulated change in demand. Although real world production relationships are most probably non-linear, it is not unreasonable to approximate these with linear specifications as long as the changes from the starting point remain relatively small. On the other hand, simulations that involve drastic changes from the means are likely to have poor predictive abilities.Despite of these limitations, an understanding of the caveats can help the analyst to overcome the weaknesses.Depending on the characteristics of the area of concern and on the tourist spending patterns, the assumptions at the base of I-O analysis could bias the values of the derived tourism multipliers (Fletcher, 1989; Briassoulis, 1991). As already noticed, for the employment multiplier values to hold true, it must be assumed that an increase in final demand will result in each sector increasing their demand for labour in a linear way. This will only be reasonable if every sector is operating at full utilization. Any underutilization will mean that sectors can expand output without resorting to employing additional staff. In the short run it is likely that most sectors will meet additional demand by either better utilization of existing personnel or by increasing over-time. In such cases, the employment multiplier will over-estimate the effects on employment. This can be particularly critical in the case of tourism, where the restaurant & hotel industry is typically characterized by capacity under-utilization (reflected in hotel occupancy rates lower than 100%). This means that additional tourists can be accommodated by existing hotels and restaurants with only a marginal increase in employment and in the inputs required from the other sectors of local economy. Further difficulties inherent to the assessment of employment impacts are related to seasonality problems (particularly important for sun&beach tourism) and to the fact that it is very common in tourismrelated establishments that many people employed in tourism also hold another job and part-time employment.Furthermore, it is also quite conceivable that some industries will not be able to respond to an increase in demand (particularly in the short-term run) and any increase in demand will need to be met by an increase in imports rather than an increase in the level of output of the domestic industries.There is a wide range of literature on (tourism) multipliers. We do not aim at discussing allfindings, but rather at identifying those factors that influence the values of multipliers and that might be relevant to our discussion. We will firstly discuss issues relative to the calculation of multipliers. This part will help to clarify some of the definitions presented in previous sections and to assess the range of changes involved with the different definitions. Secondly, we will discuss issues relative to the destination regions (and how they influence the value of multipliers). This will help to clarify the regional factors that we need to take into consideration in the empirical studies. Thirdly, we will discuss the relevant features of tourism and tourists’ patterns. This is very relevant for policy-making in the field of tourism; different strategic choices must be compared. Finally, we willdiscuss the issues concerning the impact on employment.Caution must however be exercised when comparing quantitatively multipliers from different studies, since multipliers might have been generated by different methodologies, include different assumptions, reflect different distributions of expenditures (e.g., more on hotel, less on shopping).Types of multiplier and their range of values.Multipliers have been widely used in research and policy support. However, their use has been often characterized by confusion and misunderstanding concerning the typologies of the used multipliers (Archer, 1982). Here we discuss the range of changes in empirical findings involved when different typologies of multipliers are used.A first distinction refers to the range of effects taken into account by the multiplier. In Singapore, income and output multiplier increase by 30% when induced effects are included (Heng and Low, 1990); the increase in the income multiplier, when also induced effects are considered, is found by Del Corpo et al (2008) to vary from 20% in Sicily to 65% in Spain. Feedback effects from surrounding regions can also be considered. Sinclair and Sutcliffe (1988) take into account feedback effects from surrounding economies and show that the size of multiplier increases by 2-7%.The second distinction refers to the affected variable (sales, output, income or employment multiplier). This is a simple and clear issue, but it is very relevant when comparing different values of multipliers. It is important to note that different definitions of multipliers are relevant for different policy objectives. The relevant multipliers should be therefore chosen when comparing different policy options with respect to a specific objective (either the maximisation of the employment, income or government revenues effect). Sales and output multipliers tend to be around the double of income multipliers (Heng and Low, 1990).Multipliers and features of destination regionThe value of the multipliers crucially depends on leakages, and therefore on the share of imports to total output. In turn, the share of import is heavily dependent on the size of theregion (small economies are relatively less self-contained than larger economies). In the specific case of tourism multipliers, the interrelationships of tourism industries with the rest of the local economy (and specifically the extent to which demand from tourism industries is satisfied with imports), is also a crucial factor.Income multipliers reach a maximum for large countries such as Turkey and the UK and in self-contained small island economies (Jamaica, Mauritius), where they vary in the range 0.50-1.20. They are just smaller for US0.90 – Archer, 1988), but sensibly lower in very open regional and urban economies such as US and UK counties (range 0.20-0.50 – Fletcher, 1989; Archer, 1982). Baaijens et al (1998) analyzed statistically (regression models) income multipliers extracted from 11 studies. A positive relationship was found with the logarithm of the population (several alternative regional characteristics –as area size, number of tourist arrivals – were also tested). A similar result was found by Chang (2001), analyzing more than 100 regional IO models varying in size and economic development (covering five US-states: California, Colorado, Florida, Michigan and Massachusetts), generated by means of the IMPLAN I-O modelling system. A ‘tourism multiplier’ was defined as a weighted sum of multipliers derived from four tourism-related sectors (lodging, eating and drinking, recreation and retail). For all the four analyzed Type II ‘tourism multipliers’ (sa les, income, value added and job) the most significant predictor, in a stepwise regression analysis, was found to be the logarithm of population. While sales, income and value added multipliers increased almost linearly with the logarithm of population, the employment multiplier showed a negative correlation (interpreted on the basis that, in the contest of the analyzed dataset, regions characterized by a smaller number of inhabitants tend to correspond to less economically developed rural areas). Using hotels as an example, higher job to sales ratio could be a result of lower room rates, or more part-time and seasonal jobs (resulting in lower average wages). Type II multipliers vs. Log (Population) for 114 US regions. The empty diamonds report the results obtained through I-O modelling (IMPLAN), while the squares correspond to the corresponding results from a statistical regression analysis with Log (Population) as dominant predictors. The lines report empirical multipliers proposed from a straightforward classification of the different regions in: ‘rural’, ‘small me tro’, ‘large metro’ and ‘State’. Multipliers and features of tourism and tourists’ patternsTourists differ in behavioural and expenditure patterns. This has consequences for the size and range of economic effects. This question is crucial when confronting different policy choices for tourism development (e.g., privileging short vs. long stays, beach resort vs. cultural tourism, etc.). Two key issues must be taken into account here.Firstly, the impact on the local economy varies not only depending on the value of the multipliers, but also on the value of the multiplicand: even if the multiplier is high, the final impact on local income will be low if the direct injection of tourist expenditure in the destination region is low. Previous research shows that tourist spending taking place through tour operators, international airlines and chain hotels often leaks out immediately without even reaching the destination economy. For example, only 42% of the price of a package holiday was received by Spain when tourists travelled on a non-Spanish airline (Istituto Espanol de Turismo, 1987). Similar results hold for Kenya: only 38% of UK tourists’ spending travelling in package holidays reached Kenya.Improving options locally available to tourists would magnify the size of economic impacts. In the case of Kenya, the use of local airlines could considerably increase the share of expenditure accruing to the Country: up to 66% if local airlines are used for internal travels, up to 80% if Kenyan airlines are used for international flights also (Sinclair, 1991). Secondly, the impact on the local economy varies with the patterns of tourist’s expenditure, in turn influenced by the motivation of the trip (pleasure vs. business, for example), the nationality of tourists, the accommodation chosen. Research shows that accommodation is a key factor, as confirmed among others by Del Corpo et al (2008). Sinclair and Sutcliffe (1988) find that the income multiplier in Malaga is lower for tourists staying in flats or villas and higher for tourists staying in hotels. This is due to the different relationships that these types of accommodation create with the local economy.On the contrary, the nationality of the tourist does not seem to be so relevant. Archer and Fletcher (1996) find no evidence that nationality of tourists made a significant difference to the size impact of tourism on the economy of Seychelles. The difference is found to be negligible also in the three case studies used by Del Corpo et al (2008), that is Bergen, Elche and Syracuse, even though in general Spanish tourists in Elche present a higher direct impact than foreigners. Finally, Heng and Low (1990) find no evidence that tourists from developing countries had a different impact than tourists from developed countries.The impacts on employmentThe ability of tourism to create jobs is of high relevance for policy-makers.As discussed in Section 1.1, employment multipliers are easily calculated in multiplier exercises. The values of the multiplier are influenced by the same factors discussed in previous sections, and therefore differ quite widely. Heng and Low (1990) find that tourism in Singapore creates over 30 jobs per million dollar of expenditure when induced effects are included and just above 25 jobs when only direct and indirect effects are calculated. Fletcher (1989) finds a similar value for Jamaica. He shows that values might be even higher for smaller economies such as Gibraltar, where he also finds that the employment multiplier of tourism expenditure is nearly the double than Ministry of Defence and other Government departments’ expenditure.Sinclair (1998) discusses few additional features concerning employment effects of tourism (based both on case studies and multiplier analysis):Tourism industries are relatively skill-intensive. This was pointed out by Diamond (1974), in his research on Turkey, and confirmed by following studies. Delos Santos etal (1983) further noticed that only 16% of employment in the tourism sector in the Philippines was unskilled and that nearly 40% was semi-skilled;Much of the employment in the catering and accommodation is on a part-time seasonal basis or family-related without a formal wage. Sinclair and Bote Gomez (1996) find that just below 10% of part-time workers in hotels and guesthouses in Spain were without a formal wage. Farver (1984) finds that hotel employment in Gambia nearly doubled in the high season with respect to the low season. He also finds that top managerial posts are usually occupied by foreigners. This appears to be true also for the Fiji Islands (Samy, 1975). However, in Kenya this trend has been reversed and top managerial posts are now being taken by residents (Sinclair, 1990).These results point out to potential important employment gains from tourism, under both a quantity and a quality perspective (although seasonality remains a problem).4 ConclusionsBased on the review of literature, we can propose a rather general classification of the impacts of tourism on urban economies:The impacts that take place through market interactions;The impacts that do not involve market interactions;The key issues that affect the size and sign of the impacts.4.1 Impacts taking place through market interactionsTourists typically demand a set of services and goods. Some of these are provided by themarket, such as restaurants, hotels, private transportation (we referred to them as tourism industries). This additional demand generates a series of impacts on the local economy: Increased expenditure by tourists increases local production (and incomes). Assuming that there is idle capacity (and prices do not respond to increased demand), the final increase is bigger than the initial increase (multiplier effect);The additional income brings with it additional jobs: directly, in the tourism sector and indirectly in the sectors serving the tourism sector;When relaxing the assumption of idle capacity, prices (as well as quantities) respond to the additional demand. Theory shows that, finally, the benefits of tourism are capitalized in higher prices of non-tradable sectors (hotels, restaurants, houses, prices of locally produced goods) and that they finally accrue to the immobile factors (e.g., land) employed in the non-tradable sector (which is able to charge higher prices).The above effects imply that there is a distributional issue, as tourism leads to a contraction of the traded sector (e.g., manufacturing) and to a decrease of real returns to all the other factors; The structural change induced in the economy may affect its capability to grow in the long run. The crucial question is whether a region relatively specialized in tourism will grow slower or faster than, for example, regions specialized in knowledge intensive industries. Theoretically, the answer depends on the long-run dynamics of prices of tourist goods compared to, for example, knowledge-intensive goods.4.2 Impacts taking place through non-market interactionsTourists do not only demand goods and services provided by the market. They also demand access to natural and cultural resources and to publicly provided goods and services (such as water, public transportation, health and security, a clean environment).This additional demand generates the following impacts.Firstly, the additional pressure on natural and cultural resources can lead to their overexploitation and degradation.Secondly, the pressure on public services will also increase, as a consequence of the additional demand for water, waste and water treatment, public transportation. The additional costs will be compensated (to some extent) by an increase of fiscal revenues following the increase of incomes and jobs.Thirdly, there is a pure external effect in terms of the congestion (noise, traffic jams) caused by the arrival of tourists.From the discussion above it follows that the size and sign of impacts will depend on the。
社交媒体旅游外文文献
社交媒体旅游外文文献社交媒体在旅游领域的外文文献非常丰富，涵盖了各个方面的研究。
以下是一些相关的外文文献，供你参考：1. Buhalis, D., & Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet—The state of eTourism research. Tourism management, 29(4), 609-623.这篇文章回顾了过去20年旅游业中信息技术的发展，特别关注了互联网和电子旅游研究的进展。
2. Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y., & Fan, W. (2017). A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism. Tourism management, 58, 51-65.这篇研究比较了主要的在线评论平台，探讨了社交媒体分析在酒店和旅游业中的应用。
3. Sigala, M. (2018). Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.这本书探讨了社交媒体在旅游和酒店业中的理论、实践和案例，提供了全面的视角和深入的研究。
4. Litvin, S. W., Goldsmith, R. E., & Pan, B. (2008). Electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. Tourism management, 29(3), 458-468.这篇文章研究了电子口碑在酒店和旅游管理中的作用，分析了其对消费者行为和决策的影响。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。
E。
卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。
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在线旅游外文文献翻译最新译文资料The online travel industry。
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