8motivation

Chapter 15 –Motivating EmployeesTrue/False１. The three key elements in the definition of motivation are energy, direction, and persistence.True (difficult)2. Reinforcement theory is related to an individual's belief that she is capable ofperforming a task.False (moderate)3. The key to reinforcement theory is that it ignores factors such as goals,expectations, and needs, and focuses solely on what happens to a person when he takes some action.True (difficult)4. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior is a function of its consequences.True (easy)5. Adding vertical depth to a job is called job enlargement.False (moderate)6. Job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.True (easy)7. When a mail sorter's job is expanded to include mail delivery, the mail sorterhas experienced job enlargement.True (easy)8. Job enlargement increases job depth.False (easy)9. In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which ajob requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.False (moderate)10. According to the job characteristics model, task autonomy is not important.False (moderate)11. Guidance from the job characteristics model suggests that job enlargementshould take place rather than task specialization.True (moderate)12. According to equity theory, a person who earns $50,000 will be less satisfiedwith their pay than a person who earns $100,000.False (moderate)13. Equity theory has three referent categories: other, system, and self.True (moderate)14. The three variables in Vroom's expectancy theory are valence, instrumentality,and expectancy.True (moderate)15. Vroom would say that if a person values an outcome, their effort to obtain thatoutcome will always be great.False (moderate)16. Performance-based compensation is probably most compatible with expectancytheory.True (difficult)Multiple Choice１. ______________ is the process by which a person’s effort are energized,directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.a.Attributionb.Motivation (easy)c.Leadershipd.Goal settinge.Tenure２. Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs motivational theory?a. Herzbergb. Vroomc. McGregord. Lawlere. Maslow (easy)3. An individual who wants to buy a home in an expensive neighborhood with alow crime rate is satisfying which psychological needs state?a. esteemb. safety (moderate)c. physiologicald. self-actualizatione. social4. The drive to find food, drink, and sexual satisfaction is based on what level ofneed?a. physiological (easy)b. safetyc. self-actualizationd. sociale. esteem5. The need for such factors as status, recognition, attention, self-respect,autonomy, and achievement are examples of which of the following needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?a. physiologicalb. esteem (moderate)c. sociald. self-actualizatione. safety6. Joining a civic club because the members are considered to be very powerfuland popular would be satisfying which needs state?a. safetyb. socialc. esteem (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. physiological7. Enjoying friendship with coworkers satisfies what need?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. social (moderate)d. self-actualizatione. safety8. Growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment, and the drive to becomewhat one is capable of becoming are characteristics of which need according to Maslow’s hierarchy?a. physiologicalb. esteemc. sociald. self-actualization (moderate)e. safety9. A manager who believes that employees need constant control would bedescribed as ______________ according to McGregor.a. a Theory X manager (easy)b. a Theory Y managerc. a Theory Z managerd. a human relations managere. needs hierarchy10. Which of the following would describe the beliefs of a Theory Y manager?a. People have little ambition.b. Work is acceptable because of financial needs, but play is more natural.c. Employees readily accept responsibility. (easy)d. People dislike work.e. Managerial direction of employees is essential.11. According to Herzberg, in order to provide employees with job satisfaction,managers should concentrate ona. hygiene factors.b. issues such as pay.c. motivator factors. (moderate)d. extrinsic factors.e. non-motivators.12. Reinforcement theorists believe that behavior results from which of the following?a. external consequences (moderate)b. internal personality traits, such as need for achievementc. setting high goalsd. intrinsic satisfierse. hygiene factors１3. A ______________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.a. goalb. reinforcer (moderate)c. conclusiond. job characteristics modele. valence１4. ______________ is the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichmentd. Job design (moderate)e. Job criteria15. According to reinforcement theory, an individual would behave in a desiredmanner if which of the following occurred?a. Nothing happened when they acted appropriately.b. They are punished for doing the wrong behavior.c. They set specific, difficult goals to achieve.d. They are immediately rewarded, such as a monthly bonus. (moderate)e. Their inner drives create the necessary tension level.16. The number of different tasks required in a job and the frequency with whichthose tasks are repeated is ______________.a. job scope. (moderate)b. job enlargement.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job criteria.17. Horizontally expanding the tasks of a job is known by which of the followingterms?a. job enrichmentb. job enlargement (moderate)c. task improvementd. job expansione. right sizing tasks18. ______________ is vertical expansion of a job by adding planning andevaluating responsibilities.a. Job scopeb. Job enlargementc. Job enrichment (moderate)d. Job designe. Job criteria19. Job enrichment increases job ______________, which is the degree of control employees have over their work.a. breadthb. scopec. varietyd. depth (moderate)e. feedback20. Which of the following is not associated with job enrichment?a. vertical expansionb. adding planning tasksc. increasing job scope (moderate)d. adding evaluating responsibilitye. increased employee control21. What theory provides a conceptual framework for analyzing jobs by analyzing five core dimensions?a. reinforcement theoryb. job characteristics model (moderate)c. job designd. equity theorye. expectancy theory22. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requires a variety of activities so that an employee can use a number of different skills and talents?a. task identityb. autonomyc. feedbackd. task significancee. skill variety (easy)23. Which of the following, according to the job characteristics model, is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work?a. skill varietyb. autonomyc. task significanced. task identity (easy)e. feedback24. The job characteristics model identifies ______________ as the degree towhich a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people.a. task significance (moderate)b. task identityc. skill varietyd. autonomye. feedback25. ______________ is the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom,independence and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomy (easy)e. Feedback26. ______________ is the degree to which carrying out the work activitiesrequired by a job results in an individual's obtaining direct and clear information about the effectiveness of her performance.a. Task significanceb. Task identityc. Skill varietyd. Autonomye. Feedback (moderate)27. In the job characteristics model, which combination of core job dimensionscombine to produce experienced meaningfulness of work by the employee?a. skill variety, feedback, and autonomyb. autonomy, task significance, and task identityc. task identity, skill variety, and task significance (moderate)d. task significance, task identity, and feedbacke. task identity, feedback, and autonomy28. Which of the following personality variables moderates the relationshipbetween job dimensions and outcomes according to the job characteristics model?a. need for achievementb. growth need (difficult)c. locus of controld. risk takinge. need for power29. The job characteristics model provides guidance to managers concerning______________.a. job redesign. (easy)b. employee selection.c. pay satisfaction.d. collective bargaining.e. strategic planning.30. According to the job characteristics model, ______________ suggests thatmanagers should design tasks that form an identifiable and meaningful whole.a. combining tasksb. creating natural work units (moderate)c. opening feedback channelsd. expanding jobs verticallye. establishing client relationships31. Which of the following is an accurate statement about equity theory?a. It explains why a factory worker resents how much professional baseballplayers make.b. It suggests that people will feel fairly treated if they receive pay increases.c. It is based on perceptions of our own situation to others who are like us.(moderate)d. It is a theory based on needs.e. It is a motivational theory based on our job characteristics.32. In ______________ an employee compares his job's inputs-outcomes ratio withthat of relevant others and then corrects any inequity.a. reinforcement theoryb. the job characteristics modelc. job designd. equity theory (moderate)e. expectancy theory33. Which of the following is not an input according to equity theory?a. effortb. experiencec. pay level (easy)d. educatione. job tenure34. If a manager seeks equity by rethinking his situation and deciding that "onsecond thought my office is nicer because it has better carpet," this manager is seeking equity through which of the following methods?a. increasing his outcomesb. decreasing comparison other outcomesc. distorting others' outcomes (difficult)d. leaving the situatione. choosing a new comparison other35. Based on equity theory, asking the boss to give a "comparison other" at workmore responsibility is to seek equity through which of the following methods?a. decreasing your inputsb. increasing comparison other outcomesc. decreasing your outcomesd. cognitively distorting the situatione. increasing comparison other inputs (moderate)36. Organizational pay policies are what type of referent according to equitytheory?a. otherb. system (difficult)c. internald. externale. self37. In expectancy theory, the probability perceived by the individual that exerting agiven amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy. (moderate)c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality.38. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief by a student that studyinghard results in obtaining high test grades?a. valence of rewardb. expectancy (difficult)c. input to outcomed. goal setting to achievemente. instrumentality to reward39. In expectancy theory, the degree to which the individual believes thatperforming at a particular level is instrumental in leading to the attainment of a desired outcome is ______________.a. valence.b. expectancy.c. consistency.d. flexibility.e. instrumentality. (moderate)40. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the belief that having a high gradepoint average is critical in obtaining a good job?a. instrumentality (difficult)b. expectancyc. goal setting to achievementd. valencee. input to outcome41. Which expectancy theory linkage explains the degree to which a student desiresa good job?a. expectancyb. effort to performancec. input to outcomed. instrumentalitye. valence (moderate)42. Which of the following is not an important issue surrounding equity theory?a. It emphasizes payoffs.b. It is important to understand why outcomes are important or unimportant.c. Expected behaviors are important.d. Reality is key. (difficult)e. Individuals are expected to maximize needs and/or wants.Changing Jobs (Scenario)Marty sat in his favorite chair at home and pondered his work situation. The funding in his division had been cut by twenty-five percent but the numerical goals did not budge. Something had to change and he knew it was his job to figure out how to make the goals reachable. He had decided to try to make it work by changing the way tasks are combined in each job. First, he needed to know how many tasks there were to each job and how frequently each task is repeated. He also knew that because of the funding cut, people were going to be asked to increase their job tasks horizontally. But, he also felt that to balance this he should add planning and evaluating responsibilities. Together, even though the employees were clearly being asked to contribute more, he felt they would have a greater degree of control over their work. No one looked forward to this coming year ÄÄ managers or staff ÄÄ but it was do or die.１. Which of the following is the term that describes "the way tasks are combined in each job"?a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job design (difficult)e. job depth２. ______________ describes the degree of control employees have over their work.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichmentd. job designe. job depth (difficult)３. Marty was also going to ask people to horizontally increase their jobs, also known as ______________.a. job enlargement. (moderate)b. job scope.c. job enrichment.d. job design.e. job depth.４. The vertical expansion of employees, or ______________, was also suggested by Marty.a. job enlargementb. job scopec. job enrichment (moderate)d. job designe. job depthWhat Do You Expect? (Scenario)The employees at Acme Toilets Inc. are not working as hard as Jill, their supervisor, would like. The salesmen aren't meeting their sales quotas, and Jill can't seem to motivate them to try harder. Jill has been studying expectancy theory and has decided to try to put it into practice.１. Employees are never able to meet their sales quotas and believe that no matter how hard they work, they'll never meet them. They perceive the ______________ of their success to be low.a. instrumentalityb. expectancy (difficult)c. valenced. performance-reward linkagee. attractiveness of reward２. Employees believe that they can make their sales quotas, but aren't sure that management will really reward them when they do. They perceive the ______________ to be low.a. instrumentality (difficult)b. expectancyc. valenced. effort-performance linkagee. attractiveness of reward３. Management has set the reward for meeting sales quotas at a lower level than last year. Employees perceive that the ______________ is low.a. instrumentalityb. expectancyc. valence (difficult)d. performance-reward linkagee. effort-performance linkage４. Jill has arranged for the bonus system to be changed so that the bonus for meeting sales quotas is much higher than it has ever been before. Jill has altered the ______________.a. instrumentality.b. expectancy.c. valence. (moderate)d. performance-reward linkage.e. effort-performance linkage.。