2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文15--2MassExtinctions物种灭绝-
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第2篇:Mass Extinctions物种灭绝托福阅读原文【1】Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologicallyshort interval of time are called mass extinctions. There was one such event at the end of the Cretaceous period(around 70 million years ago).There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permianperiod (around 250 million years ago). The Permian event has attractedmuch less attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.【2】The fossil record shows at least five mass extinctions in which many families of marine organisms died out. The rates of extinction happeningtoday are as great as the rates during these mass extinctions. Many scientists have therefore concluded that a sixth great mass extinction iscurrently in progress.【3】What could cause such high rates of extinction? There are several hypotheses, including warming or cooling of Earth, changes in seasonal fluctuations or ocean currents, and changing positions of the continents. Biological hypotheses include ecological changes brought about by theevolution of cooperation between insects and flowering plants or of bottom-feeding predators in the oceans. Some of the proposedmechanisms required a very brief period during which all extinctions suddenly took place; other mechanisms would be more likely to have taken place more gradually, over an extended period, or at different timeson different continents. Some hypotheses fail to account for simultaneous extinctions on land and in the seas. Each mass extinctionmay have had a different cause.Evidence points to hunting by humansand habitat destruction as the likely causes for the current mass extinction.【4】American paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski, who have studied extinction rates in a number of fossil groups, suggest that episodes of increased extinction have recurred periodically, approximately every 26 million years since the mid-Cretaceous period. The late Cretaceous extinction of the dinosaurs and ammonoids was justone of the more drastic in a whole series of such recurrent extinction episodes. The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically hasgiven rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with along-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth as meteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact.【5】Of the various hypotheses attempting to account for the late Cretaceous extinctions, the one that has attracted the most attention inrecent years is the asteroid-impact hypothesis first suggested by Luis andWalter Alvarez. According to this hypothesis, Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers, or with several asteroids, the combined mass of which was comparable. The force of collision spewed large amounts of debris into the atmosphere, darkeningthe skies for several years before the finer particles settled. The reducedlevel of photosynthesis led to a massive decline in plant life of all kinds,and this caused massive starvation first of herbivores and subsequentlyof carnivores. The mass extinction would have occurred very suddenly under this hypothesis.【6】One interesting test of the Alvarez hypothesis is based on the presence of the rare-earth element iridium (Ir).Earth’s crust contains very little of this element, but most asteroids contain a lot more. Debris throwninto the atmosphere by an asteroid collision would presumably containlarge amounts of iridium, and atmospheric currents would carry this material all over the globe. A search of sedimentary deposits that spanthe boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods shows that there is a dramatic increase in the abundance of iridium briefly and precisely at this boundary. This iridiumanomaly offers strong support forthe Alvarez hypothesis even though no asteroid itself has ever been recovered.【7】An asteroid of this size would be expected to leave an immense crater,even if the asteroid itself was disintegrated by the impact. The intenseheat of the impact would produce heat-shocked quartz in many types ofrock. Also, large blocks thrown aside by the impact would form secondarycraters surrounding the main crater.To date, several such secondary-craters have been found along Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, and heat shocked quartz has been found both in Mexico and in Haiti.A locationcalled Chicxulub, along the Yucatan coast, has been suggested as the primary impact site.托福阅读试题1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about mass extinctions?A.They take place over a period of 70 million years.B.They began during the Cretaceous period.C.They eliminate many animal species that exist at the time they occur.D.They occur every 250 million years.2.According to paragraph 2, scientists base their belief that a mass extinction is going on at present on which of the following?A.The speed with which mass extinctions are happening today is similarto the speed of past extinctions.B.The number of species that have died out since the last extinction eventis extremely large.C.Mass extinctions occur with regularity and it is time for another one.D.Fossil records of many marine species have disappeared.3.The word extended in the passage is closest in meaning toA.specific.B. unlimited.C.reasonable.D. long.4.According to paragraph 3, each of the following has been proposed asa possible cause of mass extinctions EXCEPTA.habitat destruction.B.continental movement.C.fierce interspecies competition.D.changes in Earth's temperature.5.Paragraph 3 supports which of the following ideas about mass extinctions?A.Scientists know the exact causes of most mass extinctions.B.Mass extinctions are unlikely to happen again in the future.C.Insects, flowering plants, and bottom-feeding predators in the oceanstend to be the first organisms to disappear during episodes of mass extinctions.D.Some mass extinctions occurred on land and in the seas at the sametime.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential informationin the underlined sentence （Paragraph 4）in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Based on their studies of extinction rates of numerous fossil groups, paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski have determined that mass extinctions occur about every 26 million years.B.David Raup and John Sepkoski studied extinction rates of numerous fossil groups and suggest that mass extinctions during the Cretaceousperiod continued for 26 million years.C.Studies that paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski conductedof various fossil groups have revealed that extinction rates have increasedover the past 26 million years.D.The studies conducted by paleontologists David Raup and John Sepkoski of the fossil remains of species suggest that the extinction rateof species started to increase by the middle of the Cretaceous period.7.According to paragraph 4, what aspect of extinction episodes does the companion-star hypothesis supposedly clarify?A.Their location.B.Their frequency.C.Their duration.D.Their severity.8.The phrase account for in the passage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning toA.describe.B.challenge.C.explain.D.test.9.According to paragraph 6, what made iridium a useful test of the Alvarez hypothesis?A.Its occurrence in a few locations on Earth against several locations onother planets.B.Its occurrence in limited quantities on Earth against its abundance in asteroids.C.Its ability to remain solid at extremely high temperatures.D.Its ease of detection even in very small amounts.10.In stating that no asteroid itself has ever been recovered, the author emphasizes which of the following?A.The importance of the indirect evidence for a large asteroid.B.The fact that no evidence supports the asteroid impact hypothesis.C.The reason many researchers reject the Alvarez hypothesis.D.The responsibility of scientists for not making the effort to discover theasteroid itself.11.The word intense（Paragraph 7）in the passage is closest in meaningtoA.sudden.B.unusual.C.immediate.D. extreme.12.What is the purpose of paragraph 7 in the passage?A.It proposes a decisive new test of the Alvarez hypothesis.B.It presents additional supporting evidence for the Alvarez hypothesis.C.It explains why evidence relating to the Alvarez hypothesis is hard tofind.D.It shows how recent evidence has raised doubts about the Alvarez hypothesis.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence bestfit? In general, it is believed that these two extinctions resulted from drastic environmental changes that followed meteorite impacts or massive volcanic eruptions.■Cases in which many species become extinct within a geologically shortinterval of time are called mass extinctions. ■There was one such eventat the end of the Cretaceous period (around 70 million years ago). ■There was another, even larger, mass extinction at the end of the Permian period (around 250 million years ago). ■The Permian event has attracted muchless attention than other mass extinctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that time.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because theyexpress ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas inthe passage. This question is worth 2 points.There have been many attempts to explain the causes of mass extinctions.A.Asteroid impacts, evolutionary developments, and changes in Earth'sclimate and in the positions of the continents have all been proposed aspossible causes of mass extinctions.B.Researchers have observed 26-million-year cycles in extinction rates ofa number of fossil groups that could all be attributed to the same cause.C.According to the Alvarez hypothesis, much of the iridium originally present on Earth was thrown into the atmosphere as a result of an asteroid impact that also caused a mass extinction.D.The unusual distribution of iridium on Earth and the presence of cratersand heat-shocked quartz are central to the theory that an asteroid impactcaused the late Cretaceous event.E.The collision between Earth and a large asteroid resulted in massive damage and generated enough heat to cause irreversible changes inEarth's atmosphere.F.There was a particularly large mass extinction that occurred around 250million years ago at the end of the Permian period, whose cause couldnot be determined.托福阅读答案1.以mass extinctions做关键词定位至第一句，说大量生物在短时间内灭绝的这种现象叫做大灭绝事件，C是原文的同义替换，所以是正确答案。
雅思阅读题物种灭绝3600
雅思阅读题物种灭绝3600（最新版）目录1.引言：物种灭绝的现状2.物种灭绝的原因3.物种灭绝的影响4.应对物种灭绝的措施5.结论：物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响以及人类的责任正文1.引言：物种灭绝的现状地球正处于新一轮物种大消亡中，据科学家估计，当前每天有几十种动植物物种正在灭绝。
这一现象并非由小行星等自然灾害引起，而是人类活动所导致的。
生境破坏、环境污染、现代工业的恶果以及迅速的人口增长都是促使物种灭绝的原因。
2.物种灭绝的原因物种灭绝的原因有很多，但主要可以归结为人类活动对生态环境的破坏。
随着工业化和城市化的推进，森林砍伐、过度捕捞、土地开发等行为不断破坏着动植物的生存环境。
此外，环境污染、气候变化等也使许多物种无法适应新的环境，最终导致灭绝。
3.物种灭绝的影响物种灭绝会对地球生态系统产生严重的影响。
每个物种都在生态系统中扮演着重要的角色，它们之间相互依赖、相互制约。
一个物种的灭绝可能会影响其他物种的生存，甚至导致整个生态系统的崩溃。
此外，物种灭绝还会导致生物多样性的减少，影响人类对自然资源的利用。
4.应对物种灭绝的措施为了应对物种灭绝，我们需要采取一系列措施来保护生态环境和生物多样性。
首先，政府应加强环保法律法规的制定和实施，对破坏生态环境的行为进行严格监管。
其次，企业和个人也要承担起环保责任，减少污染物排放，保护生态环境。
此外，我们还需要加强科普教育，提高人们的环保意识，让更多人参与到环保事业中来。
5.结论：物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响以及人类的责任物种灭绝对地球生态系统的影响是深远的，它不仅破坏了生物多样性，还可能导致整个生态系统的崩溃。
作为地球上最发达的物种，人类对这一问题负有重要责任。
新托福阅读动物类话题词汇及长句
生命科学类之其他话题
昆虫（蚂蚁信息素、蚂蚁交流、蜜蜂交流、蝴蝶多样性）
鸟类（始祖鸟、人工孵化、鸟类换毛、欺骗战术、筑巢、迁徙、鸣叫）
水生动物（浮游生物、鳟鱼、鱼类体液、海豚）
动物习性（认知能力、哺育后代、工具使用、保温机制、生物钟、拟态行为、摄食行为、蝙蝠和寄生虫、捕食最优化）
灭绝与进化（史前人类活动导致巨型动物灭绝、物种灭绝、动物体型进化、物种适应性）
2.At one time,the animalspresent in these fossil bedswere assigned to various modern animal groups,butmost paleontologists now agree thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modernanimal groups.
分析：本句为并列句，由连词but连接；“the animalspresent in these fossil bedswere assigned to various modern animal groups”的主句为“the animals were assigned to various modern animal groups”“present in these fossil beds”为后置定语；“most paleontologists now agree thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the earlyCambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.”的主句为“most paleontologists now agree that…”，其中“thatall tommotian fossils represent unique body formsthat arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.”为that引导的宾语从句，做agree的宾语；“that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period,leaving no descendants in modern animal groups”为定语从句，做unique body forms的定语，关系词为that；“leaving no descendants in modern animal groups”为现在分词短语，在此定语从句中做伴随状语。
托福阅读生物爆发与灭绝的知识内容
托福阅读生物爆发与灭绝的知识内容我们一共经历了一次大爆发，和五次大灭绝。
但大家也要知道，我们现在正在经历第六次物种大灭绝。
寒武纪大爆发Cambrian explosion——5.4亿年前奥陶纪大灭绝Ordovician extinction——4.4亿年前泥盆纪大灭绝Devonian extinction——3.65亿年前二叠纪大灭绝Permian extinction——2.5亿年前三叠纪大灭绝Triassic extinction——2亿年前白垩纪大灭绝Cretaceous extinction——6500万年前寒武纪大爆发寒武纪大爆发Cambrian explosion被称为古生物学和地质学上的一大悬案!自达尔文以来就一直困扰着进化论等学术界。
大约5亿4200万年前到5亿3000万年前，在地质学上称作寒武纪的开始，绝大多数无脊椎动物invertebrate在这2000多万年时间内出现。
这种几乎是“同时地”、“突然地”在2000多万年时间内出现在寒武纪地层中的无脊椎动物化石节肢动物arthropod、软体动物、环节动物等，而在寒武纪之前更为古老的地层中长期以来却找不到动物化石的现象，被古生物学家称作“寒武纪生命大爆发”，简称“寒武纪爆发”。
这也是显生宙Phanerozoic eon的开始100多年以来，有两种基本观点一种观点认为，寒武爆发是一种假象，这是某些达尔文或新达尔文主义Darwinism者所支持的观点。
由于进化是渐进的，所谓“爆发”只是表明首次在生物化石记录中发现了早在前寒武纪就已经广泛存在并发展的生物，其他的生物化石群可能是由于地质记录的不完全而“缺档”。
造成这种“缺档”的原因是前寒武纪地层stratum经历着热与压力，其中的化石被销毁了。
由于发现钱寒武纪化石沉积层sedimentary formation中存在大量细菌bacteria和蓝藻blue-algae这样的原核生物prokaryotic organism，因而这一解释不再有说服力。
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：动物活动
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：动物活动Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity——sleeping, feeding,moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. (TPO13, 61)metabolize /m'tæblaz/ v. 新陈代谢enzyme /'enzam/ n.酵hormone /'hmn/ n. 荷尔蒙，激素rhythm /'rð()m/ n.节奏;节律，循环internal /n'tn()l/ adj.内在的，内部的我是分界线，大家先自己一遍速读哦。
Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity(——sleeping, feeding, moving,reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example——)are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers (that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms). (TPO13, 61)托福阅读长难句分析：这个句子主干部分：Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity are well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is insteaddependent somehow on internal timers.大家要在读的时候要注意忽略那些细节，尤其是破折号后面的。
2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句(一)
2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句（一）长难句是考研英语的一大难点，如何理解翻译好长难句，希望考生复习时多总结多练习。
凯程教育精选100个长难句翻译，希望大家看完能提升对长难句的理解和翻译能力：2019考研英语精选长难句翻译100句（一）1.Looking beyond the10-year period，the botanists estimate that some3，000native plant species may become extinct in the foreseeable future—more than10percent of the approximately25，000species of plants in the United States.在展望10年后的情况时植物学家们估计，在未来可预见到的时间内，3000种本地植物——占美国近25000种植物的10%——将可能灭绝。
2.The annual mi grations of wildfowl and many other animals certainly cannot be regarded as a form of exploration，because such movements are actually only shifts from one habitat to another for the purpose of avoiding seasonal climatic variations.野生禽类和许多其他动物每年的迁徙，当然不能被看做是一种探险行为，因为，这些迁徙活动实际上只是从一个栖息地转移到另一个栖息地，以躲避气候的季节性变化。
3.Proponents of G-M foods argue using biotechnology in the production of food products has many benefits：it speeds up the process of breeding plants and animals with desired characteristics;can be used to introduce traits that a product wouldn ‘t traditionally have;can improve the nutritional value of products;and can produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly fertilizers.转基因食物的倡导者指出，用生物技术生产食物有很多益处：它能加速作物和牲畜的生长速度，并使它们具有所要求的特点;它可以给食物增添以往不具备的特征;可以改进食物的营养价值;可以生产出廉价、环保效果更好的肥料。
托福100长难句(中文部分)
参考译文1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12. Billie Holiday’s 作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15. 受当代灌溉（技术设施）之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析
托福阅读长难句200句和详细解析同学们，有没有这样的情况发生?一个句子当中每一个单词你都认识，但你看不懂这句话，这个感觉是不是十分的诡异?托福阅读长难句因为词汇只是基础，句子才是交流最基本的单位，看阅读是看句子，句子看不懂就是啥也没懂。
小编为大家列举200句及对应解析，希望帮助大家掌握理解长难句的分析方法，攻克这一难关。
1. Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with maximum diversity.2. Even if the new population is of a different species, it can approximately fill the niche vacated by the extinct population and keep the food web intact.3. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content.4. By contrast, in the United States an estimated 97 million birds are killed each year when they collide with buildings made of plate glass, 57 million are killed on highways each year; at least 3.8 million die annually from pollution and poisoning; and millions of birds are electrocuted each year by transmission and distribution lines carrying power produced by nuclear and coal power plants.5. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."6. Scientists first identified this impact in 1980 from the worldwide layer of sediment deposited from the dust cloud that enveloped the planet after the impact.7. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained.8. Paleontologists have argued for a long time that the demise of the dinosaurs was caused by climatic alterations associated with slow changes in the positions of continents and seas resulting from plate tectonics.9. The answer may be that virtually all the water on Mars is now locked in the permafrost layer under the surface, with more contained in the planet’s polar caps.10. But belief in this ice-free corridor began to crumble when paleoecologist Glen MacDonald demonstrated that some of the most important radiocarbon dates used to support the existence of an ice-free corridor were incorrect.11. Spores light enough to float on the breezes were carried thousands of miles from more ancient lands and deposited at random across the bare mountain flanks.12. Interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft.13. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands.第五类14. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.15. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.16. A more complicated system is, in general, more likely than a simple system to break down.17. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.18. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting.19. It has been suggested that these figurines were an ideal type or an expression of a desire for fertility.20. A third likely explanation for infantile amnesia involves incompatibilities between the ways in which infants encode information and the ways in which older children and adults retrieve it.21. Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.22. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one?23. This would have created a barrier of ice extending from the Alaska Peninsula, through the Gulf of Alaska and southward along the Northwest Coast of North America to what is today the state of Washington.24. Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms.25. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being "utilitarian...and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection."26. Liston (1987) point out the inconsistency between the role of the teacher asa (reflective) professional decision maker and the more usual role of the teacher asa technician, putting into practice the ideas of others.27. Other features, however, show experts that Pakicetus is a transitional form between a group of extinct flesh-eating mammals, the mesonychids, and cetaceans.28. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined.29. The Democrats tended to view society as a continuing conflict between "the people”-farmers, planters, and workers-and a set of greedy aristocrats.30. Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farmers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.解析：1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
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2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
今天我们来看这样一个句子：
The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46)
recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发
periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地
hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设
deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划
meteor /'mit/ n. 流星
devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废
impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响
such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解
The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46)
托福阅读长难句100句分析：
这个句子的主干很简单：
The possibility has given rise to such hypotheses
注意这里的such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的
例如：
Such a disaster as her car being stolen had never happened before.
Such poets as Keats and Shelley wrote Romantic poetry.
修饰一：(that mass extinctions may recur periodically)，从句，解释possibility
中文：大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生
修饰二：(of a companion star) ，介词短语
中文：一颗伴星
修饰三：(with a long-period orbit) ，介词短语
中文：有长周期轨道
修饰四：(deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits)，非谓语动词
中文：使其它天体偏离正常轨道
修饰五：(making some of them fall to Earthas meteors)，非谓语动词
中文：使一些天体作为流星落入地球
修饰六：(causing widespread devastationupon impact)，非谓语动词
中文：在撞击时造成大范围破坏
托福阅读长难句100句参考翻译：
大量物种灭绝可能会周期性发生的可能性引起了像这样一个假说：一颗有长周期的伴星使其它天体偏离正常轨道，使一些天体作为流星
落入地球，并在撞击时造成大范围破坏。
这个句子的主要修饰成分就是从句、非谓语动词、介词短语，大
家务必想清楚，每一个修饰成分修饰的是什么，才能看清楚这个句子
的结构。