stylistics rhetoric 3-2 词汇层面,修辞
Alliteration 等修辞手法
Alliteration 等修辞手法1. Phonetic stylistic devices (红色为重点)头韵 Alliteration 半谐音 AssonanceConsonance 尾韵Rhyme 诗行的尾韵拟声 OnomatopoeiaExamples:, Bye, Bye, Balanced Budget (Alliteration), The rain is Spain stays mainly in the plain. (Assonance), When I lent I was a friend, when I asked I was unkind. (Consonance) , Wit once bought is worth twice taught. (Rhyme), She banged the door after her. (Onomatopoeia)2. Lexical stylistic devices明喻暗喻 Simile Metaphor转喻提喻 Metonymy Synecdoche拟人夸张 Personification Hyperbole低调陈述委婉 Understatement Euphemism反语隽语 Irony Paradox矛盾修饰类比 Oxymoron AnalogyAllegory 讽喻 Antonomasia 换称 Apostrophe 呼语仿拟 ParodyAllusion 用典双关 Pun一语双序 Zeugma 拈连 Syllepsis移就 Transferred EpithetExamples:1) The old man’s hand trembled like a leaf. (simile)2) He is as sly as a fox. (simile)3) Be careful of that thief; he is a slippery customer. (metaphor)4) The parks are the lungs of our city. (metaphor)5) He drank a cup. (metonymy) (代替杯中酒)6) He was steeped in Shakespeare. (metonymy) (代替他的作品)7) Two heads are better than one. (synecdoche) (部分代替整体)8) The trees and flowers around them danced heartily as if touchedby merry mood. (personification)9) I sat for a while, frozen with horror. (hyperbole)10) I was not a little surprised at the news. (understatement)11) The teachers say my son is slow. (euphemism)12) He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. (irony)13) The Child is father of the Man. (paradox)14) More haste, less speed. (paradox)15) bitter-sweet memories (oxymoron)16) It’s with our judgments as with our watches; none go just alike, yet each believes his own.(analogy)17) No rose without a thorn. (allegory)18) All that glisters is not gold. (allegory)19) Uncle Sam (美国) (Antonomasia )20) Romeo (情郎 ) (Antonomasia)21) England! awake! awake! awake! (Apostrophe)22) Quality breeds success. (仿Familiarity breeds contempt.) (Parody)23) “You want your pound of flesh, don’t you?” (来自“TheMerchant of Venice by Shakespeare”) (A llusion )24) a surprised silence (Transferred Epithet )25) We spent an anxious night. (Transferred Epithet ) 26) On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. (pun) 27) But acannon-ball took off his legs,So he laid down his arms. (Pun )28) She went home in a flood of tears and a sedan-chair. (Syllepsis) (两个短语都能搭配) 29) He lost the game and his temper. (Syllepsis ) (两个短语都能搭配)30) weeping eyes and hearts (Zeugma ) (只有一个是合理的搭配)31) The woman opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. (Zeugma ) (只有一个是合理的搭配)3. Syntactical stylistic devicesReverse 序换 Anadiplosis 蝉联 Regression 回环 Epigram 警句反复 Anaphora 首语反复 RepetitionEpiphora 尾语反复平行结构 ParallelismAntithesis 平行对照 Rhetorical Question 设问 Climax 渐进突降 Anti-climaxExamples:, Like son, like father. (Reverse)来自Like father, like son., With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way. (Anadiplosis ), It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends. (Regression ), It is a wise father that knows his own child. (Epigram ), We have but one aim and one single, irrevocable purpose. (Repetition), Give me the splendid silent sun with all his beams dazzling,Give me juicy autumnal fruit ripe and red from the orchard.Give me a field where the unmowed grass grows,Give me an arbour, give me the trellised grape… (Anaphora), “It’s their wealth and security that makes everything possible; makes you art possible, makesliterature, science, even religion possible.” (Epiphora), Their sun-burned faces were dark, and their sun-whipped eyes were light. (Parallelism), Speech is silver; silence is golden. (Antithesis ), Can a man be too cruel to his mother’s enemy? (RhetoricalQuestion ), I am sorry, I am so very sorry. I am so extremely sorry. (climax) , I lost my bag and with it, my wallet, my ID card, and my dirty socks. (Anti-climax)。
rhetorics修辞 英语常用修辞格比较及其解析
Logos\Pathos\Ethos 逻辑\情感\人格
Rhetoric
Broad stylistic context
Narrow stylistic context
Style/type of writing
Stylistic devices figures of speech
1.Definiton
在希腊语，拉丁语、法语、西班牙语及意大利语中， rhetoric 这个次的词根都是“说话”的意思。
Rhetoric: 17世纪末英国哲学家John Locke 曾经 把修辞称做“演说术”（the science of oratory）, 是“说话得体、优美和有力的艺术”(speaking with propriety, elegance, and force)
2. Assonance是在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有 两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。与汉语的叠韵 （两个或多个音节彼此韵母相同东风dong fong , ）非常相似。如：fair and square/near and dear With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.怀着这个信 念，我们能把绝望的大山凿成希望的磐石。 Whether or not you are busy or lazy, write to me. The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
syntax
哪些是亲昵的表达方式，那哪些是地位高的人对地 位低的人委婉的表达方式， 哪些最有可能带有“贬” 意的色彩？ A. Close the door, dear B. Would you be so kind to close the door? C. It is a bit cold here. Can you close the door? D. Would you like to close the door for me? E.I would be glad if you could close the door? F. Would you mind closing the door?
文体与修辞
Stylistics and RhetoricBy: Shanshan XuIntroduction:1. What is stylistics?Stylistics studies how language is used in a certain context and how language expresses a certain subject.• 2. Charles Bally proposed two language effects: natural effect （自然效果）and evocative effect（联系效果）.Eg:•I’m sorry to trouble you, but could I ask you to close the door for me?•Would you mind closing the door?•I could do without the draught from that door.•Shut the door, will you?•Door!•Were you born in a barn?•I know a little boy who never leaves the door open.•丈夫支出账单中的一页•招聘女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)•提前一个星期预付给女打字员的薪水……(支出金额)•购买送给女打字员的花束……(支出金额)•同她共进的一顿晚餐……(支出金额)•给夫人买衣服……(一大笔开支)•给岳母买衣服……(一大笔开支)•招聘中年女打字员的广告费……(支出金额)•德军剩下来的东西•战争结束了。
他回到了从德军手里夺回的故乡，他匆匆忙忙地在路灯昏黄的街上走着。
一个女人捉住他的手，用吃醉了酒似的口气和他讲：“到哪儿去？是不是上我那里？”•他笑笑，说：“不。
不上你那儿—我找我的情妇。
”他回看了女人一下。
他们两个人走到路灯下。
英语修辞的讲义美学修辞Aesthetic Rhetoric
2. Where shall we find hope, happiness, friends and cigarettes?
3. There were no heroic deeds to do, no lions to face, no judges to defy, but a few rooms to tidy up.
1. Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue Add to your faith virtue; and to virtue knowledge ; and to knowledge temperance; And to temperance patience; and to patience godliness; and to godliness brotherly kindness; and to brotherly kindness charity. (The Bible)
3. The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. (Richard Nixon)
4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon)
2020/4/29
Chapter 9 Syntactic Figures of Speech (Ⅱ)
英语修辞简述（Rhetoric）
英语修辞简述（Rhetoric）英语修辞(Rhetoric) English Figures of Speech1. Simile(明喻)拉丁语similis (like)1.three parts : subject (主体) reference（喻体）indicator of resemblance（比喻词）? My love is like a red red rose.2。
主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)What is simile? E.g. ? The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field.The structure:The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier本体, 比喻词, 喻体Compare the followingsentences:Jim looks like his brother Billy.My car runs as fast as the train.A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. ? Life was like a journey full of pitfalls.-- (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparisonbetween two unlike things across domains (跨领域).Like and as型Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want to get out .婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒；外面的想要进去，里面的人想要出来。
文体与修辞次
• consonance（辅音韵）: Syllables ending with the same consonants are described as having consonance.
add-read rain-tone
economical Chinese study student
per﹒form mir﹒ror walls
unk﹒ind
ad﹒mi﹒rable
per﹒sua﹒sive cup﹒board
glad﹒i﹒a﹒tor
blushed
el﹒e﹒va﹒tor u﹒ni﹒ver﹒si﹒ty
ed﹒u﹒ca﹒tion e﹒co﹒nom﹒i﹒cal
The other group such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns are called functional words (or closed class words since new words are not usually added to them.)
3) polysyllabic words:
Stress and syllables of words
•
perform mirror
walls
unkind
admirable persuasive
cupboard gladiator blushed
elevator university education
• Semantics---the study of meaning • Pragmatics---the study of how speakers of a
英语修辞学教案
English Rhetoric 英语修辞学I. Connotation of Rhetoric：rhetoric的含义1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary（普通用词）word and a technical term（专业术语）.1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”（巧辩）and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”（虚夸的话）.e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns（总统竞选期间唱的高调）；the empty rhetoric of the politicians（政客们的花言巧语）;flowery rhetoric（华丽的辞藻）Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”（言语，辞令）, e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”（艺术语言）, e.g. the rhetoric of fiction（小说的艺术语言）; the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言)2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses:(1) Speaking rhetoric（演讲修辞）: the art of speaking(2) Compositional rhetoric（写作修辞）: the art of writing(3) Stylistic rhetoric（风格修辞，文体修辞）: the style of writing2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following:1) Lexical rhetoric（词汇修辞）:the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases2) Sentence rhetoric（句子修辞）:the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns3) Paragraph rhetoric（段落修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs4) textual rhetoric（语篇修辞）:the rhetorical law of organizing textsII. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义What is rhetoric ?1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源Rhetoric originated in “speaking”（说话）. Aristotle（亚里士多得）, in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke（约翰.洛克）, English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric” means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks（布鲁克斯）and Warren（沃伦）rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively（修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术）”.In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques（修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术，特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术）”.2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech:Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to rhetorical devices（修辞手段）, each of which has a fixed pattern, e.g. Simile is introduced by comparative words as, like, as if, as though, etc.; Like Simile, Metaphor refers to the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance;Irony refers to the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of words; Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense so as to describe a person or thing; Pun; a play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes onthe similar sense or sound of different words; etc. These figures are employed in the following.He is as stupid as a goose. (=He is very stupid.)He has a heart of stone./ He has a heart like flint.(=He is unfeeling and stubborn.)He slept like a log / top. (=He slept very soundly.)They are birds of a feather. (=They are people of the same sort.) (Simile and metaphor are used of the comparison of two essentially unlike things which have one point of resemblance.) This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week. (If a boy seldom reads more than an hour per week, he must be very lazy, not hard-working.)(Irony refers to the intended implication being the opposite of the literal sense of words)He seems to be a clever fool. (=He seems to be a fool, but in fact he is very clever.)(Oxymoron refers to the conjunction of two words or phrases which are incongruous or contradictory in sense)Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.(grave: adj. serious; n. tomb The speaker stresses the latter.) (Pun refers to a play on words，sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound ofdifferent words)3.The difference between rhetoric and grammar, phonetics,lexicolog y1)The difference between rhetoric and grammarRhetoric is different from grammar, but it is closely related to grammar and also based on grammar. To be grammatically correct is foundation to writing, but it is not enough. Basic rhetorical requirements must also be met. Francis Christensenn, an American French rhetorician, once said:Grammar maps out the possible(计划可能发生的事情);rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective （使可能发生的事情变成很理想的事情或有效地事情）.In the preface to the book A handbook of English Rhetoric Warren quoted a passage by a scholar:Grammar is the law of language, considered as language;rhetoric is the art of language, considered as thought.Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective and pleasing.2)Rhetoric and phonetics, lexicologyRhetoric is quite different from phonetics and lexicology. Phonetics is about the study of speech sounds and their pronunciation;lexicology is about the study of the vocabulary of a language;grammar concerns the study or science of rules for forming words and combining them into sentences; whereas rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing so as to persuade people effectively.I II. The Object of the Study of Rhetoric（修辞学研究的内容）Rhetoric aims at studying all forms of culture, which may be forms of mass media or any cultural phenomenon, concrete or abstract. Modern rhetoric seems to include all forms of discourse ---- written or colloquial, even all forms of communication in symbols.（修辞学研究的对象是一切文化形式，它们可以是任何这样或那样、具体或抽象的文化现象。
Rhetoric devices
• 2． 结构修辞格(Syntactical Stylistic Devices) 结构修辞格( )
repetition（反复）, catchword repetition（联珠）, chiasmus （回文）, parallelism（平行结构）, antithesis（反对）, rhetoric question（设问）, anticlimax（突降）
9.Epigram 隽语，警句 is an 隽语，警句--experimental dependently typed functional programming. e.g. You can’t eliminate violence by violence, you should use love. Necessity is the mother of invetion.
achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it. e.g. …the carpenters’ market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets… We are called upon to help the discouraged baggers in life’s marketplace. He who has love has the key that unlocked the door to the meanings of ultimate reality. e.g. Life‘s but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. " （Macbeth , Shakespeare）
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6. Transferred Epithet
It refers to the term relating to one kind of sense-impression are used to describe senseimpression of other kinds. For example: 1) He had some cheerful wine at the party.. 2) He gave me a sour look. 3) There was an amazed silence. Slowly Alexander turned away. 4) The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.
2. Synecdoche 提喻 (1) The part for the whole e.g. lend me your ears (give me your attention） He has many mouths to feed in his family. Could you pass me a Kleenex [facial tissue]? (2) The whole for the part e.g. Then the surgeon cut me up and took out the appendix and stitched me up again.
Money is the lens in a camera. Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air.
(3) Nothing
Gold Can Stay -- Robert Frost Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold, Her early leaf’s a flower, But only so an hour Then leaf subsides to leaf So Eden sank to grief So dawn goes down to day Nothing gold can stay
Unit Three
Stylistic Functions of Lexical Items (Rhetorical Devices)
黄勇博士 alec5120@
Lexical Rhetorical Devices
Simile / Metaphor Synecdoche Metonymy Antonomasia Oxymoron Transferred Epithet Hyperbole Understatement Euphemism Pun
4. Antonomasia 换称
Definition: Substituting a descriptive phrase for a proper name, or substituting a proper name for a quality associated with it. (1) Biblical or mythological figure Solomon – a wise man Daniel – a wise and fair judge (2) Historical figures Nero – a tyrant John Wayne – a modern figure of a tough guy
7. Hyperbole (Overstatement)
Definition: It distorts the truth by great exaggeration. It is usually used to emphasize strong feeling and to create a sentimental, satiric or comic effect. Example: 1. For she was beautiful – her beauty made The bright world dim, and everything beside Seemed like a fleeting image of a shade. (Shelley)
3. Metonymy 换喻 Definition: Reference to something or someone by naming one of its attributes or using the part to name the whole (1)So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. (2)I’ve come to pick your brains. You’re an economist and I’ve been asked this question about economy. (3)He decided to enter the bar after college.
(2) Metaphor
fossilized / stock / recently created /original In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. She was in a flood of tears. Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down.
1. Simile / Metaphor (1) Simile like, as, as if, as though, as … as, similar to, to bear a resemblance to … She spoke hurriedly, as if her heart had leaped into her throat at the boy’s words. So compared with any ordinary beam of light, the laser beam is a very orderly affair indeed. It’s like a military march --- everyone in step. In an ordinary beam, the waves are like the people in a crowd going to a football match, justling and bumping into one another.
Example: 1. She was not without ambition. (She was quite ambition.) 2. Thomas blushed again, and when a few more words had been said of a not unpleasing kind, Venn mounted his horse and rode on. 3. The door was not a long time opening, but there was no hurry in the way it moved on its hinges. The movement of the door was as if, whoever she was, she had nothing in the world to fear. The the door was open, and there she was.
Ex: Rewrite the following by using Understatement: 1. They were greatly surprised at the outcome. 2. It’s rather difficult to restore peace in that area. 3. Do you know which bus I ould take to the natural museum? 4. That’s a serious matter.
(3) Literary figures Uncle Tom – a Negro who compromises and confirms with Whites He still has very youthful enthusiasms, and he’s slim and fit as he was 20 years ago. He’s a Peter Pan. Come on, Rip Van Winkle, wake up! It’s nearly lunch-time.
2. The Keebler Elves have baked up the lightest, crispiest snacks ever to be called crackers. These extra thin bite-size crackers are rippled with zesty seasonings and crunch just like your favorite chips, but they’re baked, not fried. They’re the perfect snack for munching by the handful.