09翻译笔记整理版

2009考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静）一、考研翻译的三大基本问题（一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘”做真题，而不是看翻译做翻译＝写汉字46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.（二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试内容1、题型①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整②小的方面：阅读题没有必要通读全文有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文划线句子有代词，需要读上下文2、命题原则①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的）③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句3、考试内容=考点1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释（1）专有名词人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语Big Bang大爆炸理论inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论SARS非典（3）学科术语anthropoloist人类学家anthropological人类学的inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论SARS非典（4）词组as……as by means ofhome appliances家用电器die out灭绝（5）多义词：school 学派before以前serve起作用life 生命、生活（6）熟词生义set （成套）设备；集、集合offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。

例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。

B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办）词义选择的方法：a、分析词根、词缀multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的b、分析上下文来翻译：①借生词的上下文来造句人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换aspect方面P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in princ iple unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题”P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say ―Unit ed we stand, divided we fall‖处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决”在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，…P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in princ iple unable to deal w ith some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构（三）考研翻译的方法直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译考研翻译的标准和步骤：1、标准：准确、通顺、完整严复：信、达、雅傅雷：神似钱钟书：化境2、衡量的方式：读3、翻译步骤：第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析成分、划分意群第三步：选择词义、表达贴切第四步：适当调整、书写译文考研翻译步骤例题：P761）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,humannature ,and so on.第一步：通读全句、查找连接第二步：分析全句，划分译群主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语第三步：选择词义表达1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等第四步：适当调整、书写译文2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺）3、one 一个that almost 几乎被称之为→所谓的学……（不通顺）4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲）5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲）6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性格特征人类本性等等方面（加上）继续追踪行为（差不多了）“根据”换为“依靠”，后加“从”；“继续追踪行为”替换为“寻找行为的根源”完成翻译：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都依靠从心理状态、情感、性格特征、人类本性、等等方面寻找行为的根源。

63）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred yearsago ,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.一、通读：为and划分的并列结构二、1、第一句主语：The role of natural selection in evolution 谓语was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago：时间状语翻译第一句主语：natural自然selection选择in 在evolution进化过程中（加上）The role的作用翻译状语：only a little more than a hundred years ago 仅仅在100多年前翻译谓语：formulate（没背过……）formulate v. formla 公式、方程式、等式molecular formula 分子式hedge fund 对冲基金NASDAQ纳斯达克formulate：（用公式、方程式…）阐明，为常考单词第一句话翻译：自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才阐明。

2、第二句主语：the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual翻译第二句environment 环境shaping 塑造and 和maintaining保持behavior of the individual 个体行为的选择is only beginning to 才刚刚开始be recognized and studied认识和研究完全翻译：自然选择在进化过程中的作用仅仅在100多年前才（得以）阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为的选择作用（则）刚刚开始（加以）认识和研究。

翻译考点——定语从句一、定语从句的翻译绝对重点、绝对考点、绝对考1、前置定语从句即把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面例1：P8 （61）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modity the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other ;life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.furthermorefurthermore /therefore /hence /thus词）humans 人类have 有ability 能力modity：（人类）改造（环境），根据上下文判断in which引导定语从句，they live前置上半句：而且，人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境；subject sth. to sth. 使遭受、使……服从于……subject n. 科目、学科、课程、主题、对象（为常考词）v.使遭受、使经历、使……服从于……the subject of experiment 实验的对象P1-75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.新的思维方式和思维对象life form 生命形式、生活方式（根据上下文）peculiar 特有的；独特的peculiar… to…所特有的P4-74）concepts peculiar toidea：想法；观点完全翻译：而且，人类有能力改造他们所居住的环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。