爱默生—美国学者—中英译文
爱默生简介中英文对照

Emerson wrote on a number of subjects, never espousing fixed philosophical tenets, but developing certain ideas such as individuality, freedom, the ability for man to realize almost anything, and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world. Emerson's "nature" was more philosophical than naturalistic; "Philosophically considered, the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.―
While his writing style can be seen as somewhat impenetrable, and was thought so even in his own time, Emerson's essays remain one of the linchpins of American thinking, and Emerson's work has influenced nearly every generation of thinker, writer and poet since his time. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man."
爱默生名言中英对照

爱默生名言中英对照1、彬彬有礼的风度,主要是自我克制的表现。
Polite manner, mainly self restrained performance.2、一千年太短暂了,人类即使拥有多于十倍、百倍的潜能,也不能掌握全部的知识。
One thousand years too short, even if human beings have more than ten times, a hundred times the potential, but also can not grasp all of the knowledge.3、你们认为我是命运之子:实际上,我却在创造着自己的命运。
You think I'm the son of fate, in fact, I'm creating my own destiny.4、真正持久的胜利是和平,而不是**。
Real lasting victory is peace, not war.5、英雄并不比一般人更勇敢,只不过他的勇气比你多维持了五分钟而已。
A hero is no more a man than a man, but his courage is more than five minutes longer than you.6、戒指或宝石并不是礼物,是作为礼物的一种权宜之物。
Ring or gem is not a gift, as a gift of expediency.7、无论真理在何受到伤害,都应去扞卫它。
No matter where the truth hurts, should go to defend it.8、智慧的可靠标志就是能够在平凡中发现奇迹。
The reliable mark of wisdom is to discover the miracle in the ordinary.9、如果我们用片面的方法阅读书籍,那么我们得到的就会是片面的知识。
Beauty(爱默生)译文

Beauty(爱默生)译文Beauty问世间美为何物Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生from Nature, published as part of Nature; Addresses and Lectures节选自《论自然》(收录于《论自然演讲集》)Not less excellent, except for our less susceptibility in the afternoon, was the charm, 昨日傍晚,落日熔金,暮云合璧,一月的黄昏美景依旧,last evening, of a January sunset. The western clouds divided and subdivided然而毕竟薄暮,倦意袭人,难以抵挡。
themselves into pink flakes modulated with tints of unspeakable softness; and the air 西云漫卷,幻化万千,粉霞片片,糅杂着无法言喻的柔和色彩;had so much life and sweetness, that it was a pain to come within doors. What was it 空气中有暗香浮动,氤氲着蓬勃的生息,叫人流连忘返,不忍归家。
that nature would say? Was there no meaning in the live repose of the valley behind 大自然喃喃低语,不知所言为何?磨坊后的溪谷,鲜活如许,静谧如许,the mill, and which Homer or Shakspeare could not reform for me in words? The纵有荷翁莎翁的生花妙笔,恐亦难绘其万一。
此情此景,岂无殊意!leafless trees become spires of flame in the sunset, with the blue east for their遥望东际,天幕蔚蓝,下有萧萧落木,映衬着斜阳晚照,恍惚似燃烧的尖塔,back-ground, and the stars of the dead calices offlowers, and every withered stem and 花瓣凋零,点点如繁星坠落,枝茎摧折,残株凝霜,stubble rimed with frost, contribute something to the mute music.这一切,共谱出无声的乐章。
爱默生(全英文)-推荐下载

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803 – April 27,1882) was anAmerican philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered forleading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19thcentury. His teachings directly influenced the growing NewThought movement of the mid-1800s. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescientcritic of the counterva iling pressures of society.Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporarie s,formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nat ure. As aresult of this ground-breaking work he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, whichOliver Wen dell Holmes, Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".C onsidered one of the great orators of the time, Emerson's enthusiasm and respect for his audience enraptured crowds. His support for abolitionism late in life created controversy, and attimes he was subject to abuse from crowds while speaking on the topic. When ask ed to sum uphis work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man. "Literary career and TranscendentalismEmerson and other like-minded intellectuals founded the Transcendental Club, which served as acenter for the m ovement. Its first official meeting was held on September 19,1836. Emersonanonymously published his first essay, Nature, in September 1836. A year later, on August 31, 1837, Emerson delivered his now-famous Phi Beta Kappa address, "The American Scholar", thenknown as "An Oration, Delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Cambridge"; it was renamedfor a collection of essays in 1849. In the speech, Emerson declared literary independence in theUnited States and urged Americans to crea te a writing style all their own and free from Europe.James Russell Lowell, who was a stu dent at Harvard at the time, called it "an event without formerparallel on our literary ann als". Another member of the audience, Reverend John Pierce, called it"an apparently inco herent and unintelligible address".In 1837, Emerson befriended Henry David Thoreau. Though they had likely met as early as 1835,in the fall of 1837, Emerson asked Thoreau,"Do you keep a journal?" The question went on tohave a lifelong inspiration for Thoreau.On July 15,1838, Emerson was invited to Divinity Hall, Harvard Divinity School for the school'sgradu ation address, which came to be known as his "Divinity School Address". Emersondiscoun ted Biblical miracles and proclaimed that, while Jesus was a great man, he was not God: historical Christianity, he said, had turned Jesus into a "demigod, as the Orientals or the Greekswould describe Osiris or Apollo". His comments outraged the establishment and th e generalProtestant community. For this, he was denounced as an atheist, and a poisone r of young men'sminds. Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to p ut forward a defense. Hewas not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty year s.The Transcendental group began to publish its flagship journal, The Dial, in July 1840.Th ey plannedthe journal as early as October 1839, but work did not begin until the first we ek of 1840.GeorgeRipley was its managing editor and Margaret Fuller was its first editor, having been hand-chosen byEmerson after several others had declined the role. Fuller stayed on for about t wo years andEmerson took over, utilizing the journal to promote talented young writers i ncluding ElleryChanning and Thoreau.It was in 1841 that Emerson published Essays, his second book, which included the famo us essay, "Self-Reliance". His aunt called it a "strange medley of atheism and false independence", but it gained favorable reviews in London and Paris. This book, and its popular reception, more than anyof Emerson's contributions to date laid the groundwork for his international fam e.In January 1842 Emerson's first son Waldo died from scarlet fever. Emerson wrote of his grief inthe poem "Threnody"("For this losing is true dying"), and the essay "Experience". In the sameyear, William Ja mes was born, and Emerson agreed to be his godfather.Bronson Alcott announced his plans in November 1842 to find "a farm of a hundred acres inexcellent condition with good buildings, a good orchard and grounds". Charles Lane pu rchased a90-acre (360,000m2) farm in Harvard, Massachusetts, in May 1843 for what would becomeFruitlands, a co mmunity based on Utopian ideals inspired in part by Transcendentalism. The farmwould r un based on a communal effort, using no animals for labor; its participants would eat no meat and use no wool or leather. Emerson said he felt "sad at heart" for not engaging in theexperiment himself. Even so, he did not feel Fruitlands would be a success."Their whole doctrine isspiritual", he wrote,"but they always end with saying, Give us much land and money". Even Alcottadmitted h e was not prepared for the difficulty in operating Fruitlands."None of us were preparedto actualize practically the ideal life of which we dreamed. So we fell apart", he wrote. After itsfailure, Emerson helped buy a farm for Alcott's family in Concord which Alcott named "Hillside".The Dial ceased publication in April 1844; Horace Greeley reported it as an end to the "m ost originaland thoughtful periodical ever published in this country".Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in New England and much of the rest of the country.From 1847 to 1848, he toured England, Scotland, and Ireland. He also visited Pa ris between theFebruary Revolution and the bloody June Days. When he arrived, he saw the stumps where treeshad been cut down to form barricades in the February riots. On May 21 he stood on the Champde Mars in the midst of mass celebrations for concord, pe ace and labor. He wrote in his journal: "Atthe end of the year we shall take account,& see if the Revolution was worth the trees."He had begun lecturing in 1833; by the 1850s he was giving as many as 80 per year. Em ersonspoke on a wide variety of subjects and many of his essays grew out of his lectures. He chargedbetween $10 and $50 for each appearance, bringing him about $800 to $1,00 0 per year. Hisearnings allowed him to expand his property, buying eleven acres of land by Walden Pond and afew more acres in a neighboring pine grove. He wrote that he was "landlord and waterlord of 14acres, more or less".In 1845, Emerson's journals show he was reading the Bhagavad Gita and Henry Thomas Colebrooke's Essays on the Vedas. Emerson was strongly influenced by the Vedas, and m uch ofhis writing has strong shades of nondualism. One of the clearest examples of this c an be found inhis essay "The Over-soul":We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles. Meantime within man is the soul o f the whole;the wise silence; the universal beauty, to which every part and particle is equ ally related, the eternalONE. And this deep power in which we exist and whose beatitude is all accessible to us, is not onlyself-sufficing and perfect in every hour, but the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer an d thespectacle, the subject and the object, are one. We see the world piece by piece, as the sun, themoon, the animal, the tree; but the whole, of which these are shining parts, i s the soul.Emerson was introduced to Indian philosophy when reading the works of French philosop herVictor Cousin.In February 1852 Emerson and James Freeman Clarke and William Henry Channing edite d anedition of the works and letters of Margaret Fuller, who had died in 1850. Within a w eek of herdeath, her New York editor Horace Greeley suggested to Emerson that a biogr aphy of Fuller, to becalled Margaret and Her Friends, be prepared quickly "before the int erest excited by her saddecease has passed away". Published with the title The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, Fuller'swords were heavily censored or rewritten. The three edi tors were not concerned about accuracy;they believed public interest in Fuller was tempo rary and that she would not survive as a historicalfigure. Even so, for a time, it was the b est-selling biography of the decade and went throughthirteen editions before the end of the century.Walt Whitman published the innovative poetry collection Leaves of Grass in 1855 and sen t a copyto Emerson for his opinion. Emerson responded positively, sending a flattering fiv e-page letter as aresponse. Emerson's approval helped the first edition of Leaves of Grass s tir up significant interestand convinced Whitman to issue a second edition shortly thereaf ter. This edition quoted a phrasefrom Emerson's letter, printed in gold leaf on the cover: "I Greet You at the Beginning of a GreatCareer". Emerson took offense that this letter wa s made public and later became more critical ofthe work.LegacyAs a lecturer and orator, Emerson—nicknamed the Concord Sage—became the leading voice ofintellectual culture in the United States. Herman Melville, wh o had met Emerson in 1849, originallythought he had "a defect in the region of the heart " and a "self-conceit so intensely intellectual thatat first one hesitates to call it by its right name", thou gh he later admitted Emerson was "a greatman". Theodore Parker, a minister and Transc endentalist, noted Emerson's ability to influence andinspire others:"the brilliant genius of Emerson rose in the winter nights, and hung over Boston,drawing the eyes of ingenuous young people to look up to that great new start, a beauty and am ystery, which charmed for the moment, while it gave also perennial inspiration, as it led t hemforward along new paths, and towards new hopes".In his book The American Religion, Harold Bloom repeatedly refers to Emerson as "The p rophet ofthe American Religion," which in the context of the book refers to indigenously American andgnostic-tinged religions such as Mormonism and Christian Science that arose largely in Emerson's lifetime. In The Western Canon, Harold Bloom compares Emerson to Michel de Montaign e:"Theonly equivalent reading experience that I know is to reread endlessly in the noteboo ks and journalsof Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American version of Montaigne."In May 2006,168 years after Emerson delivered his "Divinity School Address," Harvard DivinitySchool a nnounced the establishment of the Emerson Unitarian Universalist AssociationProfessorsh ip. Harvard has also named a building, Emerson Hall (1900), after him.Emerson Hill, a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Staten Island is named for his eldestbrother, Judge William Emerson, who resided there from 1837 to 1864.。
Ralph WaldoEmerson

• Emerson's study room at his home in Concord, Massachusetts
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爱默生集散文作家、思想家、诗人于一身,他的诗歌、散文独具特色,注重思想内容而没有过份 注重词藻的华丽,行文犹如格言,哲理深入浅出,说服力强,且有典型的“爱默生风格”。有人 这样评价他的文字“爱默生似乎只写警句”,他的文字所透出的气质难以形容:既充满专制式的 不容置疑,又具有开放式的民主精神;既有贵族式的傲慢,更具有平民式的直接;既清晰易懂, 又常常夹杂着某种神秘主义......
• Emerson set prose writer, thinker and poet. his poetry, prose has distinguishing feature alone, paying attention to the ideological content and no excessive attention to rhetoric and luxuriant. prose is like a motto, philosophical construct, persuasive, and has typical "Emerson style". Someone said his words "Emerson seems to only write aphorism," his words give temperament is difficult to fully describe: no doubt full of designed system already, and have open democratic spirit; Both aristocratic arrogance, a more populist directly; Is clear and easy to understand, and often mixed with a certain mysticism...
用爱默生《论美国学者》观点分析儒家思想(中英双语)

用爱默生《论美国学者》观点分析儒家思想(中英双语)The similarities of Transcendentalism and Confucianism---Analyze Confucianism with Emerson’s idea from The American ScholarRalph Waldo Emerson was a major American poet, philosopher and center of the American Transcendental movement. The idea he expressed in his great work The American Scholar played an integral role in establishing the American scholar and the American spirit of individualism. Also in Chinese Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius and Mencius, two Confucianism philosophers, intended to influence people’s attitude and lives with their thoughts--- Confucianism, which at some extent have a connection with Transcendentalism.First, both emphasized the importance of human beings. Emerson believed “the world is noting, the man is all.” He regarded men as the main part of society, thus the innovation of society called for human beings’self-improvement and self-reliance. So did confucians. In their opinions, men were equal. The ruler should be benevolent and righteous towards the masses. The essence of transcendentalism was individualism, which meant one must establish a central system which break of the of God. In china, there was no God, confucians thus held that men ought to be ruled by men. In this way, the society may be developed. Emerson once said: “we will walk on our own feet, we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds…. Confucians asserted the identity of human nature, and they thought; “all men are born identical but the circumstance makes them different”. In this aspect, Emerson and confucians were fabulous identical.Second, these two thoughts all advocated people emancipate their minds. “The scholar is that man who must take up into himself all the ability of the time, all the contributions of the past, all the hopes of the future. He must be a university of knowledge.” Emerson hoped all American scholars do not imitate European culture but form their own ideas. He believed himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspired all men, that was to mean, men can improve themselves by communicating with Divine Soul.; He believed “it is for you to know all; it is for you to dare all.” A nd confucians advocated equality between teachers and students and encourage students to form opinion of their own. Obviously, these ideas had a great influence on beings’ education.Third, they had the similar views on the material lives. Confucians advocated moderation; they maintained that there was no necessary to chase luxury, and moral fidelity should be promoted. Emerson upheld spirit; he believed in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; in stead of pursuing material wealth, men needed depend on themselves to enrich their minds.On the whole, both transcendentalism and confucianism attached great importance on each country. Transcendentalism pushed the American literature into a flourishing period; confucianism had dominated a feudal society that in essence lasted 2,000 years, and for that reason its influence over history, social structure and the people of China cannot be overlooked.超验主义与儒家思想的相同点----用爱默生《论美国学者》观点分析儒家思想拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生是美国著名诗人,哲学家以及美国超验主义运动的领导人物。
爱默生励志名言中英对照
爱默生励志名言中英对照无论真理在何受到伤害,都应去扞卫它,下面由就由为大家整理的爱默生励志名言中英对照,欢迎大家阅读!1、彬彬有礼的风度,主要是自我克制的表现。
Polite manner, mainly self restrained performance.2、一千年太短暂了,人类即使拥有多于十倍、百倍的潜能,也不能掌握全部的知识。
One thousand years too short, even if human beings have more than ten times, a hundred times the potential, but also can not grasp all of the knowledge.3、你们认为我是命运之子:实际上,我却在创造着自己的命运。
You think I'm the son of fate, in fact, I'm creating my own destiny.4、真正持久的胜利是和平,而不是战争。
Real lasting victory is peace, not war.5、英雄并不比一般人更勇敢,只不过他的勇气比你多维持了五分钟而已。
A hero is no more a man than a man, but his courage is more than five minutes longer than you.6、戒指或宝石并不是礼物,是作为礼物的一种权宜之物。
Ring or gem is not a gift, as a gift of expediency.7、无论真理在何受到伤害,都应去扞卫它。
No matter where the truth hurts, should go to defend it.8、智慧的可靠标志就是能够在平凡中发现奇迹。
The reliable mark of wisdom is to discover the miracle in the ordinary.9、如果我们用片面的方法阅读书籍,那么我们得到的就会是片面的知识。
爱默生名言中英对照
爱默生名言中英对照导读:1、彬彬有礼的风度,主要是自我克制的表现。
Polite manner, mainly self restrained performance.2、一千年太短暂了,人类即使拥有多于十倍、百倍的潜能,也不能掌握全部的知识。
One thousand years too short, even if human beings have more than ten times, a hundred times the potential, but also can not grasp all of the knowledge.3、你们认为我是命运之子:实际上,我却在创造着自己的命运。
You think I'm the son of fate, in fact, I'm creating my own destiny.4、真正持久的胜利是和平,而不是**。
Real lasting victory is peace, not war.5、英雄并不比一般人更勇敢,只不过他的勇气比你多维持了五分钟而已。
A hero is no more a man than a man, but his courage is more than five minutes longer than you.6、戒指或宝石并不是礼物,是作为礼物的一种权宜之物。
Ring or gem is not a gift, as a gift of expediency.7、无论真理在何受到伤害,都应去扞卫它。
No matter where the truth hurts, should go to defend it.8、智慧的可靠标志就是能够在平凡中发现奇迹。
The reliable mark of wisdom is to discover the miracle in the ordinary.9、如果我们用片面的方法阅读书籍,那么我们得到的就会是片面的知识。
爱默生名言中英文
爱默生名言中英文导读:1、当雕刻像开始令人费解时,它就达到了美的程度。
When the carving is hard to understand, it is to the extent that it is beautiful.2、铭刻在心:每一天都是一年中最好的日子。
Write it on your heart that every day is the best day of the year.3、生命是如此的短暂,只有抛弃身外的浮华,才能够达到高雅的境界。
Life is so short, only to abandon all vanity, to achieve the lofty realm.4、婴儿期是永生救世主,为了诱使堕落的人类重返天国,它不断地来到人类的怀抱。
Infancy is the eternal Savior, in order to induce the fall of mankind to return to the kingdom of heaven, it is constantly in the embrace of mankind.5、美丽的女性实际上是诗人,她能驯服野蛮的同伴在她的周围的人们心里播上温情,希望和雄辩的种子。
The beautiful woman is actually a poet, she can tame the savage companion in the hearts of the people around her in the heart of warmth, hope and eloquence of the seeds.6、品格是一种内在的力量,它的存在能直接发挥作用,而无需借助任何手段。
Character is a kind of inner strength, its existence can playa direct role, without the aid of any means.7、不要在意别人的嘲弄,也不要在意会被别人打败。
Ralph Waldo Emerson self-reliance课本译文
Self-Reliance(课本译文)每个人在求学时期的某一天都会得出这样一种信念:妒嫉就是无知,模仿等于自杀;一个人无论是好是坏,必须让命运属于自己;如果不在自己的土地上努力耕作,就不会有任何一粒有营养的粮食自己送上门——即使这广阔的宇宙不乏善举。
他潜藏的力量十分奇妙,除他之外再不会有人知道他的本领,而且他也要经过尝试,否则他自己不会知道。
一张脸、一个人、一件事,在他那里而不是在另外一个人那里留下深刻印象,这不是没有原因的。
铭刻在记忆中的这种东西有着提前确定的和谐。
眼睛能看到那道光线,是因为它被安置在了那道光线应该照到的地方。
我们无法充分地表现自己,而且我们感到羞愧——对各自所代表的那种神圣观念的羞愧。
我们完全可以这样想,这种观念特别恰当,必然会创造好的结果,因此应该去忠实地传达它,可是这份功业,上帝可不愿意让懦夫来阐明。
只有竭尽全力地用心工作,一个人才会感到安心和快乐;如果他并没有这样说或者这样做,那么他将不得安宁。
那是一种为解脱而做的解脱。
还处于尝试的阶段,他就被他的天赋所抛弃;灵感、发明、希望,全都没有。
信任你自己吧,每颗心都在随着那根铁弦颤动,接受你的位置吧,神圣的天意早已给你安排好了。
接受和你同时代的人所构成的这个社会以及种种事件之间的联系。
伟大的人物总是这样,而且把自己像孩子一样托付给同时代的天才,以此表明自己的心迹:绝对可信的东西就在他们心底藏着,通过他们的手在活动,并主导他们的存在。
我们都是成年人,必须在最高尚的心灵里接受相同的超验命运;我们不是躲在安全角落的婴儿和病人,也不是革命面前临阵脱逃的懦夫,我们是领袖,是救世主,是恩人,服从上帝的旨意,冲向混沌和黑暗。
对于这个问题,在儿童、婴儿甚至动物的脸和行为上,大自然给了我们多么神奇的启迪啊!那种分裂和叛逆的心灵,那种对某种感情的怀疑态度(我们可以计算出违背自己旨意的力量和手段),他们并不拥有。
他们有完整的心灵和未被征服的眼光,当我们盯着他们看时,惴惴不安的反而是我们。
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主席先生,先生们:在开始第二个文学年之际,我谨向你们致意。
我们过去的一周年是充满希望的,但也许是努力尚且不够的一年。
我们相聚不是为了如古西腊人那样,进行力量和技巧的较量,朗诵过往历史,悲剧或颂词,也不是为了像中世纪行吟诗人那样为爱情和诗歌而聚集,更不是如当代在英国和欧洲的都市里为科学的进步举行聚会。
目前为止,我们聚会的节日还仅仅是一个良好的象征,它象征着我们由于忙碌而无心于文字的人民中对文学之爱的延续。
就此而言,这个象征弥足珍贵,有如不能被损毁的人类本能。
也许这样的时代已经到来,我们的聚会就要也应该是另番模样。
在这样的时代里,这个大陆的沉睡的心智睁开惺松睡眼,它给这世界带来久已期盼的贡献,这贡献远胜于机械性的技巧的发明。
我们依赖于人的日子,我们心智向其他大陆智慧学习的学徒期,这一切就要结束了。
成百万簇拥着我们涌向生活的同胞,他们不可能永远的满足于食用异国智慧收获的陈粮。
全新的事件和行动正在发生,这一切需要被歌唱,它们也要歌唱自己。
有谁会怀疑,诗歌将会获得新生,并将引领一个新时代?就如天文学家所预言,在我们的天穹之顶的天琴大星将会成为恒艮千年的新北极星。
就是抱有这样的期望,我接受这个讲演题目--不仅是在用词上,而是由于时代和我们组织的性质所决定的--美国学者。
时光流转,我们又翻开它传记的新篇章。
让我们来探询,新的时代和事件,在它特质上和对它的期望里又添了什么光色。
有这样一个久远不可考的传说--它有着我们意想不到的智慧。
起初,众神将一个人分为众人,使他可以更好的自助,如同要分出手指以便更好的使用手一样。
这古老的传说蕴涵着一个长新而高尚的信念。
这就是:有这么一个大写的人,你可以在某些个体的人或通过一种能力看到部分的他,但只有观照整个社会才能找到他的全部。
这个大写的人不是农夫,不是一个教授或着工程师,他是他们的总和。
这个人是传教士,他是学者,他是政治家,他是生产者也是战士。
这些功能在分工的社会形态里被一一分予不同的个体。
每一个体从事着整体中他那一部分的工作,人们都各司其职。
这传说即指:个体人为了体验那大写的人,定要经常地从他的事工里脱离去体味整体的其它部分。
但是很不幸,这个初始的整体,这个力量的源泉,已被分散给大众,它被条分缕析,那源泉被分而为涓滴再也无法汇集了。
这种社会状态,有如支体与躯干分离,一个完整的手指,一段脖子,一只胃,一个臂肘如鬼魅般到处踆巡,却不能看到一个完整的人。
这大写的人被变形为物,变形为众多的物。
种植者是他走入田野采集食物,但他不因高贵的事业而受颂扬。
这种植者看到的,除了他的筐子和他的推车再无旁物,他没入田地,大写的人消失了。
那买卖人从未意识到他工作的真正价值,他埋头于那行当的点滴中把灵魂交给金钱。
传道士成为形式,律师变做僵死法典,机工退化成机器,水手仅仅是一节船上的缆绳。
由于这样的分工,学者成了被分派出的片断知识。
他应该的状态是:大写的人在思考。
在目前退化的状态下,他--分工社会的牺牲品,只是思想者,甚或等而下之,成为他人思想的学舌鹦鹉。
把学者当做大写的思考着的人,他的责任所在明确无误。
自然用她的平和,她的蕴意深厚的景致启发诱导他;过往的历史教育他;未来邀请他。
难道人人可为学子?难道周围一切皆有益于学?难道每一个学者都是货真价实的大师?但请记得那古老的智慧:"所有事物皆有两面,警惕那谬误的"。
在生活里,学者误导人群误用他的尊崇,这屡见不鲜。
让我们看看在学园里的他,让我们就他所受影响来考查一番。
1。
从时间和重要性出发,自然对头脑的影响是首位的。
每一天,太阳和日落,夜晚和星辰,长风吹拂,绿草生长。
每一天,男人女人,他们交谈着,互相关注着,互惠着。
学者深深地融入这些场景。
它们的价值深植于他的头脑。
自然对他意味着什么?这既无起始也无终结,不可尽解,连续不断的上帝创造的网链,那循环的永续动力又回复于自身。
这情形如同学者的精神本身,它的起始和终结都杳不可考,这么完整,又这么无羁绊。
它无近拂远,自然的光华照耀着一个又一个体系,放射出灿烂光芒,这光芒向上,向下,没有中心也没有边界----庞然大物或细小微粒皆如是,自然加速的向人的头脑展示着自身。
概念分类开始了。
对于年青的心智,事物是个体的,它们互不相关。
渐渐地,头脑发现可以把两个事物互相联系起来并发现他们的共性,之后又发现第三个以至第三千个事物的共性,头脑受着它本身同一化本能的驱使把事物连接起来,它淡化了它们的特异性,它发现了事物于地下潜行的共同根源。
出于此,互不协调相距遥远的事物得以连接,花朵在同一枝干上绽放。
这心智很快得知,自从历史拉开帷幕,对于事实的积累和分类就从未停止。
但是,如果不是源于对事物规律性和可知性的信念,如果不是主宰着客体的规律同时也主宰着心智,分类就无从谈起了。
天文学家发现几何这一人脑抽象的产物,可以测量行星的运行。
化学家在物质中发现比例关系和可测量性。
科学就是在相距遥远的事物中发现同一性和特性。
满怀信心的学者坐下来面对各种繁复因素,以其洞察力,一一分析各种奇异的结构和新的作用,把它们归类,并归于各种规律,他模拟着组织的最细微的结构摸索着靠近自然的边界。
于是,对于他,对于这个站在天穹下的男孩,他和那天穹都同源而生,一个是叶,一个是花;相互关连和情感的联系在每一叶脉中涌动。
那根系又是什么?那灵魂不就是他的灵魂?一个大胆的信念,一个离奇的梦境。
但是,一旦在这灵光照耀下世间的规律得以进一步显现,一旦他开始摹拜这灵魂并且认识到今天所知的自然律只是他对那巨手的最初的触摸。
他将追寻那不断扩大的知识领域,这过程伴随着他,使他成为一个创造者。
他会看到,自然是是人类灵魂的另一面,他们一一相映。
一个是印章,一个是印纹。
自然之美有如他思想之美,它的规律就是他心智的规律。
这样,自然的度量就是他成就的度量。
这广大的自然他尚不知晓,这深邃的心智有待他获得。
最后,那古西腊的箴言--了解自己,和当代的智慧--研究自然,和而成为同一个信念!2。
下一个对学者心灵影响最大的是往昔的思想--无论是什么形式,文学,艺术或是制度,只要为头脑所触及。
书籍是这一影响的最好形式,也许我们应该评价他们的价值本身--为更便当的了解这种影响--直接探讨它的本质。
书籍的领域是高贵的。
古代的学者接触他周围的世界,并开始思考;他们对这一切重新加以安排,而后述说出来。
进入他头脑的,生活;从那里产生的,真知。
进入他头脑的,瞬间的事件;从中产生的,不朽的思想。
进入他头脑的,日常活动;从中产生的,诗歌。
曾经是僵死的事实,一变而为活跃的思想。
这思想可能静止也可以前行。
它有了持久的生命,它开始飞翔,它开始感招。
这些活动与思想的深度成正比,思想的深度决定了它飞翔的高度与它可能的放歌年限。
或许,我也可以这样说,思想的持久与影响力依赖于把生活事实转化为真知这一思进程的深度和广度。
和蒸馏程度成正比的是那产品纯度和耐久性。
但是,不存在绝对的完美。
如同不存在可以产生绝对真空的真空泵,也不存在这样的艺术家,他可以在他的书中完全摈弃常规,突破所有局限,并成为不朽。
他也不可能完成这样的书,其中全为纯粹的思想,并全面的有益于后世就如同有益于当时,这种影响,哪怕对于下一代也难以做到。
人们发现,每一个时代都要书写自己的书,甚或是,前一个时代为下一个著述。
古旧的著作不能满足这样的需求。
这样形成了一个危险的误区。
附骊于创造行为--思想的行动--的神圣性,延伸包容了对这行动的记录。
那朗诵诗歌的诗人被视为圣者,他的诗歌也成为神圣。
这作者有端正和智慧的心灵,那么,确定无疑的,他的书也必完美无缺,这就如同对英雄本人的热爱退化成对他的偶像的膜拜。
一旦如此,这书就变成有害,向导就成为暴君。
大众那迂缓难测的心智,缓慢地接受理性,一旦掌握,一旦接受这书本,就会久居其上,对任何异议咆哮不已。
学院建立在已知理性之上。
一本本详论它的书由思想者--不是那在思考的大写的人--有才能的人写出。
他们的开端错了,他们从接受教条起始,而不是从他们自身对原则的观瞻出发。
温良的年轻人在图书馆里成长,确信他们的义务就是接受西塞罗,洛克,或培根的观点,这些年轻人忘记了,西塞罗,洛克,或培根在写他们的书时,也是坐在图书馆里的青年。
于是,替代思考着的大写的人,我们拥有了蛀书虫。
于是,那饱览群书的阶级形成,他们重视书籍,但那并不与自然或人类的社会制度发生关联,书籍成为存在于自然和人类社会之外的第三种不动产。
于是,产生了各种层次的修订者,校注者,读书狂。
书能善读时,是最好的,如果滥用,就是最有害的。
什么是善用?什么是阅读的目的?什么是各种手段都要施加影响的终点?它就是启迪心智,除此无他。
如果我的思想为书本吸引被完全束缚,无法循着自我的轨道运行,成为他人思想的卫星而不是自我的星系,我宁愿一本书也不读。
活跃的心灵是这世上最可宝贵的。
每个人都有拥有它的权利,它也就在每个人的心间。
尽管,对于大多数人,这一心灵被禁锢了,或着尚未诞生。
生动活跃的心智洞察绝对的真实,并述说它或着从事创造。
在这一过程中,它是天才的,但它不是零星分散于秉赋特异者中的特权;它是属于每个人的财富。
正是由于这种本质,它也是进步的。
书本,学院和艺术学校,各种其他机构,请停止重复往日天才的教诲。
这教诲是好的,让我们遵循它们,这些社会实体如是说。
他们束缚我,他们只向后看而不会前瞻。
但是,天才是前瞻性的:人的双眼长在前额不是后脑。
普通人期盼着,天才却创造。
无论是何才能,不去创造,他就不属于神的精淬之流--可能有余灰和烟,但没有火焰。
有创新的方式,有创新的行动,有创新的文字,这方式,行动和文字不指说着习惯和权威,它们跃然产生于头脑中有益于社会和公平的观念之中。
另一方面,取代自我预见,这心灵接受其它思想以发现自己的真实,尽管它身处光的洪流之中,没有独处,审视,和自我恢复,心灵会受到致命的伤害。
天才的过度影响是下一个天才的敌人。
任何国度的文学创作都是我论点的证明。
英语诗剧就已经莎士比亚化达两百年了。
无疑,正确的阅读方法是存在的,尽管这方法被刻意贬低。
思考着的大写人绝不能受限于他的工具。
书籍是学者闲暇时的伴侣。
当他可以直接获读上帝时,把这宝贵的时光用于流览他人的复述就是浪费。
但当黑暗的间隙出现,一定会有这样的时光--太阳躲藏,星辰收敛了光芒--我们去找那点亮的灯烛,让它们指引通向东方的道路,那通向黎明之路。
我们倾听,有如我们述说。
有这样的阿拉伯格言,"一棵无花果树,看着另一棵,结出果实"。
我们从阅读优秀书籍中获得的乐趣确实非比寻常。
这些书籍让我们深信,一个自然写作,另一个自然阅读。
我们带着现代的兴趣阅读伟大英语诗歌作者--乔叟,(Marvell,Dryden)--的作品,我是说,这乐趣源于他们诗歌中超越时代的精粹。
在我们阅读的乐趣里也包涵着敬畏和惊叹,这位生活于一百或两百年前的诗人,创造出如此靠近我心灵的诗篇,几如我所思所写。