用爱默生《论美国学者》观点分析儒家思想(中英双语)

The similarities of Transcendentalism and Confucianism
---Analyze Confucianism with Emerson’s idea from The American Scholar
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a major American poet, philosopher and center of the American Transcendental movement. The idea he expressed in his great work The American Scholar played an integral role in establishing the American scholar and the American spirit of individualism. Also in Chinese Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius and Mencius, two Confucianism philosophers, intended to influence people’s attitude and lives with their thoughts--- Confucianism, which at some extent have a connection with Transcendentalism.
First, both emphasized the importance of human beings. Emerson believed “the world is noting, the man is all.” He regarded men as the main part of society, thus the innovation of society called for human beings’self-improvement and self-reliance. So did confucians. In their opinions, men were equal. The ruler should be benevolent and righteous towards the masses. The essence of transcendentalism was individualism, which meant one must establish a central system which break of the of God. In china, there was no God, confucians thus held that men ought to be ruled by men. In this way, the society may be developed. Emerson once said: “we will walk on our own feet, we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds…. Confucians asserted the identity of human nature, and they thought; “all men are born identical but the circumstance makes them different”. In this aspect, Emerson and confucians were fabulous identical.
Second, these two thoughts all advocated people emancipate their minds. “The scholar is that man who must take up into himself all the ability of the time, all the contributions of the past, all the hopes of the future. He must be a university of knowledge.” Emerson hoped all American scholars do not imitate European culture but form their own ideas. He believed himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspired all men, that was to mean, men can improve themselves by communicating with Divine Soul.; He believed “it is for you to know all; it is for you to dare all.” A nd confucians advocated equality between teachers and students and encourage students to form opinion of their own. Obviously, these ideas had a great influence on beings’ education.
Third, they had the similar views on the material lives. Confucians advocated moderation; they maintained that there was no necessary to chase luxury, and moral fidelity should be promoted. Emerson upheld spirit; he believed in miracle, in the perpetual openness of the human mind to new influx of light and power; in stead of pursuing material wealth, men needed depend on themselves to enrich their minds.
On the whole, both transcendentalism and confucianism attached great importance on each country. Transcendentalism pushed the American literature into a flourishing period; confucianism had dominated a feudal society that in essence lasted 2,000 years, and for that reason its influence over history, social structure and the people of China cannot be overlooked.
超验主义与儒家思想的相同点
----用爱默生《论美国学者》观点分析儒家思想拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生是美国著名诗人，哲学家以及美国超验主义运动的领导人物。

他在他的著作《论美国学者》中表达的思想是塑造美国学者及美国人个性的重要组成部分。

同时在中国春秋战国时期，孔子和孟子，这两位伟大的儒家哲学者，希望通过他们的思想即儒家思想来影响人民的生活及态度。

而儒学思想在一定程度上与超验主义有着密切的联系。

首先，两者都强调人的重要性。

爱默生相信“世界是空洞的，人才是一切。

”他认为人是社会的重要组成部分，因此社会的改革需要人自我的提高和自我依靠。

儒家学者亦是如此。

在他们看来，人是平等的。

统治阶级应该对子明仁慈友善。

超验主义的核心是个人主义这就意味着人应该形成个人体系，打破上帝体系。

在中国，没有上帝一说，因此儒家学者认为应该实行“人治”。

这样，社会才会发展。

爱默生曾经说过：“我们应该用自己的脚走路；我们要用自己的手工作；我们要说出自己的理想……而儒家学者也看重人自然的等同性。

他们认为所有的人都是等同的，只是周遭的环境有差异。

在这一方面，爱默生和儒家学者惊人的相似。

第二，两个观点都号召人们解放思想。

爱默生希望美国学者不要盲目模仿欧洲文化，而应形成自我的观点。

儒家学者也提倡师生平等，学生应该有自我主见。

二者都对当时教育问题做出贡献。

最后，两个观点对物质生活都有相同看法。

儒学重“中庸”，人不必追求奢华生活。

爱默生相信“超灵”，与其追求无谓的物质生活倒不如去依靠自己丰富精神生活。

总之，不管是超验主义还是儒学思想都对当时各自国家产生了深远影响。

超验主义繁荣了美国文学，儒学思想则在中国封建社会乃至现今都占据不可超越的地位。