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七英语短文带翻译英语翻译

七英语短文带翻译英语翻译The Importance of Learning English in Today's World。

English has become the most widely spoken language in the world. It is the official language in over 50 countries and is spoken by over 1.5 billion people worldwide. In today's globalized world, the ability to speak English has become essential for communication, education, and career advancement.Communication。

English has become the language of international communication. It is the language used in international business, science, technology, and diplomacy. The ability to speak English allows individuals to communicate with people from all over the world, breaking down language barriers and facilitating global connections.Education。

English is the language of instruction in many universities and academic institutions worldwide. Students who are proficient in English have access to a wider range of educational opportunities, including studying abroad and pursuing higher education in English-speaking countries. Additionally, many academic papers and research studies are written in English, making it essential for researchers to have a strong command of the language.Career Advancement。

英汉互译原文

Wall Street Take a DiveRonald Reagan’s 1985 budget took a thunderous shelling last week. Day after day, jittery Wall Street investors fired sell orders, hitting stock prices with their heaviest declines since 1982. Testifying in Washington, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul V olcker fired the single most damaging salvo by warning that the deficits envisaged in the budget pose a “clear and present danger”, threatening to keep interest rates high and tip the economy into a new recession.The size of the deficits is staggering. Rudolph Penner, director of the Congressional Budget Office, predicted that if policy is not changed, the flow of red ink will swell from $190 billion this year to $326 billion by 1989.In testimony on Capitol Hill, the President’s men acknowledged that the economy was in danger. Chief Economic Adviser Martin Feldstein, known as the Administration’s “Dr.Gloom,”agreed with Penner’s warning that the deficit could reach the $300 billion range by the evd of the decade. If that happened, said Feldstein, federal borrowing would be swallowing 75% of American savings and putting powerful upward pressure on interest rates. Even Treasury Secretary Donald Regan, usually an optimist and a critic of Feldstein’s dour outlook, admitted that “without proper fiscal and monetary policies, there is a possibility of our slipping back into a recession in the U.S.”Unless the Federal Reserve speeds up growth of the U.S money supply , warned Treasury Under Secretary Beryl Sprinkel, a recession could start this year.译文：华尔街股价下跌罗纳德里根1985财政年度的财政预算，上周遭到了猛烈的抨击。

外文翻译原文

外文翻译原文“Translation”Translation is the process of converting written text or speech from one language to another. It is a complex task that requires not only fluent proficiency in both languages, but also a deep understanding of the cultural nuances and linguistic intricacies of each language.Translation has been practiced for centuries and has played a crucial role in facilitating communication and fostering cultural exchange between different societies. It allows people who speak different languages to communicate and interact with each other, breaking down barriers and expanding possibilities.There are various types of translation, including literary translation, technical translation, legal translation, and medical translation, among others. Each type requires specific knowledge and skills to accurately convey the meaning and intent of the original text.In addition to linguistic accuracy, a good translator should also strive to capture the style, tone, and nuances of the original text. This involves understanding the cultural and historical context of the text, as well as the intended audience. Often, a translator needs to make decisions about how to adapt the text to the target language while still preserving its essence.Translation can be a challenging and time-consuming process, especially when dealing with complex or specialized subjects. Translators often need to conduct thorough research to ensure accuracy and maintain the integrity of the original text.With the advancement of technology, machine translation has become increasingly popular in recent years. However, while machine translation can provide quick and convenient translations, it often lacks the accuracy and nuance that human translators can offer. Human translators are able to understand the subtleties of language and idiomatic expressions that are often lost in machine translations. Therefore, it is important to rely on human translators, especially for important or sensitive documents.In conclusion, translation is a vital tool in facilitating communication and promoting cultural understanding. It requires not only language proficiency but also a deep understanding of cultural nuances. While machine translation can offer convenience, human translators are essential for accurate and nuanced translations.。

英语课文翻译

Unit 1 A Brush with the Law一个青年发现，在大街上毫无明显目的地游逛会招致警方的责罚。

误会一个接一个发生，最终他只得出庭受审……与警察的一场小冲突我平生只有一次跟警方发生纠葛。

被捕和出庭的整个过程在当时是一件非常不愉快的事，但现在倒成了一篇很好的故事。

这次经历令人可恼之处在于围绕着我的被捕以及随后庭上审讯而出现的种种武断专横的情况。

事情发生在大约12年前，其时正是2月。

几个月前我中学毕业了，但上大学要等到10月。

当时我还在家中居住。

一天早晨，我来到里士满。

这里是伦敦的一个郊区，离我住的地方不远。

我在寻找一份临时工作，以便积些钱去旅游。

由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。

有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。

现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛，使我倒了霉。

事情发生在11点半钟光景。

我在当地图书馆谋职未成，刚刚走出来，便看到一个人穿越马路，显然是要来跟我说话。

我以为他要问我时间，不料他说他是警官，要逮捕我。

起先我还以为这是在开玩笑，但又一个警察出现在我的面前，这次是位身着警服的，这一下使我确信无疑了。

“为什么要抓我?”我问道。

“到处游荡，企图作案，”他说。

“作什么案?”我又问。

“偷窃，”他说。

“偷什么?”我追问。

“牛奶瓶，”他板着面孔说道。

“噢，”我说。

事情原来是这样的，在这一地区多次发生小的扒窃案，特别是从门前台阶上偷走牛奶瓶。

接着，我犯了一个大错误。

其时我年方19，留一头蓬乱的长发，自认为是60年代“青年反主流文化”的一员。

所以我想装出一副冷漠的、对这一事件满不在乎的样子。

于是我尽量用一种漫不经心的极其随便的腔调说，“你们跟踪我多久啦?”这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套的了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。

几分钟后，开来了一辆警车。

“坐到后面去，”他们说。

“把手放到前排座位的靠背上，不准挪动。

”他们分别坐在我的两边。

这可再也不是闹着玩的了。

(完整word版)英语短文中英文翻译

1.Today my friend and I are taking a walk。

suddenly，we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying，we go and ask him。

“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay underthe big tree!今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。

突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。

我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。

他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”.“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。

2。

One day an old man siselling a big elephant.A young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it slowly。

The old man goes up to him and says inhis ear，“Don't say anything about the elephant before I sell it，then i'll give you some money."“All right，”says the young man.After the old man slles the elephant，he gives the young man some money and says，“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant？”“I don’t find the bad ears，”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old man。

出师表英文版全文英汉互译原文及英文对照完整版

出师表英文版全文英汉互译原文及英文对照完整版出师表英文版全文英汉互译完整版。

今日，新版诸葛亮扮演着王洛勇朗，一段诵英文版出师表的视频在网上爆红，小伙伴们能想象到英文版出师表是什么样的吗?赶快随小编一起来看看下面的相关介绍吧!英文版出师表是什么样的英文版出师表文字版《出师表》原文及英文对照版臣亮言：先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

Permit me to observe: the late emperor was taken from us before he couldfinish his life's work, the restoration of the Han. Today, the empire is stilldivided in three, and our very survival is threatened.然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

Yet still the officials at court and the soldiers throughout the realmremain loyal to you, your majesty. Because they remember the late emperor, allof them, and they wish to repay his kindness in service to you.诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

This is the moment to extend your divine influence, to honor the memory ofthe late Emperor and strengthen the morale of your officers. It is not the timeto listen to bad advice, or close your ears to the suggestions of loyal men.亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。

英文翻译原文

Process variability in honing of cylinder liner with vitri ﬁed bonded diamond toolsL.Sabri a ,b ,M.El Mansori a ,⁎a Arts et Métiers ParisTech,LMPF-EA 4106,Rue Saint Dominique,BP 508,51006,Châlons-en-Champagne,Cedex,France bRenault s.a.s,Direction de l'Ingénierie Mécanique,67rue des bons raisins,92500Rueil Malmaison,Francea b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Available online 19May 2009Keywords:Honing variability Cylinder liner wear Surface ﬁnishVitri ﬁed bonded diamond stoneWith the increasing use of ultra-hard abrasives and the introduction of more powerful and rigid machines,honing process is spreading its performances.In industrial honing of cylinder liners for internal combustion engines,the degree of penetration that Metallic Bonded Diamond (MBD)abrasive stones have experienced compared to conventional Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)tools is obvious.The long tool life of metal bonded diamond sticks is however balanced by its main role in producing torn and folded metal without cutting-effect ﬁnish.To simultaneously reduce folding and remove the stock with improved stone life,an experimental investigation is reported on the process variability in ﬁnish honing behavior due to stone inconsistency and nature of its properties.We consider the achievable performances by ﬁnish honing of cast iron liners with a new abrasive stone.This superabrasive consists of micro-sized diamond abrasives which are bonded with vitri ﬁed bond (VBD).By selection of ﬁner grit abrasive while honing with VBD tool,conditions could be created that gave a cutting-effect ﬁnish to the diamond honing and minimized the folding over.©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionHoning is a demanding operation,often involving a great deal of interrupted multistage surface formation which is decisively in ﬂuenced by the abrasive grain types [1–3].When honing technology was developed 50years ago,it was primary used as a ﬁnishing operation.But now,honing is responding towards the challenge of higher productivity and also making progress as a stock removal process [2,3].Such developments lie in a new generation of abrasives,honing centers,and process improvements.Abrasive stones used have to be also selected appropriately,according to applications.For automotive crankcases,two types of abrasive can mainly be differentiated when cylinder liners are being honed.These are superabrasives –Metal Bonded Diamond (MBD)and conventional abrasives –Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)[2].The use of Metal Bonded Diamond sticks ful ﬁls the tool life requirement.However,the main impediments of these sticks are the turn and folding of the material spread which leads to seizure.Indeed,MBD stones have higher bonding strength between the diamond grits and the bonding matrix and consequently longer tool life.Therefore,this structure retards the exposure of new cutting edges when the diamond grits become dull during honing process [3].Severe friction between the metal bond and the workpiece is thus induced.Accordingly,the honing ef ﬁciency is reduced by creating the so-called “Blechmantel ”phenomenon.It consists of the presence of cold work material smeared out on cylinder liners which is undesirable as it seals the oil-bearing honing grooves and closes the graphite inclusions [4].Besides,even vitri ﬁed bonds also have higher bond strength in comparison with others types of bonds,the high elasticmodulus and low fracture toughness of the glass bonding materials facilitate a self-dressing capability of the stone [5].The stick becomes then excellent in discharge capability of honing chips due to the formation of numerous pores between the grains.Hence,high surface quality is produced to the detriment of a lower tool life [6,7].On this basis,new abrasive stone with vitri ﬁed bonded diamond (VBD)has been developed in order to combine the excellent properties of vitri ﬁed bond to those of diamond grains.It consists of micro-sized diamonds embedded in a SiC matrix and it is investigated in regard to its ﬁnish and wearing performance while honing car iron liners.Also,the involved cutting effect with these new superabrasive hones is considered to evaluate the inherent process variability.2.ExperimentalIn this work,honing experiments were carried out on a vertical honing machine with an expansible tool (NAGEL no.28-8470)(Fig.1).The workpiece consists of cylinder liner of lamellar gray cast iron engine crankcase after boring and rough honing operations.Two sets of instrumented ﬁnish honing tests were performed with two types of abrasive stones,namely:1.Vitri ﬁed Bonded Silicon Carbide (VBSC)with an average grit size of 110µm (Fig.2-a).It is a IAS65/100I8S conventional stone with an initial mixture of 65vol.%of aluminum oxide and 35vol.%of green silicon carbide which corresponds to a soft grade,a large openness of the structure (8)and having a vitri ﬁed bond resulting from a special treatment by impregnation with sulfur.2.Vitri ﬁed Bonded Diamond (VBD)with an average grit size of 107µm (Fig.2-b).This superabrasive hone is new type of compositeSurface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+33326699181;fax:+33326699176.E-mail address:mohamed.elmansori@chalons.ensam.fr (M.ElMansori).0257-8972/$–see front matter ©2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2009.05.013Contents lists available at ScienceDirectSurface &Coatings Technologyj o u r n a l h om e p a g e :w w w.e l s ev i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /s u r fc o a tconsisting of micro-sized diamonds of 107µm and green silicon carbide in the size of 60µm which are bonded with vitreous C7glass material.The concentration of 150which is used corresponds to 5.5carats of diamond.This new stone possesses hence simulta-neously higher concentration (i.e.the volume percentage of diamond abrasive is about 37.5%)that a priori will enable a higher removal rate with a longer life and a mixture of abrasive grains to hold good ﬁnish quality.The selected average grit size is the commonly used in ﬁnish honing operation on the automotive industry.For each experimental set,three expansion velocities (1.5µm/s;4µm/s,8µm/s)are considered while the other working variables were kept constant.Table 1shows the most important working variables applied for these tests.To quantify the stock removal,the difference between the liner diameter before and after honing is measured.The form variations and the microtopogra-phical features of the honed liners were quanti ﬁed.Optical (Fax-ﬁlm)and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)observations were also performed to describe the obtained textured surface by honing.3.Results3.1.Production honing variability in terms of ﬁnish performance In a production environment of cylinder liners,honing process must produce liner with roundness less than 5µm and cylindricity of 10µm and ﬁnish requirements of less than 2µm in R k .Fig.3shows the form performance of the VBD and VBSC stones operating under ﬁnish honing conditions,where three expansionspeeds of honing stone surface against the liner wall are applied to carry out ﬁnishing operations.This graph demonstrates clearly that the surface form achieved with vitri ﬁed diamond hones in machining cast iron is almost the same as that obtained by conventional abrasive stones.At higher expansion speed of honing stone,the cylindricity seems to be however improved when honing with VBD stone in comparison with VBSC one.Note that,as these results were reproduced at three different levels of the cylinder liner,we can state that the VBD stone have the same robustness as VBSC conventional stone.Roughness parameters of honed surfaces which are most important for quality assessment are plotted in Fig.4.The ﬁrst set of parameters represents roughness criteria based on the ISO 13565-2[8].The second one represents the same parameters of the Abbott curve but expressed from the CNOMO standard [9].This one entails the parameter Cr:Running-in criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 33%and 1%;Cf:operating criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 75%and 15%;and Cl:lubrication criterion calculated between the bearing ratios 99%and 45%.As expected,honed surfaces produced by the VBSC stones are ﬁner than those issued with vitri ﬁed diamond hones (VBD).Moreover,another interesting variation is the sensitivity of the ﬁnish perfor-mance to the feed system.With an increase in the expansion velocity,the ultra-hard abrasive grains (VBD stone)are pressed deep into the workpiece surface so as to re-sharpen the grit.This makes it possible to carry out quite-similar ﬁnish performance with superabrasive production honing (see Fig.4-a).The resulting surface aspect that concerns the lateral geometric properties of the diamond honing texture shows however,the presence of material smearing with grooves interrupts (see Fig.5).3.2.Process reliability in terms of honing productivityThe curves in Fig.6show the evolution of stone wear and honing ratio which is a convenient measure of stone life (H =volume of metal removed/volume of stone wear)from conventional (VBSC stone)toFig.1.Schematic representation of the honing head in continuous balancedmovement.Fig.2.(a)SEM micrograph of VBSC grits showing a random growth pattern similar to that of fractured glass;(b)The same magni ﬁcation as (a)but for VBD grits which reveals the openness of the structure where sharp edges are evident.Table 1Working conditions.Honing parameters Rough honing Finish honing 12Axial speed (m/min)282828Rotation speed (rpm)230230230Expansion type Mechanical Mechanical Mechanical Number of stones 666Abrasive grit type Diamond VBD VBSC Grain size (µm)125107110Bond typeMetal Vitri ﬁed Vitri ﬁed Abrasive stone dimensions (mm ×mm ×mm)2×5×706×6×706×6×701047L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050superabrasive honing (VBD stone).The wear behavior observed while honing with VBSC stone appears to be similar to that of single-point cutting tools.High initial wear is recorded for the ﬁrst 12honed liners.It was approximated by a mean value of 135.53mm 3(ﬁrst horizontal segment in Fig.6).It was then followed by steady-state wear estimated by a mean value of 103.61mm 3(second horizontal segment in Fig.6).On the other hand,VBD stones are characterized by ex-ceptional ability to reduce the variations in performance caused by “wear regime transition ”to a mean value of 118.69mm 3.The superabrasive crystals indeed do not wear or break down as rapidly as conventional abrasives.This result is established by the variations of honing ratio,or H -ratio,which clearly shows the higher superhone life with lower process variability than conventional hone (VBSC stone).It is besides well known that wear of abrasive tools can be broadly classi ﬁed as either attritious or fracture wear as shown by Fig.7[10].Since the bond is same for both VBD and VBSC stones and the abrasive is in continuous balanced contact (±V a )with the work while honing,their wear behavior is more sensitive to the abrasive type and the bond energy destruction.This debonding energy depends consider-ably on pressure and speed.Indeed,the weakest link in thehoningFig. parison between the VBSC and VBD sticks performances in terms of cylindricity for various expansion velocities V1,V2andV3.Fig.4.(a)ISO and (b)CNOMO roughness parameters for honed surfaces by VBSC and VBD stones at various expansionvelocities.Fig.5.Honing texture of cylinder liners honed by (a)VBSC and (b)VBD with V2expansion velocity.1048L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–1050process is the bond strength which is challenged more by deep crystal penetration of the work (pressure)than by high surface speed.In the superabrasive hone,each crystal takes hence a cut because all the force behind the hone is concentrated on a few cutting points.More-over,the specially designed vitri ﬁed bonds permit to hold the grits in position and to accommodate a high volume of chips.This allows the VBD hone to operate in cutting mode (see Fig.7-b).However,abrasive particles in conventional hones rub or plow through the work rather than cut.Thus,heat increasing is generated from friction and fracture wear due to removal of silicon carbide particles from the stone either by partial fracture of grits (at “b ”in Fig.7-b or by fracturing away of the bond post as at “c ”).Hence,in attempting to ﬁnd the conditions that will increase productivity,changes in cutting rate and hone life must be seen together.Fig.8shows the relationship between hone life and removal rate when honing cast iron liners respectively with a conventional VBSC stone and a new vitreous bonded diamondproduct.Each location on the curve could be considered as “per-formance point ”,i.e.a measure of production ef ﬁciency at the given honing conditions.In both cases,the location of the “performance point ”of the curves appears to be related to the abrasive.The new superabrasive stone used in the ﬁnish honing operation yields low removal rate and low variations on honing ratio.A signi ﬁcant drop in life is however experienced by conventional hone with high pro-ductivity (large removal rate).By extrapolating this trend to higher material removal rate,it can be expected that the Honing ratio will decrease rapidly for VBSC stone than VBD which will have longer useful life.This implies that for VBD stone,to increase productivity without generating undue tool wear,speed should be increased instead of contact pressure [11].Fig.6.Evolution of stones wear and honing ratio from VBSC to VBD abrasivestones.Fig.7.Honing stone wear:(a)attritious wear which occurs at the grit-workpiece surface;(b)partial fracture of grit;(c)fracture of bondpost.Fig.8.The variation of hone life (H )with metal-cutting rate for ﬁnish honing with VBD and VBSC stones.1049L.Sabri,M.El Mansori /Surface &Coatings Technology 204(2009)1046–10504.ConclusionsSuperabrasive hones lend themselves to trends in manufacturing.To simultaneously reduce folding and remove a stock with improved hone life,a new superabrasive stone made from diamond abrasive with vitriﬁed bond(VBD)is developed.The vitriﬁcation of superabrasive diamond hones leads to a signiﬁcant consistency in their performance.It is evident that the vitreous bond in which the diamond particles are impregnated allows higher crystal penetration without generation fracture wear.This enables the vitriﬁed diamond hones to operate in cutting mode,consequently they will last longer than conventional vitriﬁed hones.Indeed,conventional vitriﬁed SiC hones tend to fracture at the bond bridge rather than at the interface between diamond and its bonding bridge.This implies that conventional hones,especially vitriﬁed ones,have a high wear level as compare to VBD stone,which is difﬁcult to control,often resulting in variable performance.Thus,by selection of ﬁner grit abrasive of VBD stone and appropriate honing parameters as cutting speed and pressure,new or revised design of superabrasive production honing which involve holeﬁnishing can be made productive.References[1]H.Weule,Improved Honing Through Process Control,Annals of the CIRP Vol.37/1/1998.[2]M.C.Shaw,Principles of abrasive processing,Oxford University Press,USA,1996,p.385.[3]H.O.Juchem,Honing:time to take stock of advances,Mach.Prod.Eng.,1979,pp.33–35.[4]Z.Dimkovski,C.Anderberg,B.G.Rosén,R.Ohlsson,T.Thomas,Quantiﬁcation ofBlechmantel effect on wear of cylinder bore microtopography,Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Simposium on Tribology,Nordtrib,2008.[5]M.J.Jackson,ls,Microscale wear of vitriﬁed abrasive materials,J.Mater.Sci.39(2004)2131.[6]John H.Taylor,Superabrasive Production Honing Greater Quality,Cost Efﬁciency,Cutting tool engineering,April1986,p.38.[7]Kuan-Hong Lin,Shih-Feng Peng,Shun-Tian Lin,Sintering parameters and wearperformance of vitriﬁed bond diamond grinding wheels,Int.J.Refract.Met.Hard Mater.25(2007)25.[8]J.Abbott,F.A.Firestone,Specifying surface quality,Mech.Eng.55(1933)569.[9]M.Harvier,G.Chaumond,CNOMO,Fascicule de formation Etats de surface,GE40-082N,Novembre2003.[10]M.J.Jackson,N.Barlow,ls,The effect of bond composition on the strengthof partially-bonded vitriﬁed ceramic abrasives,J.Mater.Sci.Lett.13(1994)1287.[11]W.H.Cubberly,ASM handbook committee,metals handbook,Properties andSelection:Irons and Steels,Machining,vol.16,1989,p.453.1050L.Sabri,M.El Mansori/Surface&Coatings Technology204(2009)1046–1050。

大学英语四级英语课文翻译

Unit 3 在麦当劳的第一天第一天，我早早地便来上班了。

有人给我拿来工作帽和围裙，接着一位热心的麦当劳员工向我解释如何操作收银机。

收银机上有各种色彩和名称的按钮，对于不熟悉它的人来说有点想是飞机的控制面板。

每个按钮都代表了不同食物，如巨无霸、水果派、麦香鱼、等等。

除了这些，还有各式套餐和其他特价品种。

如果有人点了一份套餐但同时还需要一份特价食品，那么你就需要按另一个按钮。

对于一个新手而言，总还会有一些事不容易搞清楚。

按要求你要在顾客点餐之后询问他/她是否需要甜点或饮料。

当然，你不能做一个过于主动的推销员，而是要间接地表达你的意思。

向孩子和上了年纪的妇女强行推销食品是不允许的。

我了解到，将带有“麦当劳”字样的薯条盒正对顾客摆放很重要，因为那样顾客能很准确无误地接受到广告信息。

将饮料放在顾客托盘的右方位置也很重要，原因是绝大多数顾客惯于使用右手，因此托重物时右手更有力。

第一位顾客站在了我的面前。

“我想要一个吉士汉堡、一包薯条、一杯浓奶昔。

”她说。

“需要再来点甜点吗？”我尽可能地按麦当劳的方式来促销。

“不用了，谢谢。

”就这样，我的第一次推销以失败告终。

如果我在收银机上找不到正确的按钮，一位总是对“临时工”特别关照的麦当劳工作人员会前来帮我。

这样的帮助非常重要，特别是在怒找不到套餐按钮的时候，或是当你按下了计算需付总金额的按钮却发觉总额与找零显示已经从收银机的小小屏幕上彻底消失了的时候。

接着，我得适应如何将薯条倒进包装盒，适应如何正确地按饮料的按钮。

每当顾客点了巨无霸或其他汉堡之后，我得大声提醒生产间人员多做些这类食品。

我还得检查包装盒上的日期看看是否过了保质期，如果过了食物就得让掉……这就是我在麦当劳工作的第一天，也是我工作经历中最为难忘的一天。

Unit 4 购物的乐趣每周去购物是我的乐趣之一。

我喜欢想象手推着购物车在超市里闲逛，喜欢什么酒拿什么。

然而，这个过程并不总是如此激动人心。

首先，要取辆手推车并不容易。

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本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：企业物流计划与控制的研究外文题目：Application of Collaborative Transportation Management to Global Logistics: An Interview Case Study译文题目：全球物流应用协同运输管理：面试为例学生姓名：林巧智专业：物流工程0801班指导教师姓名：冯欣评阅日期：International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007 623Application of Collaborative Transportation Managementto Global Logistics: An Interview Case StudyChcng-Min FengNational Chiao Tung University, TaiwanCliien-Vun YuanNational Chiao Tung University, TaiwanGlobal logistics in business operation is playing a critical role in responding to the changing market demand in a world of globalization and mass customization. The efficiency of global distribution holds the key to success in international trade. Not only is collaborative transportation management (CTM) a new collaboration strategy between the shipper and carrier, it is also a new business model. This paper presents a descriptive case study on the application of CTM to business global logistics. In-depth interviews were conducted with respondents from multinational electronic manufacturing service (EMS) corporations and transportation logistics ser\'ice providers. Our analysis reveals that third-part- logistics (3PL) service providers play an important role in global sourcing of multinational corporations. Integrating CTM with enterprise resource planning (ERP) via information technology (IT) can facilitate transportation capacity planning and achieve prompt delivery within the shortest time possible. The positiveimpact of CTM on business logistics enables enterprises to gain competitive advantage in the global business arena.1. IntroductionThe rise of regional economies around the world as well as the development of globalization has caused the supply chain to face problems such as global sourcing, cross-country production, diverse needs of customers, short product life cycle, demand for rapid delivery, frequent order placement, reduced procurement quantity, high logistics cost and diminished revenues. Hence, efficiency in global distribution is the key to survival and success under the intensely competitive business environment, which demands adequate product supply, rapid delivery and low inventory. Growing trend of mass customization and e-commerce are forcing manufacturers and retailers to shorten their planning cycles and delivery time. With smaller planning windows and the universal objective to minimize inventory in the value chain, transportation has become a critical opportunity in the process (Browning and White, 2000; Sutherland, 2003). Transportation consumes 5.5% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), and approximately the same proportion of a company's sales revenue (Wilson and Delaney, 2(X)3). Transportation service represents a major component of order lead time. Much of the variability in order lead time is attributed to variation in transit times (CTM While Paper. 2004). Huge capital in terms of sunk cost is a unique feature of transportation industry,making it difficulty, if not impossible, to increase supply capacity or find substitutes within a short time. The success in supply chain management lies in whether the replenishment can be in the right place when it needs to be there. The supply chain is a624 International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007complex system made up of many parties. Insufficient or unavailable carrier capacity provided in time for the shipper will cause disruption in the supply chain when the delivery will be in process but its status is unknown or delayed. Such uncertainty will cause both the buyers and sellers to maintain a larger inventory just in case. Hence, suppliers either have to face the pressure of excess inventory or run the risk of inadequate stock. This jeopardizes the whole supply chain, posing problems of increased cost, time delay and negative impact on business.A single member of the supply chain alone cannot do much to resolve supply chain problems. This is why collaboration among partners in a supply chain has become a topic of great interest for many and an essential element of company strategy for others (CTM While Paper, 2004). Previous studies on supply chain collaboration has focused mainly on the collaboration among supply chain parties including, the suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers/distributors and retailers (Armistead and Overton, 1994; Bowersox ct al., 1999; Holmberg. 2000; Hoyt and Hug,2000; Stank et al,, 1999; Tage et al., 2003; Thomas and Griffin, 1996; Holweg et al., 2005). As a matter of fact, the supply chain consists of not only customers in downstream flows, hut also third-party organizations, such as logistics and transportation providers (Mentzer et al., 2001; Espcr and Williams, 2003). Researchers including Sutherland (2003). Browning and White (2000), Esper and Williams (2003) and Bishop (2004) have all pointed out the need to incorporate Collaborative Transportation Management (CTM) with Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) among trading partners in the supply chain. While CPFR is primarily buyer- and seller-based, CTM involves the transportation service providers including carriers and 3PLs to ensure efficient and effective shipment delivery.Nevertheless, in order to reap the abovementioned benefits, CTM should be adopted and implemented to avoid logistics bottlenecks, to overcome inefficiencies due to the lack of interaction between the shipper and the transportation component, and to foster closer collaboration. Collaborative commerce among enterprises is a relatively recent concept of business operation (Harris, 2002). Hence, enterprises that have developed CTM strategies are rare including only the few global 3PL service providers such as UPS, DHL and FedEx, large logistics and transportation management services provider such as Transplace, and well-know retailers such as Wal-Mart, Procter & Gamble. Although the relevant literature and casestudies on CTM are scarce, the operation, applications and impacts of CTM are topics worthy of further investigation.The purpose of this study is to explore the application of CTM to business global logistics and discusses the roles played by third-party logistics providers (3PLs) and information technology (IT) in the CTM model. Finally, the value of CTM is assessed from the perspective of the shipper. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews previous work. Section 3 describes the research method. The business mode and content of CTM are analyzed in Section 4. A case study is detailed in Section 5, followed by the conclusion presented in Section 6. International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 2007 6252. Literature ReviewCollaboration has been defined as an attempt lo fully satisfy the concerns of the parties involved in exchange, in order to achieve an integrative settlement (Esper et al., 2003). Collaboration is a process of decision making among interdependent parties. It involves joint ownership of decisions and collective responsibility for outcomes (Stank et al., 2(X}|). As pointed out by Thomas and Griffn (1996), collaboration is creating significant value in the relationships along the value chain. Many studies have also discovered positive impact of strategic alliance between enterprises on their market performance (Park and Cho, l997;Sarkar,Echamhadi and Harrison, 2001; George, Zahra,Wheatley and Khan, 2001; Li and Gima, 2002; Kale, Dyer and Singh, 2002).Kordal (2002) indicated that collaborative commerce is a strategy for gaining competitive advantage. Not only is CTM a new partner strategy between the shipper and carrier, it is also a new business model. This model includes the c as a strategic partner for information sharing and collaboration in the supply chain. The application of CTM promises to reduce transit times and total costs for the retailer and its suppliers while increasing asset utilization for the carriers. The programs benefits all three parties involved: the retailer, the supplier and the carrier. (Tyan et al., 2003)CTM has been referred to as the 'missing link' in collaborative supply chain execution that adds value to the entire collaboration process in terms of reduced transportation costs, increased asset utilization, improved service, enhanced customer satisfaction and greater revenues (Sutherland, 2003). Esper and Williams (2003) regarded CTM as a relatively new extension of CPFR: and just as in the early development stages, value measures for CTM have been difficult to find in the extant literature. Information technology (IT) has a significant impact on collaborative effort formation playing a dual role as 'supporter' and 'enabler'. A descriptive case study of a third-party CTM systems provider is employed to investigate the processes and benefits of CTM. They found that CTM implemented throughinformation systems could save transportation cost by 8.4%-20% through advance planning, optimization, and continual updates of shipment status, improve on-time performance ranging from 5% to 30%, increase regional fleet utilization by 10%-42% because of complementary backhaul opportunities in an extended planning horizon to the carriers, lessen the chance of shipment damage, reduce administrative cost, and minimize financial risk. Feng, Yuan and Lin (2005) developed a supply chain simulation model with CTM. Using the modified simulation model of 'Beer Game", they applied CTM to the manufacturer, distributor and carrier and obtained a significant decrease in total supply chain costs, including inventory cost and backlog cost, an improvement in bullwhip effect, and enhanced utilization of transportation capacity. Tyan et al. (2003) analyzed the application of CTM by a 3PL provider in a notebook computer global supply chain in Taiwan using the case study approach. The implementation results show that the delivery cycle time and the total cost are simultaneously reduced.In sum, previous research has emphasized the value of CTM while little attention has been paid to exploring the impact of CTM integrated into business global logistics.626 International Journal of Management Vol. 24 No. 4 December 20073. Research MethodAs mentioned above. CTM is a relatively new concept and related studies are thus scarce. In this work, the application of CTM to business global logistics is examined using a descriptive case study. In-depth interviews are conducted to obtain relevant data for analysis. The company selected as a case study was recommended by one worldwide computer corporation of Taiwan (FIC Global Inc) and one global integrated logistics service provider (UPS International Inc., Taiwan branch) as an outstanding example of global logistics and transportation collaborative management. The respondents are senior managers of the production, import/export and Customs operations departments.Questions asked during the interview covered the following issues. (1) What is the purpose of implementing CTM'.' (2) What kinds of problems are resolved by CTM? (3) What does tbe CTM process involve? (4) What are the roles of 3PL service provider and IT in CTM? (5) What are the items contained in the CTM shipment agreements between the carrier (including 3PL service provider) and shipper? (6) What kind of information is exchanged between the carrier and shipper? (7) What are the exception events often seen during actual implementation and how are they handled?(8) Which party undertakes the investment on establishing IT facilities for CTM? (9) What benefits obtained.4. Collaborative Transportation ManagementThis section provides an overview of CTM, lists the objectives of the studyand illustrates he process of collaboration.4.1 CTM definitionAccording to the CTM Sub-Committee of the Voluntary Inter-Industry Commerce Standards (VlCS) Logistics Committee, CTM is a holistic process that brings together supply chain trading partners and service providers to drive inefficiencies out of the transport planning and execution process.CTM focuses on enhancing the interaction and collaboration between three principle parties (a seller, a carrier, and a buyer) in their logistics roles of shipper, carrier and receiver, as well as, secondary participants including 3PL service providers (see Fig. I). Participants collaborate by sharing key information about demand and supply.全球物流应用协同运输管理：面试为例冯成民台湾，国立交通大学袁晨云台湾，国立交通大学在应对世界全球化和大规模制定以及时刻变化的市场需求时，全球物流企业的经营发挥了重要的作用。