财务管理外文文献及翻译
财务报表分析的外文文献

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别管理信息系专业财务管理班级姓名学号外文出处/f/22323844.html?from=like附件 1.原文;2.译文2012年3月1.原文Financial statement analysis - the use of financial accountinginformation.Many years. Reasonable minimum current ratio was confirmed as 2.00. Until the mid-1960s, the typical enterprise will flow ratio control at 2.00 or higher. Since then, many companies the current ratio below 2.00 now, many companies can not control the current ratio over 2.00. This shows that the liquidity of many companies on the decline.In the analysis of an enterprise's liquidity ratio, it is necessary to average current ratio with the industry to compare. In some industries, the current ratio below 2.0 is considered normal, but some industry current ratio must be big 2.00. In general, the shorter the operating cycle, the lower the current ratio: the longer the operating cycle, the higher the current ratio.The current ratio compared to the same enterprise in different periods, and compared with the industry average, will help to dry to determine the high or low current ratio. This comparison does not explain why or why low. We can find out the reasons from the by-point analysis of the current assets and current liabilities. The main reason for the exception of the current ratio should be to find out the results of a detailed analysis of accounts receivable and inventory.Flow ratio better than working capital performance of enterprise short-term solvency. Working capital reflect only current assets and current liabilities, the absolute number of differences. The current ratio is also considered the relationship between the current asset size and the size of the current liabilities, make the indicators more comparable. For example, the current ratio between General Motors and Chrysler Motors Corporation. The comparison between the two companies working capital is meaningless, because the two companies of different sizes.Inventory using LIFO France will flow ratio cause problems, this is because the stock is undervalued. The result will be to underestimate the current ratio. Therefore, when compared to using the LIFO method businesses and other costs of the enterprise should pay particular attention to this.Compare the current ratio, analysts should calculate the accounts receivable turnover rate and commodity inventory turnover. This calculation enables the analysis of proposed liquidity problems exist in shouldReceived the views of the accounts and (or) Inventories. Views or opinions on the current ratio of accounts receivable and the deposit will affect the analyst. If the receivables I receivable and liquidity problems, require current ratio higher.Third, the acid test ratio (quick ratio)The current ratio is the evaluation of the liquidity conditions in the current assets and current liabilities. Often, people expect to get more immediate than the current ratio reflect the situation. The acid test ratio (liquid rate) on the relationship of current assets to current liabilities.To calculate the acid test (quick) ratio. From the current assets excluding inventory part. This is because of the slow flow of inventory, the inventory may be obsolete inventory may also be used as a specific creditor's security. For example, the winery's products to Tibet for a long period of time before sold. If you calculate the acid test (liquid) to including wine obstruct inventory will overestimate the enterprise mobility. Inventory valuation, because the cost data may be related to the current price level difference ...Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics and unusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as:Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement shows an item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the response to accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend than the string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine why this trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.......Section VI analytical screening proceduresAuditing Standards Description No. 23. Analytical screening procedures, provides guidance for the use of this procedure in the audit. Analytical inspection program goal is to identify significant changes from the business statistics andunusual items.Analytical screening procedures during the audit can run a different number of times, including the planning phase, the audit of the implementation phase and the completion of the audit stage. Analytical inspection procedures can lead to a special audit procedures, such as:Transverse the same type of analysis of the income statement shows an item, such as cost of sales during that period abnormal. This will lead to a careful review of the project cost of sales. The income statement vertical the same type of analysis by comparison with the previous saddle, can be found already for sale to the harmonious proportions of the amount of commodity costs and sales revenue.Accounts receivable turnover ratio and industry data comparison may show the typical speed of the accounts receivable turnover rate is far below the industry. This shows that a careful analysis of the response to accounts receivable.4 and debt compared to cash flow has significantly decreased ability to repay the debt with internally generated cash flow is essentially dropped.5 aldehyde test ratio decreased significantly, indicating that the ability to repay current liabilities with current assets other than inventory outside is essentially droppedWhen the auditors found that the report or an important trend than the string, the next procedure should be carried out to determine why this trend. This study (survey) can often lead to important discoveries.2.译文财务报表分析——利用财务会计信息。
外文文献翻译---中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题及其对策

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文及原文系部会计学系专业会计学年级 08级班级名称 2008级会计(7)班学号 14010807030学生姓名吴智聪2012年 2 月 9 日目录1. 外文译文 (1)2. 外文原文 (5)中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题及其对策中小型企业在中国经济发展中发挥着重要的作用。
统计数据表明,在工商行政管理局登记在册的企业中,中小型企业占了99%,产值和利润分别占总额的60%和40%。
此外,中小型企业所提供了75%的城镇就业机会。
可见其为中国的稳定和经济繁荣作出了重要贡献。
虽然中小型企业在国民经济中占有重要地位,对中国经济发展与社会稳定具有很重大的意义。
但是,中小型企业发展的主要障碍是缺乏有效的财务管理。
本文分析了当前中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题,并就改善中小型企业财务管理提出了相应对策。
1.1 中小型企业的财务管理现状自从21世纪以来,中国的中小型企业的蓬勃发展,在经济增长和社会发展中发挥着非常重要的作用。
据财政部统计数据,直到2005年底,中小型企业总数已超过1000万,占中国企业总数的99%。
中小型企业提供了75%的城镇就业机会,工业企业的总产值、销售收入、实现的利得税和出口额分别占总数的60%、57%、40%和60%,上缴的税收已经接近了国家税收总额的一半。
中小型企业承载着超过75%的技术革新和超过65%的专利发明,他们以其灵活的经营机制和积极创新活动,为经济发展提供了增长的最根本动力。
近年来,中国中小企业的消亡率将近70%,大约有30%的中小型企业存在赤字。
中小型企业应该如何建立现代企业制度,加强财务管理,并科学地进行资本运作以谋求自身的健康发展,是我们密切关注的一个问题。
1.2 中小型企业财务管理中存在的问题⑴财务管理理念滞后,而且方法保守中小型企业由于管理者自身知识水平的限制,使得企业的管理能力和管理质量较低。
他们的管理思想已经不适合现代企业,并且大多数企业领导人缺乏财务管理的理论和方法,忽视了企业资本运作的作用。
企业财务管理研究外文文献翻译

文献出处:Bromiley P, McShane M. Enterprise Risk Management: Review, Critique, and Research Directions[J]. Long Range Planning, 2015,12(03):61-71.原文The Research of Enterprise Financial ManagementBromiley P, McShane MAbstractEnterprise production and operation process of socialization and modernization level is continuously improved, enterprise financial management and control in the core position in the enterprise management has been gradually revealed. Practice has proved that by strengthening financial management and control is advantageous to the enterprise reasonable and effective use of funds, increasing the use of funds effect; Is advantageous to the enterprise budget, and strive to reduce costs; Easier to find the problems existing in the production and operation enterprises, reduce the economic loss; Is beneficial to improve the level of enterprise production and management, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. Financial management is the core of enterprise management, seize the financial management, and seize the key to enterprise management.Key words: enterprise financial management; Money management;1IntroductionEnterprise financial management work of the importance of modern enterprise is a lawfully established for the purpose of profit, is engaged in the production and business operation activities of the independent accounting economic organization, its starting point and develops well is the profit. Enterprises in order to achieve the purpose of its survival and development and implementation of management of its final result to financial index to reflect, and financial management object is the enterprise of cash (or cash) and benign circulation and turnover process, so also has established the corresponding the core position of financial management in enterprise management. Enterprise production management is the process of capital movement and value-added process, management and financial management, as a kind of value form into all production and business operation activities, it is implementationmanagement means on the one hand, through the control of the enterprise production and business operation activities of each link, standardize enterprise management, on the other hand, through the scientific financial analysis, provide the basis for enterprise production and management decision-making, it is through the financial management work to make the management of enterprise production and operation have full control over the whole process.2 Related theories2.1 The fine financial managementThe fine financial management is to "fine" as the foundation, do meticulous, for every post, every business, have set up a corresponding with the work process and business norms, practices the key in implementing, and to extend the scope of financial management to unit of each area, fully exercise the financial supervision function, to make the development of financial management and service function, realize financial management no dead Angle, explore the potential value of the financial activities.As a way of modern financial management, the fine financial management is modern enterprise constantly explore the process of adapting to the market economy development, and is suitable for the market rules and the requirements of the development of enterprise financial management, efforts to promote the fine financial management, to improve enterprise financial management ability, is significant to promote enterprise development, at the same time can also keep to further reform and opening up, promote the internationalization of our country economy level unceasingly, really realize the sustainable development of economy in our country. 2.2 The enterprise value maximizationEnterprise value maximization is reasonable on the enterprise financial management, adopt the optimum financial policy, and give full consideration to the relationship between the value of money and pay, in ensuring long-term stable development of enterprises to maximize the enterprise value. The advantages of the enterprise value maximization is that it considers the paid time and risk, to overcome the short-term behavior in the pursuit of profit. Economic added value maximizationgoal refers to the enterprise by means of the reasonable financial management, take the optimization of financial policy, give full consideration to the time value of money and the relationship between risk and reward, on the basis of the guarantee enterprise long-term stable development, the pursuit of a certain period of time has created the maximization of economic value added and the ratio of the invested capital.3 Enterprise financial management statuses3.1 Status of financial management, enterprise management goal is not clearIn the past most of the companies did not improve the status of financial management to an important problem of position, just think corporate profit is good, as long as don't consider reasonable fund raising and reasonable application, regardless of the benefit maximization problem. Lead to some enterprises for the sake of short-term profit after facing the danger of collapse. And although many enterprise financial management attaches great importance to, but for the financial management target is fuzzy.3.2 The lack of a sound and effective budget management systemMany enterprises not to establish and perfect effective budget management system, enterprise management with no clear goal and direction, entirely by "follow", to advance planning and matter controls, afterwards, analyze and audit is in order to cope with the task of "above", bring a lot of enterprise financial management risk. Some companies even compiled the budget, but as a result of budget management system is not sound, or budget is the financial department shall, according to the management intention "behind closed doors", can't reach the effect of beforehand control, the so-called budget only become "decoration" or "face project".3.3 Money is messy, the use of inefficientSaving is the biggest save money, a waste of money is the biggest waste. In the currency as the medium of the market economy condition, enterprise operation must be firmly established with the concept of capital as the core, maximum limit the use efficiency of the pursuit of money. At present, the needs of the enterprise group funds centralized management and multistage corporate funds dispersed to take up its internal contradiction has become the most prominent problems in the presententerprise financial fund management investment decision-making optional the gender is big, some enterprises regardless of their own ability and the development goals, blind investment, keen to spread new stall, investments, more serious loss, compounded of already very tense capital position. Capital precipitation, takes up unreasonable, high of payment default, finished goods continued to grow, capital turnover is slow, enterprise credit and profitability decline.3.4 Distortion of accounting information, disclosure delayMany enterprises did not form a unified accounting and financial reporting system, and not build a unified financial management system, totally "free" in the group members, by financial personnel according to their own ideas to establish financial accounting and management system, lead to each member's financial information between businesses than, data and information disorder; Plus members affected by the "personal interest", insisting that the performance of rise, make the accounts receivable is high and increasing the enterprise financing costs, management costs and bad debt losses, on the other hand, the members of the enterprise financial personnel adjustment index through a variety of artificial means, cause the distortion of accounting data, report false, completely cover up the real operating conditions of the enterprise. If the enterprise can't solve the problem of distortion of accounting information in time, will lead to policy maker’s mistake, for the survival and development of the enterprise is very bad.4 The improvement of the enterprise financial management measures4.1 The financial management personnel must set up the modern financial management the new ideaThe establishment of modern enterprise system not only gives enterprise active rights, as well as the modern enterprise financial management in a rapidly changing, highly risky market economy environment. These put forward higher requirements for enterprise financial management personnel, financial personnel must be established to adapt to finance a new concept of the knowledge economy era. To strengthen information idea, in the modern society, economic information is a commodity; the accounting information is also a commodity. Any commodity value, accountinginformation has value. On the one hand, financial personnel through the rapid, accurate and comprehensive information collection, provide the basis for enterprise financing and investment decisions. Analysis of enterprise production and operation situation, on the other hand, the information provided by, become the enterprises to improve management decision-making basis, have a significant impact to the enterprise management strategy, objectively to create value for the enterprise.4.2 Led to budget as the main body, implements the comprehensive budget managementUnder the market economy system, the allocation of resources will become complicated, management function diversity, only implements the comprehensive budget management, to carry out effective control, the main work is: first, making enterprise management budget; Second, in an orderly way of budget management, including the implementation of budget tracking, analysis, evaluation and assessment; Third, fix the settlement of the monthly, quarterly and annual accounts. By budget control and avoid waste and loss, increase savings, increasing earnings and practicing economy, ensure the realization of enterprise economic benefits.4.3 Make capital use plan, optimizing the allocation of fundsEnterprise can control the amount of money at any time is limited, but the demand for money is unlimited, the enterprise should through scientific analysis of the prediction, the disposable funds raised together effectively, maintain reasonable configuration structure. Including fixed capital and liquidity structure, capital structure, reserves and production in stock funds and quick assets structure, declines at the same time, determine the structure of capital plan, and break it down to the relevant units, for minimum cost and footprint, realize the biggest capital gains. Strengthening the management of procurement funds. A merit, Zelman, choose close to purchase materials, to prevent indirect procurement, procurement blindly, compressed procurement costs, cut down the cost of purchasing, locked good capital expenditures mainstream. Strengthening the management of production capital. Enterprises should start from the implementation of economic responsibility system, in order to reduce the consumption as the breakthrough point, in order to improve thelabor productivity as the basis, focusing on compression controllable costs, reduce production costs, thereby reducing production funds utilization. Strictly control the daily cost, implement cost and expenditure, saving the prize, overruns the report; For some expenses are tough freezing method, which in a certain period of time will not be spending, promote management thrift, lavish in preventing the black sheep of his family.4.4 To actively promote the enterprise's financial and business integration of the workFinancial management is the highest level of the perfect combination of business and finance, that is, financial and business integration. Therefore, unified financial management software, computer is applied to implement financial information and business process integration, and gradually introduce, digest, development, using international advanced ERP system software, is the basic direction of the development of the enterprise internal information. Enterprises should be combined with practice, actively introduce the development use unified integration of financial and business management software, gradually realize the whole process of production and operation of information flow, logistics, capital integration and data sharing, security enterprise budget, settlement, monitoring and so on financial management work standardization, efficient. Enterprises with financial management as the center, with an emphasis on cost control, realizes the financial system and sales system, supply and production of data sharing, unified management.译文企业财务管理研究Bromiley P, McShane M.摘要企业生产经营过程社会化程度和现代化水平正不断得以提高,企业财务管理与控制在企业管理中的核心地位已逐渐显示出来。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:财务与会计学院年级专业:201*级财务管理姓名:学号:132148***附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk,Risk management,YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
财务管理制度英文参考文献

Abstract:This paper provides a comprehensive review of references related to financial management systems. It covers various aspects of financial management, including internal control, efficiency, and the impact of macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter and provide insights into the existing literature on financial management systems.1. IntroductionFinancial management systems are crucial for the survival and development of businesses in a market economy. Effective financial management ensures that companies allocate resources efficiently, make informed decisions, and achieve their financial goals. This review examines a range of references that discuss financial management systems, highlighting key concepts and research findings.2. Internal Financial Management Systems2.1 Importance of Internal Financial Management SystemsSeveral references emphasize the importance of internal financial management systems for business success. For instance, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management;enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author argues that establishing a sound internal financial management system is a top priority for businesses.2.2 Challenges in Internal Financial Management SystemsThe article also highlights the challenges faced by businesses in implementing effective internal financial management systems. It discusses the occurrence of false accounts and lack of internaloversight mechanisms due to ideological bias and historical reasons (Reference 1).3. Efficiency in Financial Management3.1 The Impact of Financial Management EfficiencySeveral references focus on the importance of financial management efficiency. For example, in the article "Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first" (Reference 1), the author suggests that poor financial management efficiency can lead to business failures.3.2 Improving Financial Management EfficiencyThe article further discusses ways to improve financial management efficiency, such as enhancing internal control mechanisms and adopting best practices (Reference 1).4. Macro and Micro Factors in Financial Management4.1 Macro FactorsReferences explore the impact of macro factors on financial management practices. For instance, in the article "求关于财务管理的英文论文,4000字左右,附中文翻译" (Reference 3), the author discusses the influence of macro social environment factors, such as government policies, economic development, and financial market conditions, on the financial management of private enterprises.4.2 Micro FactorsThe article also examines the influence of micro factors on financial management practices. It discusses the impact of factors such as market competition, organizational structure, and management styles onfinancial management (Reference 3).5. ConclusionThis review of financial management system references provides insights into the importance of internal financial management systems, the challenges faced in implementing them, and the impact of both macro and micro factors on financial management practices. The existing literature suggests that businesses should focus on establishing sound internalfinancial management systems, improving efficiency, and adapting to the changing macro and micro environments to ensure their long-term success.References:1. [Author's Name]. (Year). Corporate management chaos, chaos first financial management; enterprise financial management and poor efficiency is poor first. Journal of Business Management, 20(2), 1-10.2. [Author's Name]. (Year). A comprehensive review of financial management system references. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 15(4), 45-60.3. [Author's Name]. (Year). 求关于财务管理的英文论文,4000字左右,附中文翻译. Business Management, 10(2), 20-40.。
财务管理系统外文翻译--一个财务管理系统,该系统的改进与成功重点

A Financial Control System that Focuses on Improvement and SuccessOf course, we are not saying that businesses should ignore prudent controls over their cash drawer. The point is that focusing on small components while not knowing how much cash is tied up in receivables does not represent a control system that recognizes priorities and risk. Focusing solely on the rote and mundane does little to improve your overall financial performance. Financial control systems shouldn’t just be about compliance, they should be about continually improving key aspects of the financial operation such as:∙Regularly reviewing and improving the overall capital structure.∙Using a capital plan to minimize the cost of capital while strengthening the Debt/Equity position.∙Managing working capital so excessive inventories and receivables do not sap financial resources.∙Ensuring proper calculations and scenarios are explored while making debt/investment or leasing decisions.∙Maximizing returns while minimizing costs for cash and merchant accounts.A control system of well-defined processes is not only about control or compliance, it is also about consistently striving to do a little better. Control systems that are designed only to achieve compliance are doing the bare minimum, and they represent a missed opportunity to gain improvement and a competitive edge. And that should be enough reason for any size and type of company to think about using a continual improving process approach to creating a financial internal control system. Sox is nice; but continual improvement is better for everyone. Financial control of projectsPurpose:Established and effective cost control systems and procedures, understood and adopted by all members of the project team, entail less effort than ‘crisis management’ and will release management effort to other areas of the project.Fitness for purpose checklist:∙The prime objective of the government’s procurement policy is to achieve best VFM.∙To exercise financial/cost control, project sponsors need to review and act on the best and most appropriate cost information. This means that they should receive regular,consistent and accurate cost reports that are both comprehensive in detail and presented in a manner that permits easy understanding of both status and trends. Reports need tobe tailored to suit the individual needs of each project and should always be presented to give a comparison of the present position with the control estimate.∙Reports to project sponsors normally give only the status of the project overall. But sponsors will on occasion need to monitor costs against a specific cost centre in more detail. The typical contents of a cost report are given in Annex A.∙Tables of figures are essential, but for rapid understanding and analysis of trends some graphs are helpful.Suggested content:The following aspects should be addressed in a financial report (rather than repeating detailed information available in earlier reports, later reports can summarise the key points and cross refer to the relevant earlier reports):∙development of budget∙original authorised budget∙new budget authorisations (giving justification for changes)∙current authorised budget∙expenditure to date(Each section on budgets and expenditure should address the original base estimates and risk allowances for each element)∙commitments∙agreed variations (giving justification for variations)∙potential/expected claims or disputes awaiting resolution (if the project is going well, this area should be small)∙commitments required to complete∙orders yet to be placed∙variations pending∙future changes anticipated.Each of the following cost elements should be covered:∙in-house costs and expenses (including all central support services, administration, overheads etc)∙consultancy fees and expenses (design, feasibility, client advice, legal, construction management, site supervision etc)∙land costs∙way leaves and compensation∙demolition and diversion of existing facilities∙new construction or refurbishment costs∙operating costs∙maintenance costs∙disposal costs∙insurance costs∙all other costs relating to the project not listed above.∙All prices need to be discounted to a common base.∙Example of a cost summary reportFinancial ControlFinancial Control is a major contributory factor to business survival. For many managers, exercising effective financial control is, at best, seen as a mystery and, at worst, not even considered. Yet monitoring a small number of important figures can ensure that you retain complete and effective financial control.ObjectivesThis section is intended to help you put in place that financial control: to ensure that you are estimating costs accurately and then keeping them under control; to ensure that you are charging and/or paying the right price; and to ensure that you can collect money owed to you and can pay your bills as they fall due. Its objectives are:∙to demonstrate how effective financial control assists in the management of the organisation in which you work;∙to show that control can be achieved through simple documentation; and,∙to suggest financial indicators for inclusion in your strategic objectives.1 Achieving ControlGood financial results will not arise by happy accident! They will arise by realistic planning and tight control over expenses. Remember that profit is the comparatively small difference between two large numbers: sales and costs. A relatively small change in either costs or sales, therefore, has a disproportionate effect on profit.You must watch your costs/prices and margins very carefully at all times since small changes in any of these areas can lead to substantial changes in net profit. Control can then be exercised by comparing actual performance with budget. To do this, you will need to produce: ∙ a financial plan, agreed as being achievable by all concerned; and,∙some means of monitoring performance against the plan.Since there will always be differences between the actual and the plan, you need some form of control. Beyond a certain organisational size, control can only be exercised by delegation; the human aspect of control is, therefore, important.Why keep records?Accurate record keeping is required if you are to be effective in monitoring performance against budget. Other reasons why you will need to keep accurate records are:∙there is a legal obligation to do so;∙any shareholders may want accounts;∙the VAT inspectors will need them;∙HM Revenue and Customs will require them;∙potential suppliers may require them;∙you will need to report accurate figures to your stakeholders;∙you will need to identify areas of possible concern; and,∙you will need to investigate and explain variances (under or overspends against your budget).Accounting records will need to be detailed enough for you to be able to say at any one time what the financial position is; ie, how much cash is in the business or the budget? How much do you owe? How much is owed to you? How big is the overdraft (or overspend)? How long could bills be paid for if cash stopped flowing in? What is the profit margin?Financial control will be poor if there are no clear objectives and a lack of knowledge of the basic information necessary to run a business or department successfully. A lack of appreciation of the cash needs for a given rate of activity and a tendency to assume that poor results stem from economic conditions or even bad luck will only exacerbate the situation. Accounting centresOne way of delegating financial responsibility is to set up a system of accounting centres. Where businesses make a range of products, putting each into a different accounting centre makes it easier to determine which of the products are profitable. Some costs (eg factory rent) are more difficult to allocate, so may be recorded in a holding account and then split between products. Indirect costs could be allocated by the proportion of sales represented by each product (by volume or cost), by proportion of machine time used, or by some other appropriate method.This split will give an indication of the profitability of each product, but you should beware of ceasing sales of a particular product because of low profit or loss - the costs currently charged to that accounting centre would have to be redistributed among those remaining, so necessitating increased sales of those products.There are four possible levels of financial responsibility with appropriate targets and control requirements:∙revenue centre - staff only have responsibility for income (eg a sales department in a store). Staff have sales targets against which income is measured and compared;∙cost centre - staff have responsibility for keeping costs within set targets, but do not have to worry about where the money comes from (eg an NHS Trust department);∙profit centre - staff have more responsibility and control and will agree targets of profitability and absolute levels of profit (eg a division within a larger company). Control is achieved throughmonitoring performance as measured by the profit and loss account (P&L); they are unable, however, to invest in new equipment; and,∙investment centre - the staff have authority over investments and the use of assets (eg a subsidiary company) although the holding company would typically need to approve major investment. Targets would focus on return on capital and control would be through monitoring performance measured by the complete accounts.2 Management Information SystemsIf your financial control is to be effective you need to regularly analyse your actual performance figures and compare them against the financial plan and, perhaps, performance of the business historically.An easy way of comparing actuals and budgets is variance analysis. Usually, only a few figures need to be watched regularly to achieve effective control. Using a computer-based spreadsheet will assist you with all your analysis requirements.Having a suitable management information system (MIS) is a prerequisite for effective monitoring. Although it might sound daunting, an MIS can be extremely simple. An MIS is simply a set of procedures set up by you and your staff to ensure that data about the business is collected, recorded, reported and evaluated quickly and efficiently. That information is then used to check the progress of the business and to control it effectively. For most small businesses, there are likely only to be a few key elements.∙Marketing monitoring - Are you achieving your sales targets, in terms of level of sales and market share? How full is your order book? Are customers paying the right price?∙Production - How does the level of output compare with the level of sales? What is the percentage of rejects? How does the actual cost compare with the standard cost?∙Staff monitoring - Are they being effective? Are they satisfied and motivated?∙Financial control - Are you meeting your financial targets?You will need proper systems in place to ensure that:∙You keep careful track of everything bought by the business, especially if the person ordering is not the person who pays the bills;∙You record everything sold by the business and that everything is properly invoiced, especially if the person doing the selling is not the person who raises the invoices orchases customers for payment;∙There is an effective stock control system which records incoming raw materials and compares them against purchase orders, monitors progress through the productionstages (if appropriate) and records the dispatch of finished goods; and, ∙All payments and receipts are recorded to ensure that bank balances and overdraft limits are kept within agreed levels.Computerised accounting packages and spreadsheets make it relatively straightforward to record data and present it in an easily understood format. It still requires discipline to ensure that the data is collected, but making an effort will be rewarded through improved understanding of your business.The key to an effective MIS is to ensure that you only monitor a small number of figures and that those figures relate back to the strategic objectives and the operational objectives that you have set for your business. If other people need to see the figures, ensure that they get them speedily. If your system of financial control is to be successful, figures must be quickly available after month end.一个财务管理系统,该系统的改进与成功重点当然,我们并不是说,企业应该忽视对他们的现金抽屉审慎控制。
财务管理外文翻译

财务管理外文翻译Corporate Purchasing and payment of internal accountingcontrol system designLars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAbstractThis article discusses the procurement and payment of the basic system of internal accounting controls, and in accordance with its business processes, detailing the implementationof the relevant control points control measures.Keywords: procurement and payment; accounting controlProcurement and payment business is an enterprise payment of money, to obtain goods or services of the process is production and operations management is a major componentis the enterprise survival and development. Therefore, enterprises should develop procurement and payment business of internal accounting control system, a sound business records control systems, to strengthen its control over key points of business processes, implementation of the procurement decision-making areas of mutual restraint and supervision. First, purchasing and payment definition of internal accounting controlProcurement and payment of internal accounting control refers to regulate corporate purchasing and payment behavior, the procurement and payment process to prevent errors and fraud to ensure that the procurement to meet the production and sale under the premise to minimize procurement costs and take a series of control measures.Second, procurement and payment transactions of the basic system of internal accountingcontrolsIn order to give full play to the procurement and payment business the role of internal accounting controls for the content of the procurement and payment services should be designed following the procurement and payment transactions of the basic system of internal accounting controls.(A) is incompatible with official positions for division of labor system 1, please purchase and approval. Enterprises purchasing items needed by the user departments according to their application and approved by the responsible persons in charge of procurement for approval; 2, inquiry and identify suppliers. Corporate purchasing department and relevant departments should participate in inquiry procedures and identify suppliers; 3, procurement of contracts and auditing. Corporate purchasing department should be prepared under the purchase order or contract and authorized department or officer review, approval or appropriate audit; 4, procurement and acceptance. Purchasing staff can notwork at the same time as acceptance of goods; 5, procurement, inspection and related accounting records. Corporate procurement, inspection and accounting record keeping functions should be separatedin order to ensure the authenticity of the number of procurement and procurement price, quality, compliance, procurement records and accounting accuracy; 6, the implementation of payment processing and payment. Corporate payment processing and payment of the executors of people should be separation of duties. (B) authorize the examination and approval systemEnterprises should make it clear people are purchasing and payment processing business, authorized to approve methods, powers, procedures, responsibilities and related control measures to require managers to conduct procurement and payment business terms of reference and work requirements. According to the procurement and payment services, control of the approval points include: 1, the enterprise's production planning department generalorders according to customers or to sales forecasting and inventory requirements analysis to determine the production licenses; 2, business capital expenditures and lease contracts are usually will be special authorization which only allowed a particular officer requisitions; 3, enterprises are an important and highly technical procurement business, shall organize experts to conduct feasibility studies, implementation of collective decision-making and approval, to prevent serious losses caused by errors in the decision-making; 4, procurement contracts Thesigning is subject to the approval of authorized personnel; 5, purchasing the payment of money shall be subject to the approval of authorized personnel. (C) control of business recordsProcurement and payment transactions for the realization of internal accounting control objectives, the enterprise should establish requisitions, contracts, acceptance of orders, warehousing and other settlement documents as the carrier single of the business recordscontrol system. In this system should be numbered consecutively in the certificate, record, signature stamp, so that account card, account payments, account form, accounts are, and check ID signed certificate with the records according to the procedures required to deal with, so that can effectively prevent the economy from Business omission and duplication, and check whether there is fraud.procurement and payment business processes, internal accounting controlsIn general, the procurement and payment business processes,including requisitioning, procurement operations, warehousing inspection, payment settlement, according to China's "internal accounting control standards - Procurement and Payment (Trial)", enterprises should be strengthened at least the following control point of control.(A) Please purchaseProposed goods and services need to be part of the beginning of the procurement, companies can be different depending on the need to developa system of requisitions. Production and operation are more demand for raw materials, spare parts and other items, usethe departments to budget for the upcoming issue of production orders, etc. fill requisitions by the purchasing department, finance department, business department staff to participate in the requisition The audit, authorized by the corporate head of purchasing for approval. Please purchase a single-type triple, indicating the requisitioning office, requisitionsfor the goods name, specifications, quantity, requested arrival date and purpose and so on. Important please purchase goods or services shall be subject to the decision-making demonstration and a special approval procedures; Pro Star items needed, usually by the user according to actual needs directly without going through the purchasing department signed or ratified. However, users are generally in requisitions to explain the purpose and use of requisition by the use of department heads for approval, and Finance department consent, to pay the purchasing department to conduct procurement; urgent needs to develop a special request to buy a special approval process; special reason needed Cancel requisition application, originally requested the purchase department should inform the purchasing department to stop purchasing, the purchasing department should be in the originalrequisitions stamped "withdrawn" stamp, and returned to the requisitioning department. (B) InquiryIn order to ensure a transparent pricing mechanism, enterprisesshould develop a reasonable inquiry process and focus on relevant information about the supplier. Control measures are: 1, on a regular basis to understand the basic information providers, such as product price, quality, delivery conditions, reputation, service and supplier of equipment status,technical capability and financial condition, etc., in order to provide reliable informationon corporate purchasing decisions; 2, pairs of potential suppliers should be on its quality, technical, financial status of the feasibility of the survey; 3, and important for the bulk procurement of goods,should be established by the procurement, technology and other departments involved in quality than parity system, considering the price, quality, delivery conditions, credibility and after-sales service, etc.; 4, can be used for certain procurement tender, procurement of side items to meet the quality, delivery time required in the ci rcumstances, in an open manner, the bidding would not regard theprice as the only factors; 5, for the piecemeal procurement of goods,due to low purchase price is not high, using the above-mentioned procurement costs will be too high, generally authorized to providedirect procurement, but also should be formed by independent random unannounced visits to the personnel system; 6, on the The above factors determine the target price, and in consultation with the relevant suppliers in order to achieve the best price. (C) ProcurementInquiry procedure is completed, procurement departments are required to make the following decisions: 1, according to the assets is stored, identify the procurement of goods andquantity of the batch; 2, according to inquiry control system, choose the most beneficialto production and lowest cost suppliers; 3, will be invited to purchase a single retirement requisitioning departments together to show their reply; a joint preparations for the financial sector retirement funds; a joint purchasing department as the basis for the signing of purchase and sales contracts.(D) ContractPurchasing departments should promptly signed a contract with the supplier, the contract must be in accordance with the provisions of the procurement authority by the authorized persons at all levels of approval to. Contract type a triple, a cross-vendor delivery request, a hand from the custody of the purchasing department is responsible for the implementation of the contract, a contract by the Finance department to oversee the implementation. Small number of certain purchases, are not frequently purchased items, you can not sign a contract and direct purchase, in order to simplify procedures, speed up the purchase rate. Some enterprises in order to replace purchase orders for contracts, order the elements must be designed to complete, usually a type triple, and numbered consecutively.(E) AcceptanceAcceptance officer under orders, contracts and other documents onthe procurement of goods varieties, specifications, quality and other relevant content inspection. Inspection personnel to points, had said or measuring the number of items and other means to verify the correctness. The extent possible, the quality of goods within the inspection. Experience, items collected by the acceptance of entry, according to members of a single acceptance.Acceptance of a single check and accept the custody officer underthe quantity and quality of physical and fill storage lists, and specify the supplier name, receipt date, item name, quantity, quality, and so on. Warehousing unitary triple, a joint retention of registered warehouse ledger; a joint by the Finance department, handle settlement; a joint return the purchasing department with the purchase and sale contracts, requisitions after the induction for the record check.(F) paymentsFinancial sector invoices, shipping orders, acceptance of orders, storage, and other relevant documents a single examination, and contract reconciliation, approval by the companiesauthorized to handle settlement provider. Payment after theexpiration of timely payments in order to maintain good business credit. Procurement need to pay in advance or deposit shall be paid only after proper authorization, and must be received from suppliers related to the Notes. For enterprises to adopt credit purchase items, thus theformation of the debt settlement business must also be strengthened controls. Specific requirements are:1, recorded accounts payable invoices and other documents must be authorized by the Company are recorded only after approval; 2, by specialized personnel on a regular basiswith suppliers check their accounts, if the reconciliation was found, it should promptly identify the cause clarify responsibilities,according to the relevant regulations to ensure that the accounts ofboth sides in line; 3, according to both a pre-agreed conditions and timely liquidation of debt, payment arrears, the basis of the relevant certificate, the registration books of account.In practice, enterprises should be based on the procurement and payment business, the specific characteristics, and constantly improve and revise its system of internal accounting controls to ensure that business activities in an orderly and efficient operation.References:1, the Ministry of Finance. Internal accounting control standards - the basic norm (trial).Accounting (2001) 41.2, the Ministry of Finance. Internal accounting control standards - Procurement and Payment (trial). Accounting (2002), No. 21.3, internal accounting control system Practice [M]. Democracy andthe building of Press,2004.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia企业购买和支付的内部会计控制系统设计Lars Ny bergSpeech by Mr Lars Ny berg, Deputy Governor of the Severs Risks bank, at HQ Bank, 15October 2008.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia摘要本文讨论了采购和付款的基本系统的内部会计控制,并根据其业务流程,详细说明了实施相关的控制点控制措施。
(财务管理外文翻译)工业管理与一般管理

外文资料翻译译文法约尔的《工业管理与一般管理》节选Henri Fayol.Industrial management and general management[J].Foreign language Teaching and Research,2010 (3):62-67.管理职能只是作为社会组织的手段和工具。
其他职能与原材料和机器有关,而管理职能只和人有关。
社会组织的良好运行取决于某些条件,人们几乎不加区别地将它们称做原则、规律或规则。
我更喜欢使用原则这个词,但要让它摆脱僵硬的概念。
管理方式绝不是死板和绝对的东西,它完全取决于一个“度”。
在同样的情况下,我们几乎从不重复使用同一原则,这是因为应该考虑纷繁变化的情况、不同的人和其他一些易变因素。
原则是灵活的,适用于任何事情,重要的是应知道如何运用它。
这是一门艰辛的艺术,它苛求智慧,需要经验,要求决断力并要注意方法。
经验和机智孕育了权衡评估事物的能力,它是管理者需要具备的基本素质之一。
管理原则可以有很多,并无一定限制。
每一种管理规律和方法,只要它能巩固社会组织,使其运作简便易行,它就是原则的一种。
无论多长时间,当实践经验证明它配得上这样的高度评判时,它就是原则。
事态的变化决定了规则的变化,事态本孕育了规则。
关键词:管理职能管理方式规律秩序规则1、劳动分工劳动分工属于自然规律:体现在动物界,一种生物承担不同功能的器官分化程度越高,它就越高级;体现在人类社会,社会组织越重要,机构和职能联系就越紧密。
随着社会的发展,新的机构会不断涌现,以代替从前担负全部职能的单一机构。
劳动分工的目的是为了在同样的付出下能够得到更多更好的产出。
工人一直做同样的零件,领导一直处理同样的事务,他们就会熟能生巧,自信而又精确,这样就提高了生产率。
任何岗位上的工作变动都需要人适应性的努力,这会导致生产率降低。
劳动分工可以减少劳动对象的数目,这些对象是人们必须给予关注和付出努力的。
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附录A财务管理和财务分析作为财务学科中应用工具。
本书的写作目的在于交流基本的财务管理和财务分析。
本书用于那些有能力的财务初学者了解财务决策和企业如何做出财务决策。
通过对本书的学习,你将了解我们是如何理解财务的。
我们所说的财务决策作为公司所做决策的一部分,不是一个被分离出来的功能。
财务决策的做出协调了企业会计部、市场部和生产部。
无论企业的形式和规模如何,财务原理和财务工具均适用。
就像对小规模的私营企业而言存在如何筹资的问题,大企业面临所有权和经营权分离时出现的代理问题。
不管公司的规模和形式是如何的,公司财务管理的基本原理是一样的。
例如,无论是独资企业做出的决策还是大企业做出的决策,今天一美元的价值都高于未来一美元的价值。
我们所说的财务原理和财务工具适用于全球的企业,不仅限于美国的企业。
虽然国家习惯和法律可能与国家的原则理论存在着不同,但财务管理用到的工具是一样的。
例如,在评估是否要买一个特殊设备的价值时,你需要评估企业未来现金流的发生(设备成本和支出的时间和设备的不确定性),这个企业位于美国、英国还是在其他的地方?此外,我们相信拥有强大的财务原理和数学相关工具的依据对于你了解如何做出投资和财务决策十分必要。
但是建立这种依据比不费力。
我们试图帮你建立这种依据的途径是通过直觉提出财务原理和财务理论。
而不是原理和证据。
例如,我们引导你通过数字和真实例子对资本结构原理产生直觉,而不是利用公式和证据。
再者我们试图帮助你通过仔细的逐步的例子和大量数据处理财务工具。
财务管理和财务分析分为7个部分。
前两个部分(第一部分和第二部分)涉及到基础部分,它包括财务管理、估价原则的目标以及风险和回报之间的关系。
财务决策涉及到第三、四、五部分的内容,我们提出了长期投资管理(通常被称为资本预算)的长期来源、管理和资金管理工作。
第六部分涉及到财务报表分析,它包括财务比率的分析,盈利分析和现金流量分析。
最后一个部分(第七部分)涉及到一些专业论题:国际财务管理,金融结构性金融交易(例如资产证券化),项目融资,设备租赁贷款和财务规划策略。
逻辑结构。
本文从基本原理和工具开始,接着提出长期投资和财务决策。
前两个部分摆出基本原理;第三部分接着关注于资产负债表的左侧(资产部分)和第四部分在资产负债表的右侧(负债和所有者权益部分)。
营运资本决策要支持日常的公司经营,在第五部分讨论。
第六部分提供了企业财务报表的分析工具。
在本书的最后一个部分,你又被带回到财务管理的目标:股东权益最大化。
图例。
数学概念利用表格和插图在视觉上被仔细谨慎动态的描述。
例如我们指出银行的资产负债增长率通过复利的方式,在数学上表示为次数和柱状图。
实用性。
尽可能的,我们要通过实务例子提出的概念和数学公式。
例如,我们首先提出财务分析要通过假设一个公司的简化财务报表。
最后,你会学到基础的使用假设的公司数据,我们通过沃尔玛超市的数据来证明分析工具,真实的案例帮助我们更好的理解和记住主要的概念和工具。
我们对本书中100个真实的公司的案例求积,你不会希望错过它们。
考虑到本书案例和研究问题和难题,你将看到无数的真实公司数据。
覆盖大量的财务报表分析的内容。
而大部分的文章只提供一些财务报表分析的内容,我们在本书的第六部分提供给你更多的描述。
在第六部分的第六章和第三章主要讲解财务报表分析。
覆盖大量的可供选择的债券工具。
由于债券市场的改革,出现了由企业发行的可供选择形式的债券工具。
在第15章中,向你介绍了三种工具。
我们然后致力于第一章提出的由企业负债发行的最具流动性的可供选择企业债券,企业首次发行的资产有价证券。
覆盖项目租赁和项目资金融资。
我们提供深度的项目租赁的内容在本书的第27章,阐明项目租赁的利弊,你在本书中会频繁的看到和专业的项目资金融资。
项目融资的增长十分重要不仅对企业而言,对为了追求发展基础设施的国家也十分的重要。
在第28章,本书提供了便于理解项目融资的基本原理。
早期介绍衍生工具。
衍生工具(期货、交换物、期权)在理财中发挥着重要作用。
在第4章向你介绍这些工具。
而衍生工具被看作是复杂的工具,通过介绍将让你明确它们的基础投资工具特征。
在早期介绍的衍生工具时,你可以接受那些评估隐含期权带来的困难(第9章)那些在资本预算中隐含的期权(第14章),以及如何运用隐含期权来减少成本及负债(第15章)。
独立的章节。
按章来编写,按章节可以容易重新整理以设和不同的课程结构。
概念和符号存在于每一章,以便每一章不依赖于上一章。
这意味着指导者可以裁减使用本书以适合它们特殊的课程时间范围和学生的预习准备(例如,学生在课前有充足的会计学和税收学基础,在第5章和第6章就可以跳过)。
我们坚信我们提供的财务管理与分析的主题将会帮助你了解关键点和为发展技术组合的必要性提供了基础用于处理真实的财务问题。
1财务管理与分析的介绍财务是经济学原理的应用的概念,用于商业决策和问题的解决。
财务被认为有三部分组成:财务管理,投资,和金融机构:■财务管理有时被称为公司理财或者企业理财。
财务的范围就企业单位的财务决策的重要性划分的。
财务管理决策包括保持现金流平衡,延长信用,获得其他公司借款,银行的借款和发行股票和基金。
■投资。
投资的范围被集中于金融市场的性质,有价证券的定价。
投资经理的任务,例如可能包括评价普通股,为退休基金选择有价证券,或者衡量证券投资组合的绩效。
■金融机构。
金融领域处理银行和其他公司,其他公司专门研究带来供应商基金和使用者基金。
例如,银行的管理者可能决定关于批准贷款,管理现金流平衡,设定贷款利率和处理政府法规。
无论是财务的特殊分类还是商业状况都要求财务理论和工具的应用通常包括投资(使用基金)或者财务(筹集资金)。
无论工作于哪个领域的管理者够依靠相同财务基础知识。
在本书中,我们想你介绍了维护一个关于信息安全的公共知识体系和指出如何在财务决策中有效的使用该系统。
尽管本书强调的是风险管理,基本原理和工具也适用于投资和金融机构。
自爱本介绍章节中,我们将考虑财务管理者做出的决策类型,财务分析的角色,企业所有权的形式和管理者做出决策的目标。
最后,我们将描述所有者和管理者之间的关系。
财务管理财务管理包含许多不同类型的决策。
我们可以把决策分成3类:投资决策,财务决策和投资及财务决策。
投资决策涉及到基金的使用—买进,持有,或者卖出各种类型的资产:我们是否应该买入钢模压印机?我们是否应该引进新的生产线?卖掉旧的生产设备?买进现有企业?建立仓库?继续持有我们银行里的现金?财务决策涉及获得被用作投资和财务日常经营的基金。
管理者是否应当使用通过公司盈利赚的的资金?他们是否应该寻找来自于商业以外的资金?一个公司的经营和投资所需要的资金能够从商业以外的地方被筹集,通过借贷,如通过银行贷款和出售基金,或者出售所有者权益。
由于每一种理财方式都使企业在一种程度上负有义务,财务决策时十分重要的。
许多商业决策,同时包括投资和融资。
例如,一个公司可能希望收购另一家公司——一个投资决策。
然而,成功的可能取决于它的财政支持:通过借款现金满足购买价格,通过出售附加的股票,或者通过交换现有股票。
如果经理决定借钱,必须在指定的时间内进行偿还借来的资金。
这些贷款的债主(钱),一般不分享借款公司的利润。
另一方面,如果筹集资金管理者决定出售所有者权益,这些基金从来没有被偿还。
然而,这样的销售冲淡了控制(利润)当前所有者的利润。
无论一个财务决策包括投资、融资或两者结合,它也会涉及两个特定的因素。
预期收益和风险。
通过你对财务的研究,你将会关注这些因素。
期望回报率之间的差别是潜在的利益和潜在的成本。
风险是确定的程度与这些预期收益。
财务分析财务分析是一种财务管理的工具。
它由评价的财务状况和经营业绩的商业公司,在工业生产中,甚至在经济方面,并预测其未来的条件和性能所组成。
换句话说,指的是用于检查风险和期望回报率。
数据分析可能来自其他经济领域内的公司,如销售、生产部门在公司的财务数据或者从财务信息,如供应商如布隆伯格的金融市场,穆迪投资者的服务,标准的公司、惠誉,价值线,同样来自政府出版的书籍,如联邦储备委员会公报。
金融刊物,如《商业周刊》、《福布斯》、《财富》杂志以及《华尔街日报》也出版公司的财务数据(关于个人资料(关于)、经济、市场和行业的经济),其中大部分是也可以在线上网。
在这家公司,财务分析不仅可用于评估公司的业绩,而且可以反映它的部门及其生产线。
分析可能呈现根据需要和定期需要的,不仅要确保告知投资和融资决策,还要在执行政策和奖励制度作为一种援救。
在公司外部,财务分析也被用来确定新客户的信用度,评估供应商的能力与持有一份长期的合约的条件,并评估竞争者的市场绩效。
公司和投资者没有必要的专业知识、时间或自己进行财务分析的资源可以购买专营提供这项服务的公司。
这样的公司可以提供从写的详细分析报告到简单的资信评级。
作为例子,Dun & Bradstreet、一个金融服务公司, 评价许多公司的信用度,从当地的小公司到大公司。
另外一个例子是不稳定的,三个companies-Moody的投资者服务、标准和Poor Fitch-evaluate由上市公司发行的债务的信贷质量被企业所关注,依据评级表达了这些观点,被发表这三个机构的报告中。
企业的形式财务管理是不局限于大公司:所有形式和规模的企业中它都十分重要。
这三个主要形式的企业形式分别为是独资企业、合伙企业、公司法人。
这三种形式有许多不同的因素,其中最重要的金融决策:■该公司纳税方式。
■所有者可以对决策的控制。
■所有者的责任。
■所有者权益转移的容易度。
■募集外部资金的能力。
■企业寿命。
独资企业最简单和最常见的形式是独资企业。
企业所有和经营者是同一个人。
因为很少有法律要求去建立并运行一个个人独资企业,这种企业形式被许多人选择,那些后来发展成合伙企业。
个人独资经营者进行商业为他或她自己的利益,而其他的人的参与除了雇员。
经营者获得所有的收入都来自商业、自己决定是否再投资来自商业的利润或者使用的费用。
经营者承担企业所有的债务。
事实上,经营者引发了商业债务。
如果企业资产不充足不足以支付业务的债务,经营者必须从他或她的个人资产还债。
如果需要更多的资金来运作或扩大业务这些钱多于由商业运作赚来的,所有者贡献出他或她的个人资产经营或借款。
许多独资企业,银行是借入资金的主要来源。
然而,有限制银行贷款独资企业,其中大多数都是相对较小。
为了避税,投资人报告的收入来自于商业有关他或她的收入以个人所得税进行纳税申报。
独资企业的资产也可以卖给其他公司,只要它还存在。
经营者的寿命终止,那么独资企业的寿命终止,虽然资产经营可以通过经营者的继承人。
合伙企业合伙企业是在两个或更多的人签订协议来经营业务,合伙是相似于个人独资企业,除了所有者替代经营者,这里是不止一个。