测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译

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《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登UNIT-2-发电和输变电-参考译文及练习答案

·5·UNIT 2 发电和输变电参考译文2.1 电磁感应如将一根导电棒通过磁场，每个自由电子由于通过磁场的运动产生一个力。

如运动的方向使作用在电子上的部分力平行于导体，电子将沿着导体运动。

电子的运动直到它受到由于导体切割磁场运动的力和静电力平衡为止。

这种静电力是因为电子聚集在导体的一端，而另一端缺少电子而引起的。

当运动持续进行时，在导体中形成的这样一个电场，使得导体两端之间存在一个电位差。

一旦运动停止，静电力将导致电子返回其正常分布。

从磁感应强度（磁通密度）B 的定义看，在电荷q 通过磁场的运动中，电荷所受到的力由方程（2-1）得到，q sin Bqv F = （2-1）式中，力F 和由电磁场方向确定的平面垂直，vsinθ是垂直于磁场方向的速度分量，B 的单位是韦伯/米2（webers/m 2），q 的单位是库仑，v 的单位是米/秒（meters/sec ），F 的单位是牛顿。

由这个力产生的电场强度E ，即每单位正电荷受力的大小和方向。

电场强度等于负的沿导体的电势梯度。

在动生电动势（emf ）中，电荷被认为是负的，这样等式（2-2）成立þýü=-=-=-=q e e q sin /sin )/(Blv lBv q F E （2-2）这里，l 是导体垂直于磁场方向的长度，电动势ε的单位是伏。

不论电路是否有闭合，导体通过磁场时，这个电动势总是存在的。

只有当电路闭合，并且电路的其余部分不以和导体运动完全相同的方式通过磁场时，电流才会建立。

例如，导体沿着连接在一起静止轨道滑行，闭环电路中会出现电流。

但是，如果在导体的两端和一根导线连接，导线和导体一起移动并通过磁场，导线中也会感应出一个与导体中大小相等的、和电路中现有的反向的电动势。

2.2 单相和三相交流电单相交流电压是由单相交流发电机产生或它可以通过三相交流电的两根电力线获得。

单相交流电有一根火线，一根中线。

《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登-UNIT-1-电气和电子工程引言-参考译文及练习答案

UNIT 1 电气和电子工程引言参考译文1.1 电气工程引言电气和电子工业已逐渐趋于成熟，世界上的每个人，每个家庭及工业都受到它所取得成就的影响。

最明显的是电子计算机在我们生活中各种层次的广泛应用，它的速度、大小和费用使其很容易且很有效地应用于商业和个人事务中。

电子学为几乎每个家庭提供了无线电收音机、电视机、盒式录像机等供娱乐的产品。

集成电路当今已成为现代电子系统的一部分，并不断提供更小、更复杂、更精密的最终产品。

50年代初的工程师会对大量的电路装在一片集成电路上感到惊奇，而今天的工程师可能对发生于2020年的技术进步感到震惊。

由于电子系统为人们提供了很多好处，它无疑已成为越来越多产品的标准元件。

过去由机械元件完成的自动功能正在被相应的电子系统替代。

采用机械拾音传感器的唱机正被电子唱机取代。

机械式打字机正被电子打字机和计算机字处理机代替。

这仅仅是机械系统向电子系统转变的几个例子。

电子工业的发展，部分是由于它的消耗低、尺寸小、被称作超大规模集成电路的相对完整的电子系统，给人以很深影响的是，在一小型计算器中，基本上只有一片很小的集成块，这片芯片只占计算器内部空间的不到五分之一。

在这片超大规模集成电路内部还有一片更小的芯片，所有电路都在该芯片上。

一个超大规模集成电路元件包含成百上千个分离的电子元件，这些元件按不同的功能块排列。

这些功能块包括储存单元，计数电路，记忆电路，运算电路等。

一片单片的超大规模集成电路就是电子表的心脏，它取代了使用很久的模拟运动式手表。

随着电子制作技术的成熟，手表的功能也不断增加。

除了能计时外，附加的复杂电路还具有闹响功能，秒表功能，计算功能，电话号码储存和信息储存更能。

这些仅是较流行的功能。

电子装置已开始使用耗电很低的CMOS电路，从而使象手表中所使用的电路靠一小片电池能连续工作多年。

电子产品在工程中和特殊的商业产品中都得到发展。

体积小、价格低的电子元器件问世时许多新领域中电子系统的应用成为现实，这些领域包括测量仪器、机械、化学、建筑、生物医学工程等。

测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译殷虹河北工业大学适用

测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentation Instrumentati on is defined as the art and science of measurement and control.Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。

仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be assimple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。

仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。

Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories,and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable.Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in thehousehold as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in mostwestern homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。

测控技术与仪器专业英语全书翻译

information from the measurement and must come to the same conclusion .This, however ,is almost impossible for an observer who uses
only his/her senses .Observations made with our senses are highly subjective .Our sense of temperature ,for example , depends strongly on any sensation of hot or cold preceding the measurement .第三个和必要的方面,它必须被测量,结果客观测量必须独立于任意观测器提取每观察者必须之测相同的信息,必须得出了相同的结论。这,然而,几乎不可能一个观察人士只使用他/她的感官感觉是我们.Observations 我们高度主观的感觉,例如,取决于温度有任何感觉热或冷的 measuremen 前。This is demonstrated by trying to determine the temperature of a jug of water by hand .If the hand is first
1. Definition of Measurement 测量的定义 A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of information ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects of measurement ;measurement are conducted to learn

测控技术与仪器专业英语(韩建国)Unit9翻译

Unit9 工业控制水平图9.1中的三角形表现了工业工厂所有的控制层。

在底层，只有人工控制。

在顶层使用了正是那个被包含了计算机分析。

大多数小型工业操作运行上升到第三层。

更大的工厂已经上升到第四层。

非常大的多工厂运行通常在第五层。

对每个控制层的简要描述如下文。

第一层是机械层。

一个例子就是手动控制的车床让刀具按照它的轨迹运动。

控制是用曲柄进行手动。

车床可由辅助动力来获得更大切削力，但控制是手动的。

当增加的电子或其它控制时到达第二层。

如图9.1，第二层可以被分为三个子层。

假设一个电子的，基于计算机的控制操纵机床。

对切割金属时自动化进给速度这样的控制在2A层。

2A层的等级被自动设置给每一个机加工部件。

当控制被编程用来加工多于一个部分时就达到2B层。

当需要时，从主控制中调用每个部件的控制模块。

主控制必须为每个部件变成。

第三个子层是2C层，可编程序控制。

在第三层每个部分的机加工模式被操作者编程。

当机器程序被第一次使用，每一个步骤和运动以程序进程的方式被记录下来。

步骤和进程存储在内存中。

下次加工相同零件时，零件的机加工程序将从内存中被再次调用出来。

这个调用程序省去了每次加工零件的重新设置。

许多不同部件的机械加工模块可以在需要时存储或调用。

注意你在第二层从A到C部分，安装花销将会相对增加。

，当取决于经济可行性时，更多控制的开销相对于可能的益处应该被考虑。

第三层网络开始包含网络的地方。

第三层包括连接两台或更多台独立机器或设备共同工作的控制。

这一层的一个例子是控制机器人把零件装载到一个机床并控制机床运行。

主控制器被需要协调机器人和机床的两个独立控制器。

在许多操作中需要协调两个以上的设备。

在汽车装配线上可能会有这样一个例子。

传送带、定位器、机器人焊接机以及检测设备用主计算机协调。

这样的机器和设备群被称为工作单元。

自动控制的第四层包扩与一台主计算机连接的许多工作单元，（主机）协调自动计算机控制。

整个工厂在一个大型主计算机控制下。

测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译

闭环控制的主要优点是对过程的控制有更精确的潜力。闭环控制有两个缺点：(1)闭环控制比开环控制更昂贵；（2）一个闭环控制系统的反馈功能使系统变得不稳定。一个不稳定的系统产生的控制变量的振荡，通常是一个非常大的振幅。
Selected from “Introduction to Control System technology , 4th Ed. , by Robert N. Bateson, Macmillan Publishing Co., 1933”. 选自“控制系统技术，第四版的介绍，罗伯特N.贝特森，麦克米兰出版有限公司，1933。
• 测量变量（CM）是衡量价值的控制变量。这是输出的测量手段和通常不同于实际的控制变量的一小部分。
• The error (E) is the difference between the setpoint and the measured value of the controlled variable . It is computed according to the equation E=SP-.
控制变量（C）是过程的输出变量，用来出变量,它能很好地衡量产品的质量。最常见的控制变量有位置、速度、温度、压力和流量水平。
•
•
The set point (SP) is the desired value of the controlled variable.
6.Variable Name（变量名称）
•
The controlled variable (C) is the process output variable that is to controlled. In a process control system, the controlled variable is usually an output variable that s a good measure of the quality of the product. The most common controlled variables are position, velocity, temperature, pressure level and flow rate.

《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登UNIT-0-译文及答案

测控技术与仪器专业英语
参考译文与练习答案
张凤登周美娇尚丽辉编供主讲教师参考
初稿完成日期2015年5月
内容提要
本书是针对张凤登编写的《测控技术与仪器专业英语》教材整理而成的教辅材料，给出了教材的英文文章参考译文和练习答案，内容涉及电气电路、半导体、传感器、测量技术、数字电子系统、计算机、信号处理、智能仪表、控制系统和实时系统等方面，涵盖了测控技术与仪器专业的主要技术基础，并力求反映最新技术进步。

全书共分17个单元，每个单元包括4个部分，分别为Text，Reading and Translation，Further Reading和General Knowledge，有助于读者学习和掌握专业基础知识和专业词汇，阅读和理解专业题材的英语文章，掌握专业英语翻译和写作方面的必备知识。

全书内容丰富，题材新颖，英语和专业知识有机结合，适合不同层次的读者。

本书既可作为高等学校测控技术与仪器专业英语参考资料，也适用于自动化、电子信息、电气工程、计算机类专业，亦可作为工程技术人员的培训资料或参考书。

测控技术与仪器专业毕业设计外文翻译

测控技术与仪器专业毕业设计外文翻译Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity,chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. Theoutput signalhas the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, thepulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing,recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automaticdetection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor:1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and aconversion or control element. For example,diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes andrings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changesin pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. Thisdisplacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage,resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electricalelements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combinationcan be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic andchemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemicalsensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usuallyobtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usuallyknown, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of themeasured; there should be minimum distortion.(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; thepresence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.(c)Size. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.文献 (d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal.(e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,forexample,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequencyand harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories:1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offerhigh sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication ormesdurement.Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:(a)variable-control-parameter types,which include:(i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance(iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.(b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive(iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.(ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuitmethods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.文献3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either therelative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infiniteresolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement orquantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctanceof the inductive circuit.Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:(a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors. (b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.(c)D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor. (d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows: (i)resolution infinite(ii)accuracy?0.1% of full scale is quoted(iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m(iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level. 5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development aft er having been developed Modern computertechnology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability,文献speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvioustraditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtainedthe enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. JapaneseSharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Itsmanufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Likemay inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between文献the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ? ~ +1,500 ?; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; Thesize is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ?0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly,may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The surveyscope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmissionlight wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, changeand so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magneticfield size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti- corrosive, the electric insulation good, thepath of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level.Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology文献development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace theoriginal optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’corrosiontechnology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by thefeeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with thefrequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion theelectrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron文献magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitiveis small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation andcontrol technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSORCorporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies,it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.文献 The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, usesthesemiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country inthis aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.,Jon ——From《Sensor Technology Handbook》Wilson,Newnes文献传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。

测控技术与仪器专业英语单词翻译

测控技术与仪器专业英语单词翻译If a measurement is slightly off the mark,we have the tendency to compensate for the error by allowing the recorded eeading to creep closer to our perceived impression of the true value.如果测量值有轻微的偏差，我们综合室倾向于补偿误差将记录值向感觉的真值靠拢。

更糟的是事实上两次测量中仪器本身不会一直指向相同的位置，由于指针的移动的。

Aggravating the situation is the fact that the meter itself does not always register identical values the same way twice,depending on which way the pointer happens to be moving. .大多数的误差来自视差，即观察仪器指针的角度不垂直造成的视差，即使我们已经解释了这种生理特性，却还是想从自身逃避责任While the main gate is open,the conditioned input signal pulses are passer through to the counting register,where they are tallied and then scaled for output by the display circuitry.当主控门打开时，经过转换的输入脉冲通过其进入计数寄存器，并在此统计，然后通过读书屏输出。

Because the frequency counter must accommodate a wide range of input signals,with vary degrees of voltage,noise component,and DCoffset,the input must pass through many conditioning circuits before it is fully conditioned.由于频率计数器必须提供一个宽范围的输入信号，使之能够适用于不同伏特，噪声成分和直流偏移，所以输入信号在充分变换前必须经过许多转换电路。

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测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5~10)第1章课后underwaterAcousticsignal Intheoperationofasonarsystemtheoperatorisrepeatedlyfacedwiththeproble mofdetectingasignalwhichisobscuredbynoise.Thissignalmaybeanechoresu ltingfromatransmittedsignaloverwhichtheoperatorhassomecontrol,oritmay haveitsorigininsomeexternalsource.Thesetwomodesofoperationariseinrad arsurveillanceandindisciplinesfortechniquesandforillustrationsofthebasicp rinciples. sincetherearemanywaysinwhichonecanthinkaboutsignaldetection,itisdesir abletodefineatermtodenotespecialcases.Theworddetectionwillbeusedwhen thequestiontobeansweredis,?Areoneormoresignalspresent??whenthesyste misdesignedtoprovideanansweredtothisquestion,eitherdeterministicorprob abilistic,onespeaksofhypothesistesting.Thecaseofasinglesignaloccurssooft enthatmanysystemaredesignedtoprovideonlytwoanswers,?Yes,asignalispr esent,?or?no,thereisnosignal.?onecanmaketheproblemmorecomplicatedby endeavoringtoclassifythesignalintocategories.Decisionsofthislatterkindwil lbereferredtoastargetclassification.normallyapieceofdetectionequipmentisdesignedtooperateinafixedmodean dtheparameterssuchasintegratingtimeofrectifiercircuitsorpersistenceoftheo scilloscopetubeforvisualdetectioncannotbechangedreadily.Therewillalway sbesomeuncertainsignals,whichtheobserverwillbehesitanttorejectoraccept. Inthesecasestheoperatormighthavethefeelingthatiftheintegratingtimeofthe detectororthepersistenceoftheoscilloscopetubewerelonger,hecouldreachad ecisionabouttheexistenceofthesignal.wald(1950)hasformulatedthisintuitiv efeelingintoatheoryofdetection.whenoneisabletovarydeliberatelytheinterv aloverwhichonestoresdatainthe receptionsysteminordertoachieveacertainlevelofcertainty,onespeaksofsequ entialdetection.Frequentlyitisdesirabletodeterminenotonlythepresenceorab senceofthesignalbutalsooneormoreparametersassociatedwiththesignal.The parametersofinterestcanvarywidelyfromasimplequantitysuchastimeofarriv alortargetbearingtotherecoveryofthecompletewaveform.whenasystemisde signedtorecoveroneormoreparametersassociatedwiththesignal,onespeakso fsignalextraction. Thewordsignalwasnotdefinedanditwasassumedthatthereaderhadanintuitiv efellingfortheword.someelaborationmaybeinordersincethedefinitionofsign alsubjectiveanddependsontheapplication.onemaysaythat?signal?iswhaton ewantstoobserveandnoiseisanythingthatobscurestheobservation.Thus,atun afishermanwhoissearchingtheoceanwiththeaidofsonarequipmentwillbeove rjoyedwithsoundsthatareimpairingtheperformanceofanearbysonarsystemengagedintrackingasubmarine.Quiteliterally,oneman?ssignalisanotherman? snoise.signalscomeinallshapesandforms.Inactivesonarsystemonemayusesimplesi nusoidalsignalsoffixeddurationandmodulationsthereof.Thereareimpulsive signalssuchasthosemadewithexplosionsorthumpers.Attheotherextremeonemaymakeuseofpseudorando msignals.Inpassivesystems,thesignalswhosedetectionissoughtmaybenoisei ntheconventionalmeaningoftheword;noiseproducedbypropellersorunderw aterswimmers,forexample.Itshouldbeevidentthatoneofourproblemwillbeth eformulationofmathematicaltechniquesthatcanbeusedtodescribethesignal. Althoughthesourceinanactivesonarsearchsystemmaybedesignedtotransmit asignalknownshape,thereisnoguaranteethatthereturnsignalwhosedetectioni ssoughtwillbesimilar.Infact,therearemanyfactorstochangethesignal.Theam plitudelossassociatedwithinversespherical spreadingismostunfortunateforthedetectionsystemnutitdoesnotentailanydi stortionofthewaveshape.(Incidentally,wherethewavecanbeapproximatedlo callyasaplanewave.)Theacousticmediumhasanattenuationfactor,whichdep endsonthefrequency.Thisproducesaslightdistortionofthewaveshapeandaco rrespondingchangeintheenergyspectrumofthepulse.Themajorchangesinthe waveformresultfromacousticboundariesandinhomogeneitiesinthemedium. whenechoesareproducedbyextendedtargetssuchassubmarines,therearetwo distinctwaysinwhichechostructureisaffected.First,thereistheinterferencebetweenreflectionsfromthedifferentleadstoatargetstrengththatfluctuatesrapid lywithchangesintheaspect.secondly,thereisthe elongationofthecompositeechoduetothedistributionofreflectingfeaturesalo ngthesubmarines.Thismeansthatthedurationofthecompositeechoisdepende ntinasimplemannerontheaspectangle.IfTisthedurationoftheechofromapoint scatterer,andListhelengthofthesubmarine,thedurationofthereturnedechowil lbeT=(2L/c)cosA,whereAistheacuteanglebetweenthemajoraxisofthesubm arineandthelinejoiningthesourceandthesubmarine.cisthevelocityofsoundin thewater.ofcourse,LcosAmustbereplacedbythebeamwidthofthesubmarine whenAisnear. AfinalsourceofpulsedistortionistheDopplershiftsproducedbytherelativemo tionsbetweenthesource,andthetarget(ordetectorinpassivelistening)mayeac hhaveadifferentvelocityrelativetothebottom,thevarietyofeffectsmaybequit elarge.水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中，操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波。