第02章古典贸易理论(英文习题)答案
国际贸易 全英文版 第二章习题
CHAPTER 2The Basic Theory Using Demand and SupplyMultiple Choice Questions1. The consumer's problem is to maximize:a. utility.b. profit.c. trade.d. consumption. D Pc d eb a Q Q Q P P 1212Figure 2.32. Refer to Figure 2.3. Consumer surplus associated with Q 1 units is denoted by _______.Consumer surplus associated with Q 2 units is denoted by _______.a. a+b+d; d+c+eb. a; b+dc. a; a+b+dd. a; d3. If a 1 percent decrease in the price of a good causes the quantity demanded of the good toincrease by 2 percent, we call that portion of the demand curve:a. inelastic.b. elastic.c. unit elastic.d. perfectly elastic.4. Price elasticity of demand is:a. a measure of the responsiveness of consumers to changes in income.b. a measure of the responsiveness of consumers to changes in price.c. the slope of the demand curve.d. a measure of the amount by which the demand curve shifts as a result of a change in price.5. If a 1 percent decrease in the price of a good results in a 0.5% increase in the quantitydemanded of the good, we can conclude that the demand for the good is relatively price:a. inelastic.b. elastic.c. unit elastic.d. perfectly elastic.6. The motive of the firm is to:a. produce as much as possible.b. maximize the economic well-being of consumers.c. maximize profit.d. minimize costs.7. Price elasticity of supply is:a. a measure of the responsiveness of producers to changes in income.b. a measure of the responsiveness of producers to changes in price.c. the slope of the supply curve.d. a measure of the amount by which the supply curve shifts as a result of a change inprice.8. When the price elasticity of supply is less than 1, we call supply _______.a. perfectly elasticb. inelasticc. unit elasticd. elasticFigure 2.6PSabQQx9. Refer to Figure 2.6. Producer surplus associated with producing and selling Q x units of thegood is the area:a. a.b. b.c. a + b.d. b - a.10. Producer surplus is:a. found on a graph as the area under the equilibrium price and above the supply curve.b. the net gain in economic well-being associated with producing and selling the aquantity of a good.c. used to measure the impact of a change in price on the economic well-being onproducers.d. all of the above.11. Buying something in one market and reselling it in another market to profit from a pricedifference is called:a.consumer surplus.b.producer surplus.c.arbitrage.d.one-dollar, one-vote metric.12.Which of the following says that any dollar of gain or loss will be equally valued,regardless of who experiences it?a. consumer surplus.b. producer surplus.c. arbitrage.d. one-dollar, one-vote metric.13.Which of the following is the difference between what consumers and producers eithergain or lose from trade?a. Consumer surplusb. One-dollar, one-vote metricc. Arbitraged. Net national gains from trade14.Which of the following statements are true about which country gains more frominternational trade in a two-country world?(1)The gains from trade are divided in proportion to the price changes that tradebrings to the two countries.(2)The country with the steeper trade curve gains more.(3)The country that experiences the larger price change as a result of trade has thelarger value of net gains from trade.a)(1) + (2)b)(1) + (3)c)(2) + (3)d)(1) + (2) + (3)Fill-In-The-Blank-Questionsabc ed mQ P($)S cD c600400102030e j + k S x D m 20Q P($)800600China International Market fg h j k S fD f61626600800P($)Q Rest of the World Figure 2.915.Refer to Figure 2.9. The markets for widgets in China and the Rest of World are depicted in the three-graph diagram. Answer the following questions based on the figure. Fill in all blanks and circle the correct choice for each set of parentheses.a. Before trade opens, China consumes and produces _______ widgets.（小玩意）b. Before trade opens, the Rest of the World consumes and produces _______ widgets.c. Before trade opens, consumers pay $_______ per widget in China.d. Before trade opens, consumers pay $_______ per widget in the Rest of the World.e. With free trade, the international price of widgets is established at $_______.f. With free trade, producers in China produce _______ widgets.g. With free trade, consumers in China consume _______ widgets.h. With free trade, producers in the Rest of the World produce _______ widgets.i. With free trade, consumers in the Rest of the World consume _______ widgets.j. With free trade, _______ widgets are (imported/exported) by China.k. With free trade, _______ widgets are (imported/exported) by the Rest of the World. l. As a result of trade, consumer surplus in China will (increase/decrease) by $_______. m. As a result of trade, producer surplus in China will (increase/decrease) by $_______. n. As a result of trade, consumer surplus in the Rest of the World will (increase/decrease)by $_______.o.As a result of trade, producer surplus in the Rest of the World will (increase/decrease) by $_______.p.As a result of trade, overall economic welfare in China will (increase/decrease) by $_______.q.As a result of trade, overall economic welfare in the Rest of the World will (increase/decrease) by $_______.16. Refer to Figure 2.9. The markets for widgets in China and the Rest of World are depictedin the three-graph diagram. Answer the following questions based on the figure. Fill in all blanks and circle the correct choice for each set of parentheses.a. Before trade opens, consumer surplus in China is represented by the area: _______.b. Before trade opens, producer surplus in China is represented by the area: _______.c. Before trade opens, consumer surplus in the Rest of the World is represented by thearea: _______.d. Before trade opens, producer surplus in the Rest of the World is represented by thearea: _______.e. With free trade, consumer surplus in China is represented by the area: _______.f. With free trade, producer surplus in China is represented by the area: _______.g. With free trade, consumer surplus in the Rest of the World is represented by the area:_______.h. With free trade, producer surplus in the Rest of the World is represented by the area:_______.i. With free trade, consumer surplus in China (increases/decreases) by the area: _______.j. With free trade, producer surplus in China (increases/decreases) by the area: _______.k. With free trade, consumer surplus in the Rest of the World (increases/decreases) by the area: _______.l. With free trade, producer surplus in the Rest of the World (increases/decreases) by the area: _______.m. As a result of trade, overall economic welfare in China (increases/decreases) by thearea: _______.n. As a result of trade, overall economic welfare in the Rest of the World(increases/decreases) by the area: _______.答案：1a 2c 3b 4b 5a 6c 7b 8b 9a 10d 11c 12d 13d 14d15 a 20 b16 c 400 d 800 e 600 f 30 g 10 h 6 i 26 j 20,exportedk 20, imported L decrease,3000 m increase,5000 n increase,4200o decrease,2200 p increase,2000 q increase,200016.a:a+b+d b:c+m c:f d:g+h e:a f:b+c+d+e+mg: f+g+j+k h:h i: decrease; b+d j: increase,b+d+ek: increase,g+g+kl: decrease,g m: increase,en:increase,j+k第2章基础理论使用需求与供给多项选择题1，消费者的问题是最大化：一个。
国际贸易学题库+参考答案
国际贸易学题库+参考答案一、单选题（共60题，每题1分，共60分）1、在产品生命周期理论中，产品的密集型变化过程是（）A、知识密集型-劳动力密集型-技能密集型B、知识密集型-资本密集型-劳动力密集型C、资本密集型-知识密集型-劳动力密集型D、劳动力密集型-资本密集型-知识密集型正确答案：B2、“每打100英镑CIFC2%伦敦“，对此以下表诉正确的是（）。
A、折扣率是2%B、伦敦是装运港C、佣金率是4%D、每打100英镑属于含佣价正确答案：D3、属于顺汇方法的支付方式是（）。
A、托收B、汇付C、信用证D、备用信用证正确答案：B4、在经济一体化组织中，对非同盟国家不实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟是（）。
A、自由贸易区B、完全经济一体化C、经济同盟D、关税同盟正确答案：A5、在国际航空运输中,装运日期一般指的是( )。
A、飞机实际起飞日期B、机场接受货物的日期C、运单签发日期D、下达装货通知的日期正确答案：C6、能起到促进出口和限制进口双重作用的倾销是（）。
A、外汇倾销B、偶然性倾销C、掠夺性倾销D、长期性倾销正确答案：A7、古典贸易理论是建立在（）的基础之上的。
A、机会成本论B、绝对成本论C、效用价值论D、劳动价值论正确答案：D8、卖方根据买方提供的样品加工复制出一个类似的样品提供买方确认，经确认的样品叫A、卖方样品B、回样C、复样D、参考样品正确答案：B9、下列关于我国出口单价表述正确的是 < >A、每码3.50美元CIFC2%青岛B、每公吨1000英镑FOB伦敦C、每箱500英镑FCA净价利物浦D、每打100法国法郎FOB上海减1%折扣正确答案：D10、在国际货物运输中，能够作为物权凭证的运输单据有（）。
A、铁路运单B、航空运单C、邮包收据D、海运提单正确答案：D11、交易一方认为对方未能全部或部分履行合同规定责任与义务而引起的纠纷是A、索赔B、争议C、违约D、理赔正确答案：B12、[]解决争端的方式有( )。
国际经济学期末考试练习题
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础是非判断题1、国际经济学是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的有效分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。
（√）2、国际经济学是经济学的分支学科，是建立在微观经济学和宏观经济学基础上的。
（√）3、国际经济学经历了重商主义、自由贸易和现代国际经济学理论多层面发展的三个阶段。
它是伴随着国际经济活动的不断增加而逐渐完善起来的。
（√）4、与一般经济学的研究方法相同，国际贸易理论在分析上也分为实证分析和规范分析两种。
（√）5、国际贸易理论分析不涉及货币因素，考虑各国货币制度的差异与关系的影响。
（×）6、大多数国际贸易理论都是一种静态或比较静态分析，时间因素在国际贸易理论中较多体现。
（×）7、没有贸易价格差的存在，就不会发生国际贸易。
（√）单项选择题1、国际经济学在研究资源配置时，作为划分界限的基本经济单位是 DA、企业B、个人C、政府D、国家2、从国际经济资源流动的难度看，最容易流动的要素是 BA、商品B、资本C、人员D、技术3、若贸易的开展导致社会无差异曲线向远离坐标原点的方向移动，则判定贸易对该国是 AA、有益B、有害C、不变D、不能判断4、消费点在同一条社会无差异曲线上移动，表示整个国家的福利水平 CA、增加B、减少C、不变D、不能判断5、在封闭经济条件下，下列不属于一国经济一般均衡的条件的是 DA、生产达到均衡B、消费达到均衡C、市场出清D、货币市场达到均衡6、国际贸易建立的基础是( B )A、绝对价格B、相对价格C、不变价格D、以上三种都不是7、在封闭经济条件下，A 国X 商品的相对价格低于 B 国X 商品的相对价格，我们称 A 国在X 商品上具有 BA、绝对优势B、比较优势C、没有优势D、以上三种都不是8、一国从国际贸易中所获利益的多寡取决于 DA、市场占有率B、技术优势C、竞争优势D、贸易条件第二章古典国际贸易理论是非判断题1、根据比较优势进行贸易可以使所有贸易国的消费超出其生产可能性边界。
国际贸易实务英文第二课后习题答案
III. Explain the following terms1. shipment contractShipment contract is a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens at the time or before the time of shipment.2. symbolic deliverySymbolic delivery is a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does not physically receive the goods. This kind of delivery is proved by the submission of transport document by the seller to the buyer.3. arrival contractArrival contract means a contract using an Incoterm which indicates that the delivery happens when the goods arrive at the destination.4. actual deliveryActual delivery refers to a delivery situation in which when the seller delivers the buyer does physically receive the goods.IV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB ?The seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?The buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?Similarities: a. The seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are loaded on board, b. The seller is responsible for export customs formalities while the buyer is responsible for import customs formalities, c. The buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination, d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation.Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer's risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment.Under arrival contract terms the seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive at the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The seller is not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller. Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?Major similarities: a. The seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. The selleris not taking the risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the transportation, c. The seller must obtain insurance against the buyer's risk.Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for seaway or inland waterway transport, b. Under CPT the seller's risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by the seller.Under CFR the seller's risk will be transferred when the goods are loaded on board the vessel.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt?What should you do?No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially in the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?FOB, CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?The seller. According to Incoterms 2010, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while the buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs an FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?Importing. FOB should be used with a "named port of shipment", if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader's perspective, he is importing.V. Case studies1. An FOB contract stipulated "The shipment will be effected in March 2011." When the goodswere ready on 10 March 201 l, the seller contacted the buyer for shipment details. The buyer faxed "Please send the goods to the port for loading on 21 March. The vessel will depart on22 March." The seller sent the goods to the port accordingly. However the nominated vesseldid not turn up and the goods had to be stored in the warehouse at the port. On the night of 21 March a fire happened in the warehouse area and part of the goods was damaged. When the vessel arrived two days later the seller and the buyer had an argument about the settlement of the loss. The seller required the buyer to bear the loss caused by the fire, but the buyer believed that the vessel arrived within the shipment period and the loss occurred before the seller delivered the goods therefore the seller should bear the loss. Please provide your solution.析：1)首先案例中提到货物发生了损失是由于货物存放在码头仓库期间发生火灾造成的。
国际经济学完整题库不含答案
第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础、第二章古典贸易理论一、名词解释1．重商主义2．自由贸易论3．绝对优势论4．比较优势论5．机会成本6．机会成本递增7．生产可能性边界二、判断题(在括号内填“√”，表示正确；填上“X”，表示错误)1．国际经济学研究的是全球资源的有效配置。
( )2．重商主义认为，各国在国际贸易中的利弊得失是完全相反的，你之所得就是我之所失。
( )3．我们墨西哥在与美国的竞争中得不到什么好处，美国工厂的生产效率太高了，它有那么多的计算机和机械工具，它的工程水平也太发达了。
我们需要关税，要么我们什么也不出口。
（）4．国际贸易产生于各国之间生产商品的技术水平的绝对差别，这是绝对差异论的基本观点。
( )5．在现实社会中，当经济资源或生产要素从一个部门转移到另一个部门时，机会成本可以始终保持不变。
( )6．在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时，存在着价格差异，那么各国间的国际分工仍能达到完全专业化的程度。
( )7．国际贸易形成的范围是：国际比价必须在两个参加贸易的国家贸易前的国内比价之间。
( )8．如果进行贸易的两个国家具有同样的生产可能性边界，即使各国不同的生活习惯，以及嗜好差异，也不会导致国际贸易。
( )9．生产可能性边界曲线上的各点切线的斜率即为机会成本。
( )10．晚期重商主义的观点又被称为“贸易差额论”。
（）11．一位美国参议员写了下面一段话：“贸易被认为是能够提高所有参与国收入的，至少亚当.斯密或大卫.李嘉图是这样教导我们的。
（）12.由于发达国家工资水平高于发展中国家，所以发达国家与发展中国家进行贸易会无利可图；13．因为美国的工资水平很高，所以美国产品在世界市场缺乏竞争力；14. 发展中国家的工资水平比较低是因为国际贸易的缘故。
三、不定项选择题1．国际经济学作为独立的经济学分支科学，有自身的特点。
下列不属于这些特点的是A．国际经济学不同于区域经济学。
B．国际经济学理论的选择并不带有明显的民族性。
国际贸易实务英文版课后练习参考答案 (2)
练习参考答案Chapter 1流动性过剩excess liquidity自给自足self-sufficient经济资源economic resources直接投资direct investment国际收支balance of payments易货交易barter6.Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money withrelative safety.Ⅴ1.International trade,is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and ／or services across national boundaries.It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes the purchase and sale ofboth visible and invisible goods.2.In today’s complex economic world,neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons.As to the economic reasons,no nation has all of the economic resouces （land,labor and capital）that it needs to develop its economy and culture,and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs.As for the preferencereasons,international trade takes place because of innovation of style.Besides,every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they needto do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3.In measuring the effectiveness of global trade,nations carefully follow two key indicators,namely,balanceof trade and balance of payments.4.FDI,the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment,means buying of permanentproperty and business in foreign nations.It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is made.The great significance of FDI for China might be that：FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure,national supporting industry,key projects,etc.“Buy local”rules 本地采购原则Ⅱ1.Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relativelyinefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。
经济学第02章 重商主义和古典国际贸易理论
第2节重商主义的基本思想和贸易政策
对重商主义的评价 重商主义是最早的国际贸易理论，极大地
促进了资本的原始积累，推动了资本主义生产 方式的发展，在历史上曾起过一定的积极作用。 同时，重商主义的一系列主张，如强调国家应 该干预对外贸易，运用关税等措施奖励出口限 制进口，这在今天也有一定的理论和现实意义。
• 3、保护关税政策 • 主张对进口的制成品设置关税壁垒，课以重
税，使进口的商品价格提高，售价昂贵，从 而达到限制进口的目的；对进口的原料和出 口的制成品则减免关税，或出口制成品时退 还进口原料所征的关税，以支持和鼓励本国 制成品的生产和出口。
第2节 重商主义的基本思想和贸易政策
• 4、发展本国工业政策 • 重商主义者认为，保持贸易顺差的关键在
第3节 绝对优势理论
绝对优势 Absolute advantage
一个国家生产同一单位的某种商品所使用 的资源少于另一个国家，则该国在这种产品的 生产上就具有绝对优势。
第3节 绝对优势理论
他主张：每个国家生产自己具有绝对优势 的产品，然后用这种产品去换取本国的劣势产 品，从中获利。
绝对成本理论 theory of absolute cost
第1节 重商主义的发展
一、早期重商主义 “各国彼此对立着，就像守财奴一样，双 手抱住他心爱的钱袋，用嫉妒和猜忌的目光打 量着自己的邻居。”（恩格斯《政治经济学批 判大纲》）
第1节 重商主义的发展
二、晚期重商主义 晚期的重商主义以“贸易差额论”为主要 思想，是真正意义上的重商主义，代表人物： 英国的托马斯·孟 法国的让·巴蒂斯特·柯尔培尔 意大利的安东尼·塞拉。
第02章 古典贸易理论(英文习题)答案
CHOICE QUESTIONS（D ）1.The mercantilists （n. 重商主义）would have objected to（反对）:a. Export promotion policies （出口促进政策）initiated （v. 发起）by the governmentb. The use of tariffs （n. 关税）or quotas （n. 配额）to restrict importsc. Trade policies designed to accumulate （v. 积累）gold and other precious metals （贵金属）d. International trade based on open markets（自由市场）（C ）2. Unlike the mercantilists, Adam Smith maintained（v. 主张，坚称）that:a. Trade benefits one nation only at the expense of（在损失…的情况下）another nationb. Government control of trade leads to maximum （adj. 最大值的，最大量的）economic welfare（经济福利）c. All nations can gain from free international traded. The world’s output of goods must remain constant（adj. 不变的）over time（D ）3. The trading principle formulated （v. 明确表达）by Adam Smith maintained （v. 主张，坚称）that:a. International prices are determined from the demand side of the marketb. Differences in resource endowments （资源禀赋）determine comparative advantagec. Differences in income levels govern world trade patternsd. Absolute cost differences （成本差异）determine the immediate basis for trade（A ）4. Assume that labor is the only factor of production （生产要素）and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in the United Kingdom equal $10 per hour. Production costs would belower in the United States than the United Kingdom if:a. U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hourb. U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hourc. U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hourd. U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 25 units per hour（C ）5. Concerning （prep. 关于，就…而论）international trade restrictions （n. 限制）, which of the following is false?Trade restrictions:a. Limit specialization （专业化）and the division of labor （劳动分工）b. Reduce the volume of trade （贸易量）and the gains from trade （贸易所得）c. Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves （生产可能性曲线）d. May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantage（A ）6. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement “Japan enjoys a comparative advantage over France in steel relative to bicycles” is equivalent to（相当于）:a. France having a comparative advantage （比较优势）over Japan in bicycles relative to steelb. France having a comparative disadvantage e（比较劣势）over Japan in bicycles relative to steelc. Japan having a comparative advantage over France in steel and bicyclesd. Japan having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steel（B ）7. In the absence of trade, a nation is in equilibrium （n. 均衡）where a community indifference curve（社会无差异曲线，CIC）:a. Lies above its production possibilities curveb. Is tangent （adj. 正切的；相切的）to its production possibilities curv e （生产可能性曲线，PPC）c. Intersects （v. 相交，交叉）its production possibilities curved. Lies below its production possibilities curve（C ）8. The gains from international trade increase as:a. A nation consumes inside of its production possibilities scheduleb. A nation consumes along （prep. 沿着）i ts production possibilities schedulec. The international terms of trade rises above the nation’s a utarky （n. 自给自足）priced. The international terms of trade approaches （v. 接近，靠近）the nation’s autarky price（B ）9. “The equilibrium relative commodity price at which trade takes place is determined by the conditions of demand and supply for each commodity in both nations. Other things being equal, thenation with the more intense （adj. 强烈的）demand for the other nation’s exported good will gain lessfrom trade than the nation with the less intense demand.” This statement was first proposed（v. 提出）by:a. Alfred Marshall with offer curve （提供曲线）analysisb. John Stuart Mill with the theory of reciprocal demand （相互需求理论）c. Adam Smith with the theory of absolute advantaged. David Ricardo with the theory of comparative advantage（B ）10.Given a two-country and two-product world, the United States would enjoy all the attainable（adj.可得到的）gains from free trade with Canada if it:a. Trades at the U.S. rate of transformationb. Trades at the Canadian rate of transformationc. Specializes completely （完全专业化）in the production of both goodsd. Specializes partially （部分专业化）in the production of both goods（B ）11.A rise in the price of imports or a fall in the price of exports will:a. Improve （v. 改善）the terms of trade （贸易条件，TOT）b. Worsen （v. 恶化）the terms of tradec. Expand the production possibilities curve （生产可能性曲线）d. Contract （v. 收缩）the production possibilities curveTRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS（F ）1. In an open trading system, a country will import those commodities that it produces at relatively low cost while exporting commodities that can be produced at relatively high cost.Correct：import those commodities that it produces at relatively high while exporting commodities that can be produced at relatively high cost（T ）2.The mercantilists （n. 重商主义者）contended （v. 认为）that because one nation’s gains from trade come at the expense of （在损失...的情况下）its trading partners （贸易伙伴）, not all nations could simultaneously （adv. 同时）realize gains from trade.（F ）3.According to the price-specie-flow doctrine （价格-铸币-流动学说）, a trade-surplus nation （贸易顺差国）would experience gold outflows, a decrease in its money supply, and a fall in its price level.Correct：a trade-surplus nation would experience gold inflows, an increase in its money supply, and a rise in its price level.（F ）4. If a country’s terms of trade worsen（v. 恶化）, it must exchange fewer exports for a given amount of imports.Correct：If a country’s terms of trade worsen, it must exchange more exports for a given amount of imports.（F ）5.The principle of absolute advantage asserts （v. 认为）that mutually beneficial trade （互利贸易）can occur even if one nation is absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods.Correct：he principle of comparative advantage asserts that mutually beneficial trade can occur even if one nation is absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods.（T ）6.Assume（假设）that Germany has higher labor productivity and higher wage levels than France. Germany can produce a commodity more cheaply than France if its productivity differential more than offsets （v.抵消）its wage differential （工资差异）.（F ）7.The price-specie-flow mechanism （价格-铸币-流动机制）illustrated （v. 表明）why one nation’s gains from trade were accompanied （v. 伴随）by another c ountry’s losses.Correct：The price-specie-flow mechanism illustrated a favorable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated.（T ）8.It is possible for a nation not to have an absolute advantage in anything; but it is not possible for one nation to have a comparative advantage in everything and the other nation to have a comparativeadvantage in nothing.一个国家可能在所有商品的生产上都没有绝对优势，但不可能一个国家在任何一种商品的生产上都具有比较优势，而其他国家在所有商品的生产上都处于相对劣势。
第02章 古典贸易理论(讲义)完整版
2.1 The Evolution of Classical Trade Theory第一节古典贸易理论的演变一．Adam smith’s Contribution to International Trade Theory亚当.斯密对国际贸易理论的贡献1．Criticism to mercantilism 对重商主义的批判⑴ 衡量一国财富的不是其所拥有的贵重金属的多少，而是这些贵重金属所能购买的商品数量；⑵ 扩大生产才能提高本国的生活水平，而生产的扩大最根本的动力是劳动生产率的不断提高。
财富增加依赖于劳动分工，这就是亚当·斯密的劳动分工学说的基本思想。
Smith challenged the mercantilist views on trade by arguing that, with free trade, international specialization of factor inputs could increase world output, which could be shared by trading nations. All nations could simultaneously enjoy gains from trade. Smith maintained that each nation would find it advantageous to specialize in the production of those goods in which it had an absolute advantage.Mercantilism）强调国库和王室成员所拥有的贵重金属的多寡是衡量国家是否繁荣昌盛的最重要的标志。
所以，为政府开具的调节经济的处方是取消进口，因为进口会导致本国贵重金属的流失，同时鼓励出口，因为出口会导致贵重金属的流入。
重商主义认为国际贸易是一种零和博弈（zero-sum game），鼓吹经济民族主义（Nationalism）。
古典国际贸易理论参考答案
第一章古典国际贸易理论参考答案一、简答题1.重商主义的核心思想是什么？答：重商主义的核心思想包括以下三个方面：（1）财富观：以贵金属作为衡量财富的唯一标准（2）世界资源静态观：认为国际贸易是零和博奕，一个国家从国际贸易中获益，另一个国家比受到损失。
（3）对外贸易政策主张：主张奖出限入的保护贸易政策2.试述斯密绝对优势学说的主要内容并予以评价。
答：绝对优势说是曲英国古典经济学家亚当〃斯密于1776年在其代表作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(即《国富论》)中提出的。
（1）斯密绝对利益学说的基本概念与内容在某一种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
（2）对于斯密绝对利益学说的评价斯密对社会经济现象的研究，从流通领域转到生产领域，从而对国际贸易问题采取了新的观点，这与重商主义相比是一大进步。
他的绝对利益论反映了当时社会经济中已成熟了的要求，成为英国新兴产业资产阶级反对贵族地主和重商主义者、发展资本主义的有力理论工具，在历史上起过进步作用。
他关于分工能够提高劳动生产率，参加国际分工、开展国际贸易对所有参加国都有利的见解，虽然经历了200多年的历史，仍具有重大的现实意义。
斯密绝对利益学说包含着科学的成分，但也有一些非科学成分。
①从国际贸易实际的角度来看斯密的假设条件不具有广泛性。
斯密的绝对利益学说存在着一个必要的假设：一国要参加国际贸易，就必然要有至少一种产品在生产上与交易伙伴相比处于劳动生产率绝对高或生产所耗费劳动绝对低的地位上，否则该国便不具备实际参加国际分工的条件，或者在国际贸易中没有任何利益而只有伤害。
这在理论上过于绝对，在实践中也不符合实际情况(发展中国家劳动生产率很可能在所有产品的生产上都不如发达国家，但仍然在进行国际贸易，也未因此而使得本国产业走向衰亡)。
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CHOICE QUESTIONS（D ）1.The mercantilists （n. 重商主义）would have objected to（反对）:a. Export promotion policies （出口促进政策）initiated （v. 发起） by the governmentb. The use of tariffs （n. 关税）or quotas （n. 配额） to restrict importsc. Trade policies designed to accumulate （v. 积累） gold and other precious metals （贵金属）d. International trade based on open markets（自由市场）（ C ）2. Unlike the mercantilists, Adam Smith maintained（v. 主张，坚称） that:a. Trade benefits one nation only at the expense of（在损失…的情况下）another nationb. Government control of trade leads to maximum （adj. 最大值的，最大量的）economic welfare（经济福利）c. All nations can gain from free international traded. The world’s output of goods must remain constant（adj. 不变的） over time（ D ）3. The trading principle formulated （v. 明确表达） by Adam Smith maintained （v.主张，坚称）that:a. International prices are determined from the demand side of the marketb. Differences in resource endowments （资源禀赋） determine comparative advantagec. Differences in income levels govern world trade patternsd. Absolute cost differences （成本差异）determine the immediate basis for trade（ A ）4. Assume that labor is the only factor of production （生产要素） and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in the United Kingdom equal$10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States than the UnitedKingdom if:a. U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 15 unitsper hourb. U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 20 unitsper hourc. U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 30 unitsper hourd. U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 25 unitsper hour（ C ）5. Concerning （prep. 关于，就…而论）international trade restrictions （n.限制）, which of the following is false Trade restrictions:a. Limit specialization （专业化）and the division of labor （劳动分工）b. Reduce the volume of trade （贸易量） and the gains from trade （贸易所得）c. Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curves （生产可能性曲线）d. May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantage（ A ）6. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement “Japan enjoys a comparative advantage over France in steel relative to bicycles” is equivalent to（相当于）:a. France having a comparative advantage （比较优势） over Japan in bicycles relative to steelb. France having a comparative disadvantage e（比较劣势） over Japan in bicycles relativeto steelc. Japan having a comparative advantage over France in steel and bicyclesd. Japan having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steel（ B ）7. In the absence of trade, a nation is in equilibrium （n. 均衡）wherea community indifference curve（社会无差异曲线， CIC）:a. Lies above its production possibilities curveb. Is tangent （adj. 正切的；相切的） to its production possibilities curv e （生产可能性曲线， PPC）c. Intersects （v. 相交，交叉） its production possibilities curved. Lies below its production possibilities curve（ C ）8. The gains from international trade increase as:a. A nation consumes inside of its production possibilities scheduleb. A nation consumes along （prep. 沿着） i ts production possibilities schedulec. The international terms of trade rises above the nation’s au tarky （n. 自给自足） priced. The international terms of trade approaches （v. 接近，靠近）the nation’s autarky price（ B ）9. “The equilibrium relative commodity price at which trade takes place is determined by the conditions of demand and supply for each commodity in both nations. Other things being equal, the nation with the more intense （adj. 强烈的）demand for the other nation’s exported good will gain less from trade than the nation with the less intense demand.” This statement was first proposed（v. 提出） by:a. Alfred Marshall with offer curve （提供曲线）analysisb. John Stuart Mill with the theory of reciprocal demand （相互需求理论）c. Adam Smith with the theory of absolute advantaged. David Ricardo with the theory of comparative advantage（ B ）10. Given a two-country and two-product world, the United States would enjoy all the attainable（adj.可得到的） gains from free trade with Canada if it:a. Trades at the U.S. rate of transformationb. Trades at the Canadian rate of transformationc. Specializes completely （完全专业化） in the production of both goodsd. Specializes partially （部分专业化） in the production of both goods（ B ）11. A rise in the price of imports or a fall in the price of exports will:a. Improve （v. 改善）the terms of trade （贸易条件，TOT）b. Worsen （v. 恶化）the terms of tradec. Expand the production possibilities curve （生产可能性曲线）d. Contract （v. 收缩）the production possibilities curveTRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS（ F ）1. In an open trading system, a country will import those commodities that it produces at relatively low cost while exporting commodities that can be produced at relatively high cost.Correct：import those commodities that it produces at relatively high while exporting commodities that can be produced at relatively high cost（T ） mercantilists （n. 重商主义者）contended （v. 认为）that because one nation’s gains from trade come at the expense of （在损失...的情况下）its trading partners （贸易伙伴）, not all nations could simultaneously （adv. 同时）realize gains from trade.（ F ） to the price-specie-flow doctrine （价格-铸币-流动学说）, a trade-surplus nation （贸易顺差国）would experience gold outflows, a decrease in its money supply, anda fall in its price level.Correct：a trade-surplus nation would experience gold inflows, an increase in its money supply, and a rise in its price level.（ F ）4. If a country’s terms of trade worsen（v. 恶化）, it must exchange fewer exports for a given amount of imports.Correct：If a country’s terms of trade worsen, it must exchange more exports for a given amount of imports.（ F ） principle of absolute advantage asserts （v. 认为）that mutually beneficial trade （互利贸易） can occur even if one nation is absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods.Correct：he principle of comparative advantage asserts that mutually beneficial trade can occur even if one nation is absolutely more efficient in the production of all goods.（T ）（假设）that Germany has higher labor productivity and higher wage levels than France. Germany can produce a commodity more cheaply than France if its productivity differential more than offsets （v. 抵消）its wage differential （工资差异）.（ F ） price-specie-flow mechanism （价格-铸币-流动机制）illustrated （v. 表明）whyone nation’s gains from trade were accompanied（v. 伴随）by another country’s losses.Correct：The price-specie-flow mechanism illustrated a favorable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated.（T ） is possible for a nation not to have an absolute advantage in anything;but it is not possible for one nation to have a comparative advantage in everythingand the other nation to have a comparative advantage in nothing.一个国家可能在所有商品的生产上都没有绝对优势，但不可能一个国家在任何一种商品的生产上都具有比较优势，而其他国家在所有商品的生产上都处于相对劣势。