(完整word版)西方文化读本第一单元完整译文
西方思想经典导读部分课文翻译

第一章伯里克利阵亡将士葬礼演说辞(修西得底斯)请允许我这样说,我们的政治体制并没有照搬邻国的制度。
与其说我们的制度模仿其他国家,不如说为其他国家提供了摹本。
我们的宪政被称作民主制,因为权力不是掌握在少数人手中,而是掌握在全体人民手中。
当解决私人间的争执时,法律面前人人平等;当一个人担任的公职比另一个人高时,并非考虑他是一个特权阶级的成员,而是他拥有的实际能力。
任何人,只要有能力为国家效力,都不会因其贫穷而在政治上处于卑微的地位。
而且,正如我们的政治生活是自由和开放的,我们的人与人相处的日常生活也是如此的。
如果邻邦欣赏自己的方式,我们不会因之而恼火,我们也不会对之怒目相视,尽管这不会带来真正的伤害,但依然会伤害人民的感情。
在我们的私人生活方面,我们是自由的和宽容的;但在公共事务上,我们遵循法律。
因为我们对法律尊重有加。
我们服从于我们赋之以权威的那些人们,我们也服从法律本身,尤其是那些保护被压迫者的法律,还有那些不成文的法律,违反这些法律被公认为是羞耻的。
还有一点,在我们工作之余,我们能够享受各种娱乐来放松我们的精神。
一年之中要定期举办各种各样的竞技和祭祀活动;在我们自己的家中,我们会找到美和美好的情趣,这使我们每天都感到愉悦,并驱散我们的烦恼。
那么,我们城市的伟大使得全世界的好东西都流入我们的国家,以至于对我们来说,似乎享受外国货物如同享受本地产品那些自然。
另外,我们和我们的对手在对待军事安全的态度方面有着很大的不同。
这里有些例证:我们的城市是向世界开放的,而且我们没有周期性地驱逐外邦人,以防止人们看到或发现我们赖以保持对敌人的军事优势的秘密。
这是因为我们所依赖的不是秘密武器(隐秘的法宝),而是我们自身真正的勇气和忠诚。
在我们的教育制度方面也有不同。
斯巴达人,从其最早的孩童时代,就受到最刻苦的勇气方面的培训;我们在没有这些约束的状态下过我们的生活,但却和他们一样准备着面对同样的危险。
有这方面的证据:当斯巴达人入侵我们的国土时,他们不是自己来,而是让他们的所有同盟者一道来;而当我们在海外发动一次进攻时,我们是靠自己的,而且尽管在外邦领土上作战,还能常常打败那些为自己的家灶和家园而战的人们。
大学英语教材西方文化读本翻译整理

Unit1根据传说,伏羲生于中国西部,出生之前在其母腹中孕育了12年。
伏羲教会了人类打猎、捕鱼、驯养野兽、饲养家禽。
伏羲制定了人类的嫁娶制度,教会人们劈柴取火和烹煮食物;他还通过龟背上的裂纹创立了八卦,这些八卦成为数学、医学、占卜学和风水的基础。
此外,伏羲还创造了中华民族的图腾龙,被认为是中国历史上第一个真正的统治者。
Fuxi was born in the west part of China and, according to legend, he was carried in his mother’s womb for twelve years before birth. He taught people how to hunt, fish, domesticate animals and tend their flocks. He instituted marriage and taught people how to devise tools to split wood, kindle fire and cook food. He devised the Trigrams, which evolved from markings on tortoise shells. These trigrams served as the basis for mathematics, medicine, divination and geomancy. Furthermore, he created the Chinese dragon as the totem of the nation and was considered as the first real ruler.Unit2儒家的创始人是孔子(公元前551—479),他提出了一套道德规范,基于五种美德:仁、义、礼、智、信。
其中“仁”被认为是他的哲学理念的基石,代表着忠诚、孝道(filial piety)、宽容和善良。
英 美 文 化 阅读译文

1.英美文化之 American Family 美国家庭「请将火鸡与配料递给我。
」这个简单的请求令你想起什么?如果你是美国人,你会想到感恩节。
对美国人而言,火鸡大餐象征感恩节。
感恩节提醒了美国人哪些事情呢?--他们的家人。
感恩节是家人聚集的时间,在这个节日,家人聚在一起对着火鸡以及鸡腹中的调味材料大快朵颐;家人享受一起看游行、看足球比赛的电视转播以及同聚的时光。
到底家庭对于美国人的意义是什么?传统的美国家庭被称为「核心家庭」。
核心家庭包含了先生、太太和小孩子,今日美国的一般家庭有二个或三个小孩(或者再加上几只宠物)。
在一些文化里,大家庭住在一起,甚至好几代的人同住。
在美国,只有极少的情况下才会有超过一个家庭同住一个屋檐下。
美国人看重对家人回家时热诚的欢迎。
许多家庭用民主政治般的方式来治理,家中每个人都有发言权利,公平观念广泛存在于美国的家庭当中;除了敬畏之情外,孩子们也将父母亲当成好朋友,夫妇经常彼此共同分担家务;许多家庭的孩子在自己的卧室内享有隐私权;孩子们在很小的时候便有理财的责任,他们可能每个礼拜会有零用钱或是出去打工;父母亲常会给孩子们自己做决定的自由,学龄前的孩子可以自己选择穿什衣服或买什么玩具,青年人则可自由选择职业及结婚的对象。
正如许多其它文化一样,美国的家庭也面对许多问题。
社会的压力正将愈来愈多的美国家庭解体。
现在,超过半数以上的婚姻在美国是以离婚做结束;每四个小孩中就有超过一位是由单亲养育长大的,它的结果是造成了许多人相信美国家庭有麻烦了。
即使如此,还是有盼望。
许多机构正努力巩固家庭。
几乎所有的美国人都相信家庭是生命中最重要的一部份。
大多数人也认为传统双亲式的家庭对小孩子是最好的。
他们明白近来家庭生活的问题,已带来了许多严重的结果。
所以,愈来愈多的人将家庭视为第一优先。
许多妇女辞去工作在家陪孩子。
全家人一起渡假或出去玩,丈夫与妻子一起集中心力使婚姻稳固。
联合国已宣布一九九四年为国际家庭年。
大学英语西方文化概论课文翻译

英语翻译1Eating Food That’s Better for You, Organic or Not吃对你有益的食物,无论是否有机In the six-and-one-half years since the federal government began certifying food as “organic,” Americans have taken to the idea with considerable enthusiasm.自从联邦政府六年半前开始对食物“有机”认证以来,美国人以相当大的激情接受了这个概念。
Sales have at least doubled, and three-quarters of the nation’s grocery stores now carry at least some organic food.销售额至少翻倍,国内3/ 4的食品杂货现在都在出售有机食品。
A Harris Poll in October 2007 found that about 30 percent of Americans buy organic food at least on occasion, and most think it is safer, better for the environment and healthier.2007年10月的一份哈里斯民意调查发现大约30%的美国人至少会偶尔买有机食品,大部分人认为它更为安全,更有利于环境和更健康。
People believe it must be better for you if it’s organic,” says Phil Howard, an assistant professor of community, food and agriculture at Michigan State University.密歇根州立大学的社区、食品和农业助理教授Phil Howard说,“人们认为如果它是有机的话一定会对你更好。
完整word版,The Sandwich Generation译文

The Sandwich GenerationToday people often look forward to their middle age as a time when they will be able to take things easier. After their children are grown, they expect to enjoy the life they have worked hard to create. ____(1)____. In middle age, many people discover that they have two ongoing responsibilities1: one is to look after their aging parents,and the other is to help their young adult children deal with the pressures of life. Around the world, there are millions of people who are “sandwiched”in between the older and the younger generations. Sometimes there may be two or three generations living in the same household — a situation that is common in many Asian countries and in some parts of Europe. In other cases, a couple may be taking care of parents and children, but they do not live with them.There are two important reasons for the rise of the sandwich generation. First, people are living longer than they used to. In the early nineteenth century, the average life expectancy for adults in the United States,for example,was about 40,whereas today people live to an average ageof 75. ____(2)____. The second reason is that these days, young adults often live with their parents for a longer time than they did in the past. This is often for financial reasons. It’s also more common for today’s young ad ults to return home during or after college if they need financial or emotional support.2____(3)____. They may have to cover expenses that their parents cannot. They may have to manage their parents’ financial and legal affairs. They may have to prepare for their parents’ future needs, such as special medical care or a move to a nursing home. This can be a traumatic experience for everyone.Caring for adult children presents challenges as well, and caregivers have to resolve important questions; How can financial responsibilities be shared among members of the household? How can household chores be shared? What is the best way to ensure everyone’s privacy? ____(4)____.The financial and emotional pressures on the sandwich generation can be overwhelming. However, this time in life also has its rewards. ____(5)____. It can also provide a valuable opportunity to spend more time with them. However, in order to survive this difficult period in their lives, the members of the sandwich generation must remember that they also need to payattention to their own needs and look after the quality of their own lives. They can’t be totally selfless.•译文:三明治一代现在很多人都向往中年,觉得到那个时候就能放松一下了。
(完整word版)现代大学英语精读1课本内容及翻译

Lesson Eight The Kindness of StrangersMike Mclntyre1. One summer I was driving from my home town of Tahoe City, Calif, to New Orleans. In the middle of the desert, I cameupon a young man standing by the roadside. He had his thumb out and held a gas can in his other hand. I drove right by him.There was a time in the country when you' d be considered a jerk if you passed by somebody in need. Now you are a fool for helping. With gangs, drug addicts, murderers, rapists, thieves lurking everywhere, "I don't want to get involved" has become a national motto.2. Several states later I was still thinking about the hitchhiker. Leaving him stranded in the desert did not bother me so much.What bothered me was how easily I had reached the decision. I never even lifted my foot off the accelerator.3. Does anyone stop any more? I wondered. I recalled Blanche DuBois's famous line: "I have always depended on thekindness of strangers." Could anyone rely on the kindness of strangers these days? One way to test this would be for a person to journey from coast to coast without any money, relying solely on the good will of his fellow Americans. What kind of Americans would he find? Who would feed him, shelter him, carry him down the road?4. The idea intrigued me.5. The week I turned 37, I realized that I had never taken a gamble in my life. So I decided to travel from the Pacific to theAtlantic without a penny. It would be a cashless journey through the land of the almighty dollar. I would only accept offers of rides, food and a place to rest my head. My final destination would be Cape Fear in North Carolina, a symbol of all the fears I'd have to conquer during the trip.6. I rose early on September 6, 1994, and headed for the Golden Gate Bridge with a 50-pound pack on my back and a signdisplaying my destination to passing vehicles: "America."7. For six weeks I hitched 82 rides and covered 4223 miles across 14 states. As I traveled, folks were always warning meabout someplace else. In Montana they told me to watch out for the cowboys in Wyoming, In Nebraska they said people would not be as nice in Iowa. Yet I was treated with kindness everywhere I went. I was amazed by people's readiness to help a stranger, even when it seemed to run contrary to their own best interests.8. One day in Nebraska a car pulled to the road shoulder. When I reached the window, I saw two little old ladies dressed intheir Sunday finest." I know you're not supposed to pick up hitchhikers, but it's so far between towns out here, you feel bad passing a person," said the driver, who introduced herself as Vi. I didn't know whether to kiss them or scold them forstopping. This woman was telling me she'd rather risk her life than feel bad about passing a stranger on the side of the road.9. Once when I was hitchhiking unsuccessfully in the rain, a trucker pulled over, locking his brakes so hard he skidded on thegrass shoulder. The driver told me he was once robbed at knifepoint by a hitchhiker. "But I hate to see a man stand out in the rain," he added. "People don't have no heart anymore."10. I found, however, that people were generally compassionate. Hearing I had no money and would take none, people boughtme food or shared whatever they happened to have with them. Those who had the least to give often gave the most. In Oregon a house painter named Mike noted the chilly weather and asked if I had a coat. When he learned that I had "a light one," he drove me to his house, and handed me a big green army-style jacket. A lumber-mill worker named Tim invited me to a simple dinner with his family in their shabby house. Then he offered me his tent. I refused, knowing it was probably one of the family's most valuable possessions. But Tim was determined that I have it, and finally I agreed to take it.11. I was grateful to all the people I met for their rides, their food, their shelter, and their gifts. But what I found most touchingwas the fact that they all did it as a matter of course.12. One day I walked into the chamber of commerce in Jamestown, Tenn. to find out about camping in the area. The executivedirector, Baxter Wilson, 59, handed me a brochure for a local campground. Seeing that it cost $12, I replied, "No, that's all right. I'll try something else." Then he saw my backpack. "Most people around here will let you pitch a tent on their land, if that's what you want," he said. Now we're talking, I thought. "Any particular direction?" I asked. "Tell you what. I've got a big farm about ten miles south of here. If you're here at 5:30, you can ride with me."13. I accepted, and we drove out to a magnificent country house. Suddenly I realized he'd invited me to spend the night in hishome. His wife, Carol, a seventh-grade science teacher, was cooking a pot roast when we walked into the kitchen. Baxter explained that local folks were "mountain stay-at-home people" who rarely entertained in their house. "When we do," he said, "it's usually kin." This revelation made my night there all the more special.14. The next morning when I came downstairs, Carol asked if I'd come to their school and talk to her class about my trip. Iagreed, and before long had been scheduled to talk to every class in the school. The kids were attentive and kept asking all kinds of questions: Where were people the kindest? How many pairs of shoes did you have? Did anybody try to run you over? Did you fall in love with someone? What were you most afraid of?15. Although I hadn't planned it this way, I discovered that a patriotic tone ran through the talks I gave that afternoon. I told thestudents how my faith in America had been renewed. I told them how proud I was to live in a country where people were still willing to help. I told them that the question I had had in mind when I planned this journey was now clearly answered.In spite of everything, you can still depend on the kindness of strangers.第八课陌生人的仁慈1一个夏天,我正驱车从我的家乡加利福尼亚州的塔霍湖市前往新奥尔良。
(完整word版)Appetite 译文

·Appetite渴望(Laurie Lee)(劳丽·李)One of the major pleasures in life is appetite, and one of our major duties should be to preserve it. 渴望乃生活之一大乐事,而心怀渴望则成为一项重要的任务。
Appetite is the keenness of living;it is one of the senses that tells you that you are still curious to exist, that you still have an edge on your longings and want to bite[h1] into the world and taste its multitudinous flavors and juices.渴望意味着对生活充满热情,这种感觉表明你依然希冀生活,热衷梦想,向往探索世界,历尽世间百味百态。
By appetite, of course, I don't mean just the lust for food, but any condition of unsatisfied desire,any burning in the blood that proves you want more than you’ve got, and that you haven’t yet used up your life.当然,我所说的“渴望"不单指对食物的欲望,而指所有欲求未满的状态,及血液中燃烧的激情,这炽热的激情证明你希望收获更多,你的生命力并未耗尽。
Wilde said he felt sorry for those who never got their heart's desire, but sorrier still for those who did.王尔德曾说过,对未能梦想成真者,他深表惋惜;而对心愿已遂者,他则倍感遗憾。
欧洲文化入门第一章PPT课件

Loose plot, satirical tone, clever parody, acute criticism, contemporary events, coarse language
18
6. History--Herodotus
important lyric poet of ancient Greece Pindar--Greek lyric poet 品达
Of the canonical nine lyric poets of ancient Greece, Pindar is the one whose work is best preserved, and some critics since antiquity have regarded him as the greatest.
Almost exclusively known for writing The Histories, a record of his 'inquiries' into the origins of the GrecoPersian 《历史》 Wars which occurred in 490 and 479 B. C.
The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars—Herodotus and Thucydides
希罗多德(484-430 B.C.), Ancient Greek historian, “Father of History” 古希腊历史学家,“历史之父”
see these great works incorporated into
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第一单元章节标题要翻译课前导读1、说到古希腊你首先会想到什么?是特洛伊战争或奥林匹克运动会这些有趣的故事吗?请与同学分享你所知道的知识.2、你了解希腊神话吗?你能说出希腊神话中的诸神或英雄的名字吗?你知道他们的故事吗?3、请介绍苏格拉底、柏拉图或亚里士多德的成就。
为什么说他们奠定了西方哲学的基础?、第一部分古希腊神话希腊神话是古希腊人的神话和教义的总和,内容设及神和英雄、世界的性质、以及古希腊人宗教仪式的起源与意义等故事。
关于神、英雄和怪兽的故事是古希腊人日常生活的重要组成部分。
这些故事对包括从宗教仪式到天气在内的一切都给予了解释,并为人们所处的世界赋予了意义。
希腊神话的中心是万神庙的众神,传说他们住在希腊最高峰奥利匹斯山上。
奥林匹斯男神和女神的外貌看起来与男人和女人一样(尽管他们可以随意变成动物或者其他形态),而且正如许多神话所讲述的,也具有人类的种种弱点和情感。
宙斯是万神庙众神之王,神族之主。
他主宰天空,控制着骇人的雷电.宙斯制造出强烈的雷暴使希腊众神都震慑于他的威力之下。
他的妻子拉是女性和婚姻之神。
海神波塞冬相传是宙斯的哥哥。
他能够制造地震。
古希腊水手和渔民都相信,波塞冬在被无视之时会将他的三叉戟重击地面。
三叉戟是古希腊人用来刺鱼的一种有三个叉的矛枪,也是他们的一种武器.波塞冬挥动三叉戟则海难暴发,但他也能开辟新的岛屿,此外他会赐予水手食物并为他们的旅行保驾护航。
大哥哈迪斯掌管着冥界。
希腊人相信他们死后会去往哈迪斯的冥界,在那里他们虽然会被公平对待,但哈迪斯永远不会让他们重回熟悉的人间。
古希腊神话讲述的不仅仅是神的故事,人类英雄也同样重要,例如冒险家赫拉克勒斯,他完成了欧律斯特斯国王下达的十二项不可能的任务;第一个女人潘多拉,她在好奇心的驱使下打开了潘多拉之盒将灾难带到人间;还有纳克索斯,他爱上自己倒影等等.此外,怪兽和半兽人也在这些神话中起重要作用,其中有双翼神马帕格索斯,人马兽肯陶洛斯,带鹰翼的狮身女怪斯芬克斯,鹰身女妖哈比等,他们中的许多和希腊神话中的众神和人类英雄一样广为人知。
希腊神话对西方文明的文化、艺术和文学都有着深远的影响,直到现在也是西方社会的遗产和语言的来源。
但丁、莎士比亚和弥尔顿等伟大作家作品中大量引用希腊神话中的典故,所以想要真正欣赏他们的作品就必须对希腊神话有一定的了解。
奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德根据俄狄浦斯的故事创造了“俄狄浦斯情节”(恋母情结)一词。
神谕宣称,俄狄浦斯会杀父娶母.弗洛伊德认为,这种对同性别父或母的嫉妒以及对异性别父或母的爱是所有孩子在成长中都要经历的阶段。
在日常使用的特洛伊木马,即导致特洛伊城沦陷的木马,指代表面上吸引人实际却会带来威胁的东西。
在电脑中,特洛伊木马(常简称为特洛伊)是如免费电脑游戏这种看起来有用且无害的电脑程序,而实际上会导致电脑被入侵。
很多品牌名称也来源于希腊神话,例如耐克运动鞋用了胜利女神的名字,而亚马逊网站也以一个神秘的女战士族称谓为名。
第二部分城邦:雅典和斯巴达古希腊人拥有统一的语言、文化和宗教。
非希腊语使用者即被他们视为野蛮人.虽然希腊人之间有很多相似之处,但他们是相互独立的。
他们都为自己所处的城邦(城市国家)为豪。
每个城邦拥有自己的法律、风俗、货币和军队,是一种独立自治的城市。
希腊人对自己所属的城邦绝对忠诚.这些城邦国家一方面经常与其他城市结成同盟,形成联盟、邦联或联邦,一方面又保持独立。
由于城市周围地貌多岩石,当人口大量增加时,该城会派出部分人沿着地中海的其他地区寻找新领地。
在古希腊纠纷最多,同时也留下最多传统的两大竞争对手是雅典和斯巴达。
从地图上看,这两个城邦紧紧相依,但他们所推崇的价值观和生活方式却截然不同。
雅典:智囊团雅典城邦是许多重要思想的诞生地。
古雅典人是善于思考的一个种族,他们喜爱对科学、哲学和历史等课题进行系统学习研究。
雅典人重视艺术、建筑和文学。
他们建造了数千庙宇和雕塑来表现他们对美的理解.他们经久不衰的艺术和建筑风格在如今被视为“经典”。
雅典拥有民主制的政府,政府权力由一部分人共有。
雅典女性的生活并不容易,在希腊社会系统中,她们并不享有与男性同等的权利和地位,而是和奴隶一样地位低微。
斯巴达:军事实力斯巴达人的生活与雅典人迥然不同。
城邦国家斯巴达位于希腊南部的伯罗奔尼撒半岛上,它发展为军事主义国家,由两位国王和寡头组织(即垄断政治权利的少数人组织)统治.在斯巴达早期历史中,一次暴力血腥的奴隶起义致使斯巴达人对他们的社会进行改变。
斯巴达人莱克格斯起草了一系列严苛的法律要求斯巴达人对自己的城邦绝对奉献,目的在于将斯巴达公民训练成坚强的战士击退潜在的敌人和造反的奴隶。
因此,斯巴达人形成了刻板的生活方式,这与当时的希腊人全然不同。
他们致力于将自己的城邦打造成武力国家,所以从事艺术或文化的时间少之又少。
斯巴达儿童必须勇敢健康。
为了测试孩子的力量,父母会在晚上单独将孩子留在山上,看他们是否能坚持到第二天早上。
七岁时,他们会被带离自己的家庭开始严酷的军事训练。
他们终年穿着军装,吃少量刀割的食物,光脚训练而使脚更加坚硬,一旦违背命令将被斥以重罚。
男孩三十岁之前住在远离家的军营,结婚之后仍是如此。
六十岁之后他们也随时准备为国而战。
同样,斯巴达的女性也必须忠诚,为国家奉献.女性和男性一样也要接受一套严格的训练项目,她们对斯巴达社会有着积极的贡献。
虽然也没有否决权,但斯巴达女性通常比希腊城邦的女性享有更多的权利也更加独立。
因输而赢希腊和斯巴达的巨大差异最终导致两个城邦间战争的爆发。
在伯罗奔尼撒战争中,斯巴达和希腊都集结了盟友,但由于双方都不足以完全战争对方,该战争断断续续持续了几十年.战争带来了饥荒、瘟疫、死亡和不幸,却不能扼杀人们的思考。
虽然战争最终以雅典的投降而告终,雅典人的思想得以传播.经过短暂的倒退,这些概念在过去的几个世纪里越来越被接受也更加变得发达。
第三部分希腊戏剧希腊戏剧是公元前六世纪到公元前二世纪在古希腊十分兴盛的一种戏剧传统。
它起源于纪念酒神狄奥尼索斯的一种宗教仪式.对希腊人来说,酒神代表春天和采收葡萄酿酒的季节,后者对于一个种植葡萄的国家来说是一年当中很重要的季节。
从远古时代起,狄奥尼索斯的生平故事就在宗教仪式上吟诵,后来其他的神和古代英雄的故事也以这种方式传颂.就这样戏剧应运而生。
希腊戏剧在很多方面都比现代喜剧简单得多.希腊戏剧演员人数较少,通常一次台上只能有三个有对白的演员。
戏剧只是讲述一个故事而无别的因素使观众分心。
演员们身着精心制作的戏服通常脸上还戴着画有大嘴和夸张表情的面具。
在希腊戏剧中使用面具是出于几个现实原因:有了面具,演员们可以轻松扮演几个不同的角色,包括上帝,因为他的脸是任何现实中的人都无法代表的;有了面具,男演员所扮演的女性角色也更加可信,因为戏剧诞生之初女性是不允许上台表演的。
在古希腊,戏剧是白天在圆形露天竞技场上表演的;大多数观众无法十分清楚地看到演员,而面具可以向后排便宜座位上帝观众生动地表现角色。
此外,面具是高度风格化和夸张化的,这样即使是文化程度较低的观众也能轻易地分辨出反派或恋人的角色。
合唱队是希腊戏剧的主要特征。
他们身着统一制服站在舞台后面的舞池里。
合唱队的作用是渲染戏剧的气氛,解释事件,概括情节的意义,讲解戏剧的主题。
它被称为理想的观众,弥合演员和普通观众之间的距离;有时也用来缓解紧张气氛,或者为剧中情节提供背景介绍。
此外,它有着双重身份,既是叙事者也是演员,因为它经常与演员对话,并给他们提建议。
合唱队的指挥是整个团队的发言人有特殊的重要性.雅典城邦是当时希腊的政治和军事中心,也是古希腊戏剧的中心。
雅典悲剧、喜剧和羊人剧是世界上出现最早的戏剧形式。
每年春天,盛大的雅典戏剧节会在卫城东南部的狄奥尼索斯剧院会举行。
古雅典的戏剧表演从来没有像今天一样成为日常的娱乐,而是与敬奉狄奥尼索斯直接联系,表演之前总是先举行牺牲仪式。
戏剧节每年举行一次,而每当戏剧节举办之时全城都欢度佳节。
到了公元前五世纪,喜剧表演已近模式化,并且成为雅典文化和市民的自豪感的来源,这个世纪一般也被视为希腊戏剧的黄金时代。
古希腊年度狂欢节重头戏就是三位剧作家在狄奥尼索斯剧院举办的比赛,参赛者每人提交一部三部曲的悲剧,外加一部羊人剧.公元前430年还举办了喜剧比赛。
虽然这个时代出现了很多剧作家,但其中只有四位的作品得以完整的保留.这四位剧作家都是雅典人,分别是悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯和喜剧作家阿里斯托芬。
目前所知的希腊戏剧主要来源于他们的剧作和亚里士多德等人的二手资料。
补充阅读一苏格打底苏格拉底(公元前469—399年)是当时最有智慧的哲学家。
他是古希腊三贤中的第一位,他之后还有柏拉图和亚里士多德。
因其无可比拟的自制力和忍耐力他在当今仍被视为世界上最伟大的道德导师。
公元前470年左右,苏格拉底出生在雅典城郊区。
他跟从父亲学习雕刻,但很快便放弃这项工作开始用自己的方式寻求真理.他的生活习惯非常简朴,因为自身身体强壮,所以只需要最基本的生活必需品。
虽然苏格拉底没有在雅典担任任何公职,但只要有需要他便会行使自己的公民职责。
他是一名勇敢的战士,在伯罗奔尼撒战争中他作为一名步兵参与了若干次会战。
其中,在波提狄亚他救了亚西比德一命。
苏格拉底身材矮小肥胖,长着朝天鼻和厚嘴唇。
虽然他其貌不扬,但当时的人们却非常喜欢与他相处和他交流,并为他所说的话深深着迷.年轻的贵族军事天才亚希比德曾这样评价“苏格拉底的本性是如此的美好、尊贵而又神圣,因此他所要求的一切人们都理所当然地遵从,就像是面对上帝之声那样.”苏格拉底不追逐金钱、名誉或权力,他终年穿着一件粗糙的羊毛长袍,光着脚穿梭在公元前五世纪雅典的大街小巷。
他与任何愿意倾听的人交谈,提出问题、评点各种回答、指出有缺陷的观点的漏洞,这种对话方式被命名为苏格拉底辩论.苏格拉底的妻子占西比因为她尖牙利嘴和火爆脾气而在雅典臭名昭著。
这位智者曾经开玩笑地说:“我打算和各种人打交道,我觉得只要能够习惯忍受占西比的脾气,不管人们做什么都不会是我烦恼。
”苏格拉底拒绝为真理而真理的浅薄观念,他回归到自己的良心以获取道德真理,同时,他喜欢通过提出一些简单的问题来制造困惑。
他试图揭露美德的本质,并寻求生命的规律。
他在辩论中最喜欢攻击的对象是)智者派,后者靠教育赚钱为生。
据说“了解你自己”这句格言是他从特尔斐阿波罗神庙的神谕中学来的。
他认为只有对自己有所了解,才有可能学习什么是真正的美好,而不是仅仅看到外在表象。
苏格拉底并没有留下任何著作或论文。
他生活的细节和学说都是通过历史学家色诺芬的《回忆苏格拉底》和哲学家柏拉图的对话录《理想国》中的记载保存下来的。
苏格拉底的影响力通过柏拉图和他杰出的学生亚里士多德在后世的哲学家身上得到传承。