chapter3国际商务
国际商务的环境chapter 3 The Internal Environment of Business-文档资料
1. The classical approach
The classicists basically viewed organisations as formal structures established to achieve a particular number of objectives under the direction of management Two important sub-groupings: (1) “scientific management” (F. W. Taylor) (2) “bureaucracy” (Max Weber)
2. The human relation approach
This approach emphasises the importance of people in the work situation and the influence of social and psychological factors in shaping organisational behaviour. Elton Mayo & Hawthorne Experiments Maslow’s “hierarchy of needs” McGregor’s “Theory X and Theory Y”
I. Approaches to organisation and management
Three main categories : 1. The classical approach 2. The human relation approach 3. The systems approach
Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne Experiments
《国际商务》课程笔记
《国际商务》课程笔记第一章：国际商务概述一、国际商务的概念1. 定义：国际商务是指个人、企业、政府和其他组织在跨越国界的情况下，进行的商品、服务、技术、资本、劳动力等经济资源的交换和流通活动。
这些活动涉及到不同国家之间的经济交易、合作与竞争。
2. 范畴：国际商务涵盖了国际贸易、国际直接投资、国际间接投资、国际金融市场、国际企业经营管理等多个领域。
二、国际商务的特点1. 跨国界：- 语言差异：国际商务活动需要克服语言障碍，进行有效沟通。
- 文化差异：不同国家的文化背景影响商务行为和交易方式。
- 法律差异：各国的法律体系不同，国际商务活动需遵守相关国家的法律法规。
2. 复杂性：- 政治因素：政治稳定性、国际关系等对国际商务活动产生影响。
- 经济因素：汇率波动、经济周期、市场竞争等影响国际商务的决策。
- 金融因素：国际金融市场波动、资本流动限制等对国际商务活动产生影响。
3. 风险性：- 汇率风险：货币汇率变动可能导致收益或损失。
- 政治风险：政治动荡、政策变动可能影响国际商务活动的顺利进行。
- 市场风险：市场需求变化、竞争格局变动等带来不确定性。
4. 机遇与挑战并存：- 市场机遇：国际市场为企业提供了更广阔的发展空间。
- 竞争挑战：国际市场竞争激烈，企业需不断提升自身竞争力。
三、国际商务的重要性1. 促进经济增长：- 资源配置：国际商务有助于全球资源的优化配置，提高资源使用效率。
- 生产效率：国际竞争促使企业提高生产效率，推动技术进步。
2. 拓展市场空间：- 规模经济：企业通过国际商务活动实现规模经济，降低成本。
- 市场多元化：企业可分散市场风险，提高市场竞争力。
3. 促进技术进步：- 技术引进：国际商务活动有助于企业引进先进技术和管理经验。
- 技术创新：国际市场竞争促使企业加大研发投入，推动技术创新。
4. 提高人民生活水平：- 产品多样化：国际商务丰富了消费者的选择，提高生活品质。
- 价格竞争：国际竞争促使企业提供性价比更高的产品和服务。
国际商务Chapter
• A personal example:
– You: The best manager AND the best taxi driver
Chapter 3: International Trade Theory and Application
Human Skills and Technology-Based View
– Comparative Production Cost – depends on the commodity’s production process. – Production Factors – such as labor, land, capital, and natural resources.
Exhibit 2-3: Opportunity costs for producing wine and cloth.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Chapter 3: International Trade Theory and Application
Comparative Advantage Theory
• Comparative Advantage must be explained by:
Chapter 3: International Trade Theory and Application
The Product Life-Cycle Model
Exhibit 2-5: Product cycle model of international trade – innovating country
Do You Know?
• What are the major theories of international trade? • How do governments limit trade with other countries, and what are their reasons for doing so? • How do different technological levels define a country’s trade relationships? • Why do countries with similar levels of technology trade more than countries with disparate technology levels?
国际商务PPT第三章
3-12
How Does Political Economy Influence Economic Progress?
Democratic regimes are probably more conducive to long-term economic growth than dictatorships, even the benevolent kind
landlocked countries grew more slowly than coastal economies being totally landlocked reduced a country’s growth rate by 0.7% per year tropical countries grew more slowly than countries in temperate zones
Innovation and entrepreneurship help increase economic activity by creating new markets and products that did not previously exist
innovation in production and business processes result in more productive labor and capital further boosting economic growth rates
3-10
How Does Political Economy Influence Economic Progress?
Innovation and entrepreneurship require a market economy
国际商务谈判chapter 3
The core of their thinking is mutual success and convergence of interests. A better and bigger cake! “The father of Negotiating Training”--Gerard Nierenberg “everybody wins”
Gaining: invent options for mutual gain
Win-win Concept
Win-lose concept
Win-win concept
Tradition Concept
In the early history of human being, negotiations, although as a peaceful approach to conflicts, could be extremely dangerous for negotiators, who would prepare to risk their lives for talking with antagonistic side because if the talk failed the envoy would be beheaded.
International Business Negotiations
(2)Discussion of agenda
Every negotiation have sth. hard to be dealt with. (hard bones) strategic To let the worst go first. To have the tough issue the later the better.
国际商务谈判：理论、案例分析与实践(第五版)英文版课件Chapter 3
Rotation of host and guest venues
Organize a group of four
Two sellers,two buyers
Require -ments
Read background information
Simulation
Silk selling
Discuss the following with your partner
Information of financial credit:
character:inte grity
capacity:abili ty to repay
capital:Biblioteka ound ness of financial position
Market survey:
preliminary screening of various markets
Target levels
Determine the importance of
interests
Desirable target --- a potential one
Acceptable target
--- making all effort to achieve
Bottom target
--- the least target to achieve
Directories and newsletters
Important information to collect
Local laws and regulations:
political and economic outlook
government interference
国际商务谈判英文 chapter3
• 3.2.3 Where to collect information • International organizations. • Governments. • Service organizations • Directories and newsletters. • On-line service.
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• 3.3.4 Open agenda and restricted agenda • ①Open agenda • ②Restricted agenda
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3.4 Forming the Negotiation Team
• 3.4.1Size of the negotiation team • What then is a commendable size for a
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• 3．3 Negotiation agenda • Negotiation Agenda refers to the
arrangement for the timing and site choice of the negotiation, and issues discussed. The agenda is usually prepared by the host party or discussed by both parties in advance， which can be segmented into open agenda and restricted agenda sometimes．
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• 3．4．2 The staffing of the negotiation team • (1)OrganizationaI structure of the team
国际商务电子教案完整版
1.4 国际商务的管理与治理框架
1.4.1 国家主权与国际合作
1.国际法的本质
2. 20国集团 对等性
3.世界贸易组织（WTO）
非歧视性
不公正的 贸易行为 与争端的
解决
五大原则：
国民待遇
透明性
1.4.2 GATT乌拉圭回合谈判与中国入世 成果：
①MFA将被取消，农业将进入未来的贸易 自由化进程。
中国2008年已成为世界上第2大商品出 口国和第5大服务出口国。
1.2.2 中国对外贸易的发展 根据WTO统计，2008年：
贸易大国
• 美国 • 德国 • 中国 • 日本 • 法国
出口大国
• 德国 • 中国 • 美国 • 日本 • 荷兰
进口大国
• 美国 • 德国 • 中国 • 日本 • 法国
顺差大国
文化差异及 其影响因素
文化差异的体现：
语言和 沟通障
碍
种族优 越感
传统文 化的差
异
种族优 越感
宗教信 仰的差
异
2.4.1 西方文化的特征 1.个人主义：核心——个人首创精神 2.以合同为准的市场惯例 日本管理方式：趋于群体导向
2.4.2 宗教及其对文化的影响
宗教 印度教
内容及影响 较少参与企业活动
1.7 小结
名词术语 经济全球化 20国集团(G20) 世界银行 世界贸易组织
国际商务活动 国际商会 国际货币基金组织 亚洲开发银行
第2章 国际商务竞争环境 及其文化范围
目录
2.1 引言 2.2 企业的国际联系层面 2.3 国际商务竞争环境 2.4 国际商务的文化范围 2.5 国际商务的宏观环境及其分析 2.6 对读者的启示 2.7 小结
国际商务 查尔斯希尔IM_Chapter_03
International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace Sixth Edition Chapter 3 Differences in Culture∙Introduce culture as a complex set of beliefs that influence how people ingroups solve problems∙Explain the significance of national cultures and subcultures withinnations∙Explain the cultural role of religion and its influence on the practice ofbusiness∙Describe the different components of culture This chapter explores the role of culture in international business: how differences in culture across and within countries can affect the practice of business. The discussion then addresses the major questions of the chapter: What is culture? How does it play itself out in social structures, religious and ethical systems, language, and education? The need for cross-cultural literacy and an appreciation of the impact of culture on competitive advantage are explored.The Opening Case is on the practice of business in Saudi Arabia. The closing case, ―Mashushita’s and Japan’s Changing Culture,‖Describes how changing norms and values in Japan are impacting Masushita’s policies, especially in the area of Human Relations Management.3OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 3: DIFFRENCES IN CULTURE Opening Case: Doing Business in Saudi ArabiaWhat Is Culture?Values and NormsCulture, Society, and the Nation-StateThe Determinants of CultureSocial StructureIndividuals and GroupsSocial StratificationReligious and Ethical SystemsChristianityIslamHinduismBuddhismConfucianismLanguageSpoken Language./ Unspoken LanguageEducationCulture and the WorkplaceCultural ChangeImplications for BusinessCross-Cultural LiteracyCulture and Competitive AdvantageCulture and Business EthicsChapter SummaryCritical Thinking and Discussion QuestionsClosing Case: Mashushita’s and Japan’s Changing CultureTEACHING SUGGESTIONSAn effective way to get the culture discussion going is to draw an iceberg on the board, without the water line. A primitive approximation of an iceberg is fine. Label it Culture. Then ask the question, ―What is culture?‖ Depending on the level of the response, add the culture attribute/description to the iceberg, either above or below where you know the water line will be. So, for example, religion, education, will be near the waterline (observable and we know them about ourselves and can describe them to an outsider). Artifacts such as literature or the opera will be higher in the diagram. Hopefully, someone will mention something that is less observable, such as the way we think and feel, or norms, values, what seems right. Those descriptors would be lower because they are not directly observable and we are usually not aware of the effects of them on our thinking and actions. They serve as the basis for assumptions on which we base our actions. When you have enough data, draw in the water line. You then can lead the discussion to observe that culture works both in ways of which we can be aware (above the line) and in ways that may not be known to us, as an ingrained pattern of response (below the line).Part of what makes working abroad (as an expatriate) exciting is that as you learn about the host culture, you also learn about your own. If there are foreign students or students with foreign experience in the class, perhaps you can get some examples. (I never knew how individualistic the US was until, while working in Algeria, I was outraged, shocked and angered that the wonderful women in a family with whom I was staying for an extended time, went through my backpack. They felt that I was part of the group and that the property was communal. I felt my privacy violated!)TRANSITIONThis discussion can begin with a survey of students’ preconceptions of Saudi Arabia. To get at them, ask what they might expect in the way of cultural difference were they to go to Saudi Arabia. Then probe for more specific thinking and applications by asking how that expectation would play out/affect business practices. For example, one comment that is frequent in my North American classes is that women in Saudi Arabia are second-class citizens, based on the observation that they cover and do not interact in public with men, nor do they drive. (I find it interesting to point out that many contributions are more complex than we at first realize. The observation is that they cover, the meaning we may give it is that this is a sign of inequality, and the emotional response is that we don’t like that.) Once you have a number of expectations, you can ask questions that apply them to the practice of business in Saudi Arabia. The key conclusion is that doing business there will be substantially different from doing business in North America.LECTURE OUTLINE FOR CHAPTERThis teaching outline follows the Power Point presentation provided along with this instructor’s manual. The PPT s lides include extensive notes that are printable under view—notes page. What follows is a summary.IntroductionThis chapter explores the impact of differences in culture across and within countries on international business. Business success in a variety of countries requires cross-cultural literacy. Managers must gain an understanding of the culture, or cultures, that prevail in the countries where they do business. Sometimes the cost of doing business in a country is influenced by culture – different cultures are more or less supportive of the capitalist approach to production. Culture is dynamic. Managers must be sensitive to trends in the evolution of a culture in order to maintain their effectiveness in the workplace. This chapter concludes Par t 2 of the book dealing with Country Factors. 3 cases, ―Nike: The Sweatshop Debate‖, ―Qualcomm’s Chinese Odyssey‖, and ―Royal Dutch/Shell: Human Rights in Nigeria‖ provide the integrative experience for Part 2.Slide 3-4 Chapter Overview•What is culture•Social Structure•Religious and Ethical Systems•Language•Education•Culture and the Workplace•Cultural ChangeSlide 3-5, 3-6 What is culture?Culture has been defined a number of different ways. In this course we will view culture as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living.While culture is a characteristic of society as a whole, it shapes individual behavior by identifying appropriate and inappropriate forms of human interaction. In a sense culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another.Slide 3-7, 3-8, 3-9 Components of cultureValues and norms are the basic components of culture. Norms can be further divided into folkways and mores.Values are abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good, right, and desirable. Values include attitudes towards concepts like freedom, honesty, loyalty, justice, responsibility, and personal relations including marriage.Norms are social rules and guidelines that prescribe the appropriate behavior in particular situations. Norms shape the actions of people towards one another. Norms can be divided into folkways and mores.Slide 3-10 Folkways and moresFolkways are the routines conventions of everyday life, but generally have little moral significance. Examples would be dress, eating habits, and social graces. An outsider can easily be forgiven for being ignorant of a folkway.Mores are serious standards of behavior. Although mores are fewer in number than folkways, they are more coercive. Negative mores are taboos, usually supported by religious or philosophical sanctions. Whereas folkways guide human conduct in the more mundane areas of life, mores tend to control those aspects connected with sex, the family, or religion.Mores can vary greatly between countries: what in one country may be viewed as an innocent flirt in another may constitute a serious affront to someone's dignity or even harassment. While it is acceptable, and even expected, to consume alcohol with business associates in Japan, where evening business contacts often border on drunkenness, such actions would be disallowed in the United Arab Emirates.Slide 3-11 Culture, Society and Nation StateWhile it is possible for a nation-state to have a uniform culture, this is not always the case. Within a nation-state multiple cultures can easily exist, USA。
国际商务谈判第二版课件Chapter3
room.
旅馆的单人房间的价钱从 20 到 50 美元每天不等。
4. ambiance: n. the qualities and character of a particular place and
the way these make you feel 气氛，情调，环境
—Such lighting can make the ambiance in your room romantic and
• Ask questions to confirm or update your assumptions and
understandings.
back
Background Information
1. General procedures of negotiationEarly i the negotiation
back
Background Information
1. General procedures of negotiation
Before the negotiation begins • Prepare a list of your alternatives to the deal on the table. If you are meeting for a final job interview, for example, go in with two other job offers. With your next-best options clearly in mind, you can be more objective. • List your interests. Do not be trapped by your rigid positions. You may be pleasantly surprised that your interests can be met in a way you had not anticipated.
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一、Wha t Determines A Country’s Level Of Economic Development
Gross national income (GNI) per person measures the total annual income received by residents of a nation
Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, and the U.S. have high GNI
China and India have low GNI
GNI can be misleading because it does not consider differences in the cost of living
need to adjust GNI figures using purchasing power parity (PPP)
二、Wha t Determines A Country’s Level Of Economic Development
1、Nobel-prize winner Amartya Sen argues economic development should be seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people experience
the removal of major impediments to freedom like poverty, tyranny, and neglect of public facilities
the presence of basic health care and basic education
Amartya Sen also claims that economic progress requires the democratization of political communities to give citizens a voice
2、The United Nations used Sen’s ideas to develop the Human Development Index (HDI) which is based on
life expectancy at birth
educational attainment
whether average incomes are sufficient to meet the basic needs of life in a country
三、What Is The Nature Of Economic Transformation
The shift toward a market-based system involves
1、deregulation – removing legal restrictions to the free play of markets, the establishment of private enterprises, and the manner in which private enterprises operate
2、privatization - transfers the ownership of state property into the hands of private investors the creation of a legal system to safeguard property rights。