测控技术与仪器类外文翻译、中英文翻译
过滤阴极真空电弧镀膜技术所制得氧化铝薄膜的结构和特性摘要：通过过滤阴极真空电弧镀膜技术制备氧化铝薄膜时，其内部结构、组成、形态、光学和机械性能被详尽的描述，这些都与制备时氧气的流量有关。
薄膜结构、组成、形态和性能都是很重要的，随着氧气流量的增加，薄膜的结构也由非晶体经过一系列变化到单晶体，随着O/Zr原子比率的增加和Z离子由低氧化作用的状态转化为Zr4+再一次形成非晶体。
形成这样的结构是由于其内部结构的变化而引起的，并且影响其形态和机械性能，以致这种非晶体薄膜表面有一些小簇，其光滑程度就像低硬度的多晶体薄膜。
当反射指数和系数相对接近最大值时，在发射率和光学带宽随着O/Zr比增加时，薄膜的组成来决其光学性能而非其密度。
1.说明在大气压力下由于三种不同温度有多种不同靶形态结构，单晶体时低于1170O C，四面体时为1170-2370O C，2370O C为立方体，知道2680O C时形成金属。
Zr有很高的反射指数，大光学带宽间距，和很低的光损失及在0.3-8范围内高透明度,所以被广泛的应用于光学领域。
此外，Zr具有很高的电介质，低泄露量等特点，最有可能代替做电解质的晶体管。
进而，由于Zr很低的传热性，它成为了装置中隔热层的首选。
Z其他的特性如：高硬度、高抗氧性也使其成为机械材料中的热门。
至今为止，已经有很多制备Z的方法，例如反应磁控溅射，离子辅助反应溅射，化学气相沉积等。
薄膜特性的优劣取决于制备过程及其参数。
过滤阴极真空电子弧镀膜技术，在低电压和高电流状态下工作。
通过磁性机械过滤器来防止微粒从阴极发射。
它提供了一种具有很高能量的沉积离子源，远大于相应的热蒸发和磁控溅射。
能有效去处宏观无用微粒，很明显能提高薄膜质量并拓展其应用。
固有的高能量提高薄膜的附着性和密度。
由于能力是离子辅助沉积中最重要的参数，这种制备的方法已经有了一些应用，已经应用于在高热平衡和高SP3状态下碳薄膜的制备，还合成了一些金属氧化物的薄膜。
然而对我们最有利的是，很少有关过滤阴极真空电子弧镀膜技术制备ZrO2薄膜的知识。
我们现在的工作是系统研究在不同O2流量与ZrO2薄膜的结构、组成、表面形态和性质之间的关系。
我们的结论表明薄膜的结构、组成特性都与O2流量有关系。
过滤阴极真空电子弧镀膜技术所制的薄膜特性与其他方法相比，更说明了该方法的优越性。
2.实验图1为制备设备。
该图已经详细反应了这个系统，各个部分都表现了出来。
该系统有一个双倍滤光器，可以使弧自身发射出微粒。
阴极Zr原子在120A电流下，阴、阳极瞬间接触点燃喷出的浆体，该浆体是从一个400mT的磁场放射出来并压缩的。
一个旋转泵和一个冷凝泵可使这个系统的压力达到4×10-6T。
O2通过一个有很多小孔的铜管进入Zr靶附近区域。
这种发射O2的方式可使O2电离到最大程度，因此增加了与浆体的接触使得Zr与O2之间发生充分的反应。
O2流量可选择10-98sccm,在制备过程中，随着O2流量的增加，靶的氧化更加充分。
O2增加使得靶材充分氧化，并且损失了冷凝粒子，使得制备的速率 75nm/s降至35nm/s。
`在室温下薄膜生长在n-si和石英表面。
基片被放在制备室之中，按顺序被丙酮、酒精和未电离的水清洗。
所制得的薄膜厚度大约在200 nm。
通过由CUKα做源的XRD法可得出薄膜所处阶段和晶体结构。
光谱计记录下反射率等参数，光学特性也被软件检测。
主要特征和组成分析被XPS通过ALK辐射测得到。
不可使用没有清洗过的样品溅射，以免所溅射得到的薄膜化学组成发生变化。
图13.结果3.1结构图2表明在不同O2流量ZrO2薄膜由XRD测得的结构，在10sccm时，在曲线中对应着边缘处，而系统峰值在32.4o C附近，为标准的结构。
这个高峰来自于没有完全氧化的ZrO固体。
由于类似现象可看出峰值点又是不对称的和急剧变化处。
当O2流量增加至20sccm，一个最高峰是当晶体阶段，相对弱的高峰是多晶体阶段。
氧气流量决定峰值。
我们可以检测出它是怎么影响薄膜结构的。
在35sccm时，出现了更多的弱高峰，在 m(200)处峰值变得很弱，在m（-202m）变得很强。
然而当氧气的流量增加至65sccm时，薄膜由多晶体变为无定形，在弯曲处出现更宽的高峰。
结构的不同反应出02流量在薄膜结构形成中扮演了很重要的角色。
正在一定流量范围内（20-50sccm）薄膜保持在多晶体状态，而在纯单晶体阶段在不同的范围内。
3.2化学组成和化学状态通过典型的XPS光谱测量可以得到由光电离子及Zr和O转变达到高峰，在与空气接触后的抽样中经过观察C1S是主要表面组成部分。
在Zr3d和O1S处出现两个高峰。
图4中可看到常态的元素和由XPS测得的局部光谱。
频谱非常接近标准单晶体的 ZrO2。
两个高峰，Zr3d5/2和Zr3d3/2时的能量分别为181.8ev和184.2ev，非常接近在中标准ZrO2，并且是对称的，在氧化状态的薄膜中只有它。
他们的强度比率和导致旋转轨道在1.5ev和 2.4ev的能量间隔和其他研究是一致的。
一个不对称的高峰能分解为的529.6evLBE能量和531ev的HBE，与报告中的那些类似。
相比之下，薄膜沉积速率很低时，例如35sccm，Zr3d光谱是以某种方式不同的而O1S 频率是十分类似的。
出现较低能量接近其边缘，有形式为Zr,Zr n+,(n=1,2,3)氧化物存在。
可得出随着O流量的不同可转变为使得和发生充分的反应。
氧化程度的不同也被2表明，薄膜中O和Zr的原子比率可由它们在峰值区域的灵敏度算出。
O1S的HBE是一个小片段所以高峰不能被确定。
正如预料，O/Zr比增加可导致更多氧化。
可看到在薄膜沉积速率为时，O/Zr比为1.98：1接近原子比为2：1，在65sccm及起以上，薄膜3.3表面形态五表现了在65sccm时典型的薄膜。
在薄膜表面，小簇由相同的冷凝的原子成。
这表面相当干净和光滑，RMS粗燥率小于0.1nm在1um×1um区域内。
上面提到的高能量轰击微粒使得形成干净、光滑的表面，这些微粒运动时损失粒子，或者促进原子和提供足够能量运动到生长表面相结合，再一次建议流量的边界值不影响原子的运动，与XRD测量结果一致。
流动速率XRD分析出的薄膜结构的改变有关。
有趣的是，薄膜的形态似乎也被O2在10sccm时，薄膜表面的簇会很大。
这种簇的变化可以反映出薄膜表面粗糙。
XRD分的流量有关。
换句话说，与无定型薄膜析出的薄膜结构的改变说明薄膜表面结构与O2相比较，这种多晶体薄膜在20-50sccm速率下在表面形成巨大的簇并且看起来很粗糙。
3.4机械性能薄膜的硬度是测量抵制塑性变形和确定载荷符合凹行区域的峰值。
实际上，硬度通过卸载数据所构成能量方程来表现。
薄膜的机械性能作为流量方程显示在图9，其值平均至少出现了3次，微硬度和是依赖于氧气流量。
当流量由10sccm增加到20sccm，硬度几乎维持为13.6GP,再增加流量会导致硬度急速提高。
在35。
50，硬度仍然在增加，超出50sccm后，薄膜开始变软，并且在65sccm会降至13.4GPA。
显然，硬度的改变非常接近在XRD式样中观察的。
这表明硬度是由薄膜的结构确定而非特性确定其硬度，这与KAO的报告结果不一致。
4.结论通过过滤阴极真空电弧镀膜技术制备薄膜，研究了在不同氧气流量时，薄膜的结构、组成、形态、光学性能和机械性能，最终的流量达到了98sccm。
经研究发现O2流量的增加，薄膜的结构由无的流量是薄膜结构、组成、特性的重要参数。
随着O2定型到不同氧化率的单晶体再到无定型；随着0/Zr原子比的增加，Zr原子由低氧化率到Zr。
这种与氧气流量有关的结构趋势会导致薄膜组成的改变并且决定表面形态和薄膜的机械性能。
g.q. yub.k. tay_z.w. zhaoStructure and propertiesof zirconium oxide thin filmsprepared by filtered cathodic vacuum arcSchool of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang TechnologicalUniversity,Singapore, 639798, SingapoReceived: 19 September 2003/Accepted: 17 January 2004Published online: 1 April 2004 • © Springer-Verlag 2004ABSTRACT Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thin films deposited atroom temperature by the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) technique are detailed in terms of the film structure, composition, morphology, and optical and mechanical properties, which are tailored by the oxygen (O2) flow rate during deposition. The relationships between the film structure, composition, morphology, and properties are emphasized. With an increasing flow rate, the film evolves in structure from amorphous, through a pure monoclinic phase with varying preferential orientation, to amorphous again, accompanied by an increase in the O/Zr atomic ratio and a conversion of Zr ions from low oxidation states into Zr4+. Such a structural trend arises from the change in composition, and influences the film morphology and mechanical properties so that the amorphous films exhibit small clusters on the surface and smoother morphology as well as lower hardness compared with the polycrystalline films. Thefilm composition rather than the density dominates the optical properties, where the transmittance and the optical band gap increase with increasing O/Zr values, while the refractive index and extinction coefficients behave conversely with the lowest refractive index (2.16 at 550 nm) approaching the bulk value (2.2).PACS 68.55.Jk; 78.66.Nk; 68.37.Ps1. IntroductionZirconium oxide (ZrO2) has three temperature dependent polymorphic structures at atmospheric pressure. A monoclinic phase is stable at temperature below 1170 ◦C, a tetragonal between 1170 and 2370 ◦C, and a cubic from 2370 ◦C to the melting point at 2680 ◦C. ZrO2 is widely used in optical fields [1–3], because of its high refractive index,large optical band gap, and low optical loss and high transparency in the 0.3–8 μm range. In addition, ZrO2 is a promising candidate to replace silicon dioxide as the gate dielectric in transistors, due to its high dielectric constant (∼25), lowleakage current level, etc. [4–6]. Furthermore, ZrO2 has potentialas a thermal barrier coating in devices due to its low thermal conductivity [7, 8]. Other properties such as high hardness, large resistance against oxidation, also make it interesting as a mechanical material [9]. To date, many efforts to prepare ZrO2 have been made by various deposition techniques, for example, reactive magnetron sputtering [10–13], ion-assisted reactive sputtering or evaporation deposition [8, 14–25], solgelmethods [26], chemical vapor deposition [4,17], and so on. The film properties are generally strongly dependent on the deposition process and parameters.The filtered cathodic vacuum arc technique (FCVA) [27–29], operated at low pressure, low voltage, and high current, effectively eliminates micro-sized (0.1–10 μm) macroparticles from being emitting from cathode materials during arcing by means of mechanical, magnetic, or electrical filters,or a combination of these. It also provides an intense source of fully ionized deposition specieswith energies (50∼150 eV) greater than counterparts produced in thermal evaporation or magnetron sputtering [30, 31]. The removal of detrimental macro-particles undoubtedly improves the resulting film quality and extends the application of the deposition technique. The inherent high-energy could increase the film adhesion and the packing density. The full ionization of the deposition species allows tailoring of the film properties with substrate bias, since kinetic energy is one of the most important parameters as in ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) [8]. This technique has been demonstrated in the preparation of a diamond-like carbon film with high thermal stability and a high sp3 [32], to fill trenches [33, 34], as well as the synthesisof certain metal oxide films [35, 36]. However, to the best of our knowledge, little work has been reported on ZrO2synthesis by the (FCVA) technique.In the present work, we systematically investigate the structural, chemical composition, optical, and mechanicalproperties of ZrO2 films deposited at different oxygen (O2) flow rates by FCVA. The emphasis is placed on the relationships between structure, composition, surface morphology, and properties of the films. Our results disclose that the structural and compositional properties of the films are considerably influenced by the O2 flow rate. The variation in compositioninduces structural transformation from amorphous through a pure monoclinic phase to amorphous again, and determines the optical properties,whereas the change in structure controls the mechanical properties and affects the surface morphology. The properties of the films are also crosscomparedwith those of films prepared by other methods to highlight the FCVA features.2 ExperimentalA schematic diagram of the FCVA deposition system is shown in Fig. 1. The details regarding the main principles of the system have been described elsewhere [37]. Briefly, the system incorporates an off-plane double bendfilter, which effectively removesmacro-particles originating from the arc itself. A Zr cathode (99.98% pure) operated at 120 A dc current is ignited through instant contact between cathode and anode to obtain the plasma, which is steered out by a toroidal magnetic field fixed at 40 mT to condense on a substrate. The base pressure of the system, evacuated by a rotary pump and a cryo-pump, can reach 4×10−6 Torr. O2 gas (99.99% pure) is led into the region near the Zr target through a copper tube on which many tiny holes are distributed.This way of introducing O2 is expected to maximize O2 ionization due to its relatively increased collision with the plasma, possibly promoting a chemical reaction between O2 and Zr. The O2 flow rate chosen here is varied from 10 to 98 sccm corresponding to 1×10−4 to 4.6×10−4 Torr. During deposition, the deposition rate decreases from 75 to 35 nm/min with an increasing O2 flow rate as a result of increased .oxidization of the target, and collision-induced loss of condensing particles. The films are grown on n-Si (100) and quartz substrates at roomtemperature. All the substratesare sequentially cleaned in acetone, alcohol, and de-ionizedwater prior to being loaded into the deposition chamber. All the films being investigated are generally around 200 nm thick. The film phase and crystal structure are identified by Xray diffraction (XRD) with a Cu Kαsource at 1.54 Å. Transmittance and reflectance are recorded from 200 to 1100 nm with a spectrometer. Optical constants are obtained by fitting optical spectra with Scout software [38]. Core level spectra and compositional analysis areand compositional analysis are carried out by X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS) with monochromatic Al Kαradiation (1486.6 eV). No sputter cleaning of the samples is performed to avoid changes in chemical compositions induced by preferential sputtering. The spectrum obtained iscorrected by an adventitious C1s peak at 284.6 eV. Surface morphology is measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in tapping mode (Dimension 3000 scanning probe microscope from Digital Instruments). The mechanical properties on a nano-scale are obtained by a nanoindentation techniqueapparatus (Hysitron Inc.) attached to the above AFM equipment.Nanoindentations were made using a Berkovich diamond indenter and the maximum loads applied were 500 μN. The indenter was loaded at 100 μN/s, held at peak load for 5 s and then finally unloaded at 100 μN/s.3 Results3.1 StructureFigure 2 shows theXRDpatterns for ZrO2 films deposited at differentO2 flowrates.At 10 sccm, a broad but symmetric peak centered at around 32.4◦is observed in curve (a), indicative of an amorphous structure. The peak is believed to come from an oxygen-deficient Zr-O solidsolution [40].Wong et al. [13] also reported a similar phenomenon, where, however, the peak was unsymmetric and sharp. As the O2 flow rate increases to 20 sccm (Fig. 2b) ), one peak at 33.7◦assigned to (200) planes of monoclinic phase (denoted as m(200)) is predominant, accompanied by the appearance of other weak peaks also from the monoclinic phase. This rapid occurring of diffraction peaks shows that so much oxygen is incorporated that sufficient ZrO2 crystallite forms which can be detected. The easy combination between Zr and O is possiblyrelated to charged and therefore active emitted species, as well as further stimulated by energetic Zr particles bombarding the surface as in IBAD. At35 sccm, in addition to more weak peaks, them(200) peak becomes weaker while the m(-202) peak gets stronger. When the O2 flow rate goes up to 50 sccm, the dominant peak is changed tom(-111) while many more monoclinic peaks are produced.3.2 Chemical compositions and chemical statesIt was concluded from a typical XPS survey spectrum (not shown) that besides the peaks contributed by photoelectrons and Auger transitions of Zr and O, C1s is observed as well, which is mainly from surface contamination after exposure of the sample to air. The two strong peaks at 185.9 and 533.2 eV are identified as Zr 3d and O1s, respectively. Fig. 4 presents the normalized Zr 3d (a) and O1s (b) XPS local spectra for the film prepared at 50 sccm. The spectra closely resemble those observed in standard monoclinic ZrO2 [42]. Two peaks, Zr 3d5/2 and Zr 3d3/2 observed at binding energies of 181.8 and 184.2 eV, very near to the values of Zr4+ in ZrO2 [42], are symmetrical, denoting that only one oxidation state of Zr exists in the film. Their intensity ratio (I3d5/2/I3d3/2) and energy interval (∆3d5/2–3d3/2) resulting from spin-orbit splitting are 1.5 and 2.4 eV, in agreementwith other studies [20, 42]. An asymmetric O1s peak can be decomposed into two components peaked at a low binding energy (LBE) of 529.6 eV and high binding energy (HBE) of 531.6 eV, quite comparable with reported ones [14, 43]. It has been accepted that the LBE peak is assigned to the oxygenin zirconia [14, 20, 43] while the HBE is attributed to oxygen present in the hydroxide and/or adsorbed oxygen or carbonates or higher-valent oxides [14, 42, 44, 45].Matsuoka et al. [20]ascribed it to oxygen possibly bound to Zr. In contrast, for the film deposited at the low flow rate, i.e., 35 sccm, the Zr 3d spectrum is somehow different whereas the O1s spectrum is very similar.A shoulder of the Zr 3d5/2 clearly appears at the lower binding energy side (Fig. 4c), indicating that other oxidation states of Zr (Zrn+, n = 1, 2, 3) occur. This shoulder is attributed to Zr suboxides [14, 20]. It can be concluded from this discrepancy that with increasingflow rate, Zrn+ (n ≤3) will convert into Zr4+ due to a full reactionbetween Oand Zr in the films. This consistent variation in the oxidation state of Zr ions with the film composition was also reported in [20]. The atomic ratio of Oto Zr (O/Zr) in the films can be calculated with their respective peak areas cali- brated by their sensitivity factors (0.66, 2.1, 0.66 forO1s and Zr 3d). For the calculation, theO1s HBE peak is not includeddue to its small fraction. As expected, theO/Zr ratio increases with more addition of oxygen (not shown). Note that for the film deposited at 50 sccm, the O/Zr ratio obtained is approximately 1.98 : 1, near to the ideal stoichiometric ratio of 2 : 1. At 65 sccm and above, the films areover-stoichiometric (∼2.2 : 1).3.3 Surface morphologyFigure 5a presents a typical top-view AFM image of the film at 65 sccm. On the film surface, the clusters composed of many condensing adatoms are uniformly distributed. The surface is quite clear and smooth, with its rootmean-square (RMS) roughness less than 0.1 nmover the area of 1μm×1 μm. This clearness and smoothness is associated with the above-mentioned high energy of bombarding particles, which possibly removes loose particles (so-called “self-sputtering”) or promotes bonding between adatoms andoffers the adatoms enough lateral mobility on the growing surface [39, 46], again suggesting that the flow rate range selected does not greatly affect the adatoms mobility, in accordance with the XRD results. Interestingly, the film morphology seems to be affected by the O2 flow rate as well. At 10 sccm, the clusters distributed on the film surface are similar in size to that forthe film at 65 sccm. However, in the range of 20 to 50 sccm, larger clusters are present on the surface. This change in cluster size is also reflected in the curve of roughness versus the O2 flow rate (Fig. 5b) the O2 flowrate (Fig. 5b), where the roughness is larger for a 20–50 sccm flow rate range. The flowrate-dependent surface morphology could be correlated with the film structural change as drawn from XRD analysis. In other words,compared with the amorphous films, the polycrystalline films formed in a 20–50 sccm flowexhibit larger clusters on the surface and look relatively rougher.3.4Mechanical propertiesThe film hardness is a measure of resistance to plastic deformation and defined as the peak load divided by the corresponding indentation area. Practically, the hardness is obtained by fitting the unloading data with a power law equation [39]. The mechanical properties of the films as a function of flow rate are displ ayed in Fig. 9, where the v alues are averaged at least three times. Both the microhardness and Young’s modulus are apparently dependent upon the O2 flow rate. When flow rate increases from 10 to20 sccm, the hardness almost stays at about 13.6GPa. Further increasing the flow rate leads to an abrupt increase in hardness. At 35 and 50 sccm, the increase is pronounced. However, beyond 50 sccm, the film starts to become soft and at 65 sccm drops to 13.4GPa in hardness. Clearly, thechange in hardness is very similar to the structural variation observed in the XRD patterns. This signifies that the film structure rather than the composition determines the film hardness, which is not in agreement with the result reported by Kao [19].4 ConclusionsThe structure, composition, morphology, optical, and mechanical properties of ZrO2 films deposited by the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) technique have been investigated at varyingO2 flowrates, up to 98 sccm. TheO2 flow rate is found to be an important parameter in controlling the film structure, composition, and properties. With increasing O2 flow rate, ZrO2 film evolves in structure from amorphous, through to a pure monoclinic phase with varying preferential orientation, to amorphous again, concurrent with an increase in the O/Zr atomic ratio, and a conversion of Zr ions from lowoxidation states into Zr4+. Such a trend in the structure with the O2 flow rate is a result of a change in the film composition, and determines the surface morphology and the mechanical properties of the film. The film composition instead of the film density, dominates the optical properties, where transmittance and optical band gap increase with increasing O/Zrvalue, whereas the refractive index and extinction coefficients behave inversely.。
存储测试系统的设计理论——测控技术与仪器类中英文翻译、外文翻译
Design theory of stored testing and measuring system and its realization in dynamic data measurement of missileBeijing Institute of TechnologyStored testing and measuring is a kind of dynamic test technology wherein micro data recording gauge is embedded in the object to be measured in the condition that there is no or allowable effect on it. The information is collected and memorized at the spot in real time. The recording device is recollected and computer is used to process the measured information. The key to realize dynamic stored testing and measuring lies in developing of stored testing and measuring system (STMS) that can work normally in the testing environment and have either no effect on the object to be measured or the effect is in the allowable range.The definition, character, application field and basic elements are studied systematically. The overall review of research and development situation in home and oversea is given. During Ph.D candidate studying period, the author has presided over the development of data-recording devices used on 60 channels dynamic data testing and measuring (TM) during atmosphere-reentering of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) warhead, intelligent missile blockbox used on dynamic data-recording of certain heavy anti-tank missile flight, anti-warship missile slip track flight fuse data testing and measuring system, cannon shoot missile ball cartridge flight data-recording device, STMS of inner overloading curve of penetrative pill and ball chamber. Based on these experiences the author analyses thoroughly the inner rules of testing and measuring technology and summarize the design concept and design rules in a philosophical view. The design principles that can conduct theengineering practice of STM are established, which make the design of STMS optimized in a logical and rational way.The STMS researched in the paper mainly used in the special environment with the following attributes: (1) transient single process;(2)multi-parameter interrelation, strict time-relation and the need of precise measuring simultaneously; (3) analogue and digital information, high range transient signal and micro range slow-change signal exist simultaneously (the range difference greater than four orders and both the amplitude-testing and the process-recording is needed); (4) bad testing and measuring environment, for example, high temperature up to 3000℃, high press up to 1000Mpa, 100,000g strong impact vibration , high rotate speed and strong magnetic disturbance; (5)the measured system is high-technology product with expensive test (up to tens of millions RMB for one experiment); (6) small test space (no disturbance to the tested system is required and effect be smallest); (7) difficult to recovery; and so on.After systematically studying many of the STMS examples, the design theory and ten microscopical design principles of STMS are presented. They include realizability of working principle, recollectability of testing and measuring data, matching and/or harmonizing, compatibility, environment-adaptability, reusing and calibrationability, flexible design, modularization design, optimizing and trade-off of technology schemes. The conception of state design of STMS is firstly presented. The basic conceptions (for example, STMS state, state variable, state space, state net, state assemble and state chain) are defined, followed by studying of state assemble, establishing of state chain and/or state net design principles and methods. Further, their application scope and typical applications are illustrated. The time power factor theory andthe mathematics description of system state and its transformation are presented.Considering STMS as an information transmission system, the information transmission model of it is established. The testing and measuring information flow, equivalent information transmission model and noise model are analyzed. From the information transmission view, the similarity between STMS and Shannon communication system is compared to establish the theory basis for studying TM channel by application information theory.Quantify algorithmic defining information of measured signal that make use of entropy and entropy power has been presented, including TM channel capacity principle, the maxim interinformation principle and information rate distortion principle. Channel capacity of continuous analogue signal TM and anti-disturbance capacity limitation. The relation equation between STM channel transmission information and signal energy as well as TM channel anti-disturbance capacity limitation equation is established. The optimization analogue signal TM channel is presented, based on analysis of channel frequency character and information entropy, the maxim SNR condition of TM channel and the condition wherein both the minim TM channel output waveform and the maxim SNR condition are obtained. In the design of TM channel information the conception of distortion and rate distortion is introduced, moreover, the calculation equation of TM channel information rate distortion function is established.STMS digital signal TM channels are composed of one or more duality signal channel. In the paper, the digital test channels are synthesized as a combinaiton of “Z” channel and the channel of symmetric disturbed information. The basic channel and channel capacity as well as caculaiton of channel overlap probability are researched. Moreover, the informationchannels capacity and the best channels layout of test instruction channels and test data channels are discussed.Sampling and quantizing are the most important technology in STMS, which is related to information obtaining quality and STM precision. In common sampling TM system, the sampling frequency setup is inclined to be high (especially while the measured object is not known clearly) in order to obtain enough data. Thus, there is much information redundancy. Real time information compression technology must be developed so that more information that is useful can be recorded in the limited memory (reversely, the STMS cost can be reduced since the needed memory capacity is compressed).According to the attribute of the measured signal, the TM requirement, working environment and so on, the basic problems of STM sampling design are researched. Four STM sampling strategy (uniformity sampling, automatic subsection uniformity sampling, programmable self-adaptive subsection uniformity sampling and self-adaptive sampling) are presented. The algorithm of zero order and one order predictable self-adaptive sampling is introduced in detail. The source of sampling error and the method to avoid it are analyzed and researched.Two kinds of sampling signal quantizers (uniformity and ununiformity) are presented. The information rate distortion function of the uniformity quantizer and the SNR algorithm are established. The signal capacity and multi-channel information TM principle is researched. The alternative principle of ADC multi-channel transducer is presented.Information can be stored in magnetic memory dielectric (MMD) or semiconductor CMOS memory. The latter is commonly used in STMS due to complex control, large volume and low anti over-loading ability of MMD.Information memory subsystem in STMS is studied and designed. Moreover, information memory effective principles are presented, including: (1) Designing memory controller in term of sampling sequence and recording mode. (2) For address generator composed of serial counter, the propulsion of address is done by the rising edge of WR signal. (3) Reducing memory sub system transmission time as possible as one can or making the CMOS memory operation during transmission invalid.Based on study of the information compression principle, two information compressive storing algorithms are presented. One is the algorithm of finite span error limitation used in real time dynamic data collecting. The computer simulation shows that the algorithm is very effective in real-time data compression and storage (data compressive ratio up to 13.6 and memory space save up to 92%). The other is data model compressive algorithm based on dynamic data modeling. Error tolerence technology and redundancy design of STMS are also researched.The double-circle-recording principal and method for improving reliability in measuring transient signals is illustrated. The essential technologies of STMS, including three-micro technology (microvolume, micropower, micronoise), anti high over-loading technology and interface technology etc. are discussed in detail.DF-5A missile is a kind of middle/long distance strategy nuclear missile. It is a necessary task in missile system research to test and measure missile ball cartridge flight dynamic data. In the past, dynamic data of missile system are obtained by the wireless remote test system and magnetic tape recording device. Since plasma intermit section is “black area” of wireless system, missile dynamic data can’t be recorded by wireless remote test. Memory resending wireless remote test can be used to obtain “black area” data, however, only limited dynamic data beforethe missile head contact the ground can be obtained since missile head approach the ground quickly after leaving the “black area”. The other method is micro magnetic tape device on board, but the device operation is complex and the reliability is low.Under the instruction of principle mentioned above, dynamic STMS for a new strategy missile full ballistic trajectory is developed. Without the complex operation of traditional magnetic tape recording devices before blasting-off, the STMS can both inspect 60 channels dynamic data from distance far to 300m and complete inspection and store of missile head system data without dismounting the missile. The device can precisely do the testing and measuring task while the missile head reenter atmosphere plasma intermit section. It’s reliability is higher than magnetic recording devices and it is simpler than wireless remote test system. As substitution of onboard magnetic devices, the STMS is one of the most important measure means of missile head.In the paper the design theory, basic element, working principle, essential technology and reliability experiment of the missile data-recording device are illustrated in detail.The onboard flight test of missile data-recording device was carried out in July, 1995. During atmosphere-reentering of missile head in the experiment the wireless system was invalid, the magnetic-recording devices was broken down, only the STMS devices obtained 60 channel dynamic data during DF-5A reentering atmosphere and the result is highly-praised by the customer.存储测试系统的设计理论存储测试是指在对被测对象无影响或影响在允许范围的条件下, 在被测体内置入微型数据采集与存储测试仪, 现场实时完成信息的快速采集与记忆, 事后回收记录仪, 由计算机处理和再现测试信息的一种动态测试技术。
仪器仪表常用词汇英语翻译
仪器仪表常用词汇英语翻译pH计 pH meterX射线衍射仪 X-ray diffractometerX射线荧光光谱仪 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer 力测量仪表 force measuring instrument孔板 orifice plate文丘里管 venturi tube水表 water meter加速度仪 accelerometer可编程序控制器 programmable controller平衡机 balancing machine皮托管 Pitot tube皮带秤 belt weigher光线示波器 light beam oscillograph光学高温计 optical pyrometer光学显微镜 optical microscope光谱仪器 optical spectrum instrument吊车秤 crane weigher地中衡 platform weigher字符图形显示器 character and graphic display位移测量仪表 displacement measuring instrument 巡迴检测装置 data logger波纹管 bellows长度测量工具 dimensional measuring instrument长度传感器 linear transducer厚度计 thickness gauge差热分析仪 differential thermal analyzer扇形磁场质谱计 sector magnetic field mass spectrometer 料斗秤 hopper weigher核磁共振波谱仪 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱仪 gas chromatograph浮球调节阀 float adjusting valve真空计 vacuum gauge动圈仪表 moving-coil instrument基地式调节仪表 local-mounted controller密度计 densitometer液位计 liquid level meter组装式仪表 package system减压阀 pressure reducing valve测功器 dynamometer紫外和可见光分光光度计 ultraviolet-visible spectrometer 顺序控制器 sequence controller微处理器 microprocessor温度调节仪表 temperature controller煤气表 gas meter节流阀 throttle valve电子自动平衡仪表 electronic self-balance instrument 电子秤 electronic weigher电子微探针 electron microprobe电子显微镜 electron microscope弹簧管 bourdon tube数字式显示仪表 digital display instrument热流计 heat-flow meter热量计 heat flux meter热电阻 resistance temperature热电偶 thermocouple膜片和膜盒 diaphragm and diaphragm capsule调节阀 regulating valve噪声计 noise meter应变仪 strain measuring instrument湿度计 hygrometer声级计 sound lever meter黏度计 viscosimeter转矩测量仪表 torque measuring instrument转速测量仪表 tachometer露点仪 dew-point meter变送器 transmitter仪器仪表常用术语中英文对照带注释版性能特性performance characteristic：确定仪器仪表功能和能力的有关参数及其定量的表述。
测控专业英语
UNIT1accomplishment n)成果；成就integrate (v.a)使...结合，综合circuit (n)电路circuitry (n)电路（总称）sophisticated (a)复杂的，尖端的equivalent (a)相等的，相同的transducer (n) 同义词传感器；换能器IC (integrated circuit)集成电路VLSI (very large scale integrated circiut)超大规模集成电路chip (n)芯片analog (n)模拟stopwatch 秒表biomedical 生物医学的linear 线性的nonlinear 非线性的instrumentation仪表检测oscilloscope 示波器microprocessor 微处理器bit; kilobit; megabit 位；千位；兆位to name just...这仅仅是......, to name the more prevalent...这些仅是较流行的功能take aback (astound)使...大吃一惊UNIT 2electromagnetic Indution电磁感应flux density 磁通密度q ___coulombs is inQ是库仑potential gradient电势梯度electromotive force (emf)电动势intensity 电流强度magnitude 大小，流量，幅度at right angles to与...垂直deficit 缺少，亏损weber 韦伯（磁通量）Eq. =equation等式systematic troubleshooting系统的检修malfunction故障UNIT 3 resistance电阻inductance电感capacitance电容resistor(resister)电阻inductor电感器capacitor电容器resistive电阻的inductive感应的capacitive电容性的terminal 终端insulating coating 绝缘外套energize 激励，通电coil 线圈magnetic flux磁通量reversing polarity极性逆转counter electromotive force (CEMF)反电动势inductive reactance感抗impedance阻抗insulator绝缘反义词conductor 导体dielectric 电介质farad; 法拉（电容单位）hertz; 赫兹henry; 亨charge；电荷charging;使充电discharging放电leak away 漏出，漏电promote 促进反义词block 阻塞transformer 变压器compress 压缩passive circuit components 无源电路元件AC; 交流电DC 直流电forward biased正向偏置reverse biased反向偏置solid arrow; 实心箭头dashed arrow虚线箭头UNIT4series Circuits串联电路pertain (v)附属，关于Pythagorean Theorem-based formula 基于勾股.. Phasor相量parenthesis括号triangle; triangulation三角形base; altitude; hypotenuse (n)低/高/斜边conversely (v)相反地resonance 共振phasoral layout 相量排列Had..., the voltage would lag, rather than lead.若..,电压将滞后而不是超前于电流UNIT5semiconductor Diode半导体二极管transistor 晶体管silicon (n) 硅crystalline晶体的impurity 杂质rectifier; rectification整流器/整流triac; diac三端双向晶体管/二端交流开关covalent bonding共价键junction结adjacent临近的diffuse传播equilibrium平衡，均衡...be on the order of ...相当于，近似于UNIT6Amplifier放大器Distinction区别，差别be regard as被视为load resistance 负载电阻substantially=essentially基本地/实质上inherently本质上/生来deduce=reach a conclusion推断transistor circuit晶体管电路precaution预防措施distortion 失真shunt 使...并联impractical不切实际的field-effect场效应UNIT7implement 执行，实现sensor 传感器measurand被测量vat 大桶= tubquantitative 数量的，定量的representative 代表性的，典型的condition 调整，调节categorize 分类transformation 转换photovoltaic 光伏的piezoelectric 压电的thermoelectric 热电的thermistor 热敏电阻RTD 电阻式温度检测器LVDT 线性差动变压器be not representative of…不能代表UNIT8geometric 几何的propagate 传播coordinate 坐标graduated 分度的theodolite 经纬仪bubble 气泡dexterity 灵巧，机敏blunder 大错，失误gross 显著的，严重的obviate 消除，排除conscientious 尽责的algebraic 代数的curvature 弯曲，曲率refraction 折光，折射trigonometric 三角法的calibration 标度unquantifiable 不可测量的UNIT 9solenoid 电磁线圈pneumatic 气动的hydraulic 液动的rinse 漂洗blower 鼓风机cereal 谷物的pellet 颗粒throttling 节流调节detrimental 不利的globe 球形pinch 收缩butterfly 蝶形的flange 法兰，凸缘thread 拧螺丝be prone to 倾向于UNIT10radix 基数predecessor前者contraction缩写saturated 饱和的energize 给通电cutoff 截止的de-energized 失电的UNIT11block 积木integration 集成电路CPU 中央处理单元MSI 中等规模集成电路ALU 算术/逻辑单元tailor 制作decoder 解码器synchronization 同步bus 总线pin 管脚multiplex 多路传输assorted 已分类的processor-on-a-chip 单片处理器UNIT12potentiometer 电位计digitize 将….数字化predefine预定义quantize 量化increment 增加acquisition 获取，采集imperfect 半完成的，减弱的UNIT13element 元件manipulate操纵ambient 周围的，环境的trace 示踪excursion 偏差adversely 相反地intervention 介入consistently 协调地UNIT14sinusoidal 正弦的abscissa 横坐标ramp 斜坡parabolic 抛物线的infer 推断fall into 自然的分作from this standpoint the system time-domain analysis is well justified.从这个观点看，对系统进行时域分析是很合理的。
测控技术与仪器专业英语unit
全句译为：然而，微处理器技术的出现使得传感器必须要 有电信号输出，这样便于接口以实现无人测控。
8
Unit3 Smart Sensors
That also required the analog signal level to be amplified and converted to digital format prior to （在……之前） being supplied to the process controller. Today’s MCUs and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters typically have a 5V power supply, which has dictated the supply voltage for many amplified and signal conditioned sensors.
译为：应用微电子技术之前，传感器或转换器用于测量 物理量，如温度，压力，流量，通常直接与读数装置相连， 通常一个仪表有一个观察员读数。
6
Unit3 Smart Sensors
The transducer converted the physical quantity being measured to a displacement. The observer initiated system corrections to change the reading closer to a desired value. The typical blocks of a measurement system are shown in Figure 3.1.
译为：在今天几乎一切的技术领域都将智能一词作为 其前缀的候选。智能传感器这一术语是在20世纪80年代 中期出现的，从那以后，一些设备已被称之为智能传感器。
测控技术与仪器专业课程中英文简介-电气工程及自动化学院
目录《DSP原理及应用》课程中英文简介 (3)《毕业设计》课程中英文简介 (4)《测量仪器设计》课程中英文简介 (5)《传感技术及应用》课程中英文简介 (6)《磁测量》课程中英文简介 (7)《单片机功率接口技术》课程中英文简介 (8)《单片机原理及应用》课程中英文简介 (9)《单片机原理及应用课程设计》课程中英文简介 (10)《电气控制技术》课程中英文简介 (11)《电子测量原理》课程中英文简介 (12)《辐射测温学》课程中英文简介 (13)《高频电子线路》课程中英文简介 (14)《高速数字电路设计与应用》课程中英文简介 (15)《工程软件基础》课程中英文简介 (16)《光电检测技术》课程中英文简介 (17)《过程控制技术与系统》课程中英文简介 (18)《机器视觉及其应用》课程简介 (19)《精密测控电路与驱动技术》课程中英文简介 (20)《精密测量理论与技术》课程中英文简介 (22)《精密仪器设计》课程中英文简介 (23)《企业专家讲座》课程中英文简介 (24)《嵌入式系统设计》课程中英文简介 (25)《生产实习》课程中英文简介 (26)《数字逻辑与系统设计》课程简介 (28)《数字信号处理》（双语）课程中英文简介 (30)《微波技术基础》课程中英文简介 (32)《物理光学》课程中英文简介 (33)《误差理论与不确定度分析》课程中英文简介 (34)《信号与系统Ⅰ》课程中英文简介 (35)《信号与系统Ⅱ》课程中英文简介 (36)《虚拟仪器软件设计》课程中英文简介 (37)《仪器通用扩展接口及设计》课程中英文简介 (38)《应用光学》课程中英文简介 (39)《质量工程与可靠性设计》课程中英文简介 (41)《专业导论课》课程中英文简介 (42)《专业综合实践》课程中英文简介 (43)《自动测试系统》课程中英文简介 (44)《自动测试系统课程设计》课程中英文简介 (45)《自动检测技术》课程中英文简介 (46)《DSP原理及应用》课程中英文简介课程编码：SE01100200课程中文名称：DSP原理及应用课程英文名称：DSP Principle and Application总学时：32学分：2课程简介：本课程将对数字信号处理器（DSP）的特点、结构、基本原理和应用进行详细介绍。
检测仪器中英文对照表
英文
中文
英文
卡尺
Caliper
影像仪
Videomeasuringmachine
千分尺
Micrometer
光学比较仪
Opticalcomparator
数显卡尺
DigitalCaliper
标准量块
Standardgaugeblock
刀口尺
StraightEdgeRuler
大理石平台
Marbleplatform
直角尺
L—Square
工显
Tooling—microscope
深度规
Heightgauge
显微镜
microscope
针规
PinGauge
ROHSX光机
RoHSX-Raymachine
牙规
Threadgauge
三次元
CMM
R规
RadiusGauge
二次元
2Dmeasuringprojector
赛规
PlugGauge
铣床
miller
机械手
robote
刨床
planner
油压机
Hydraulicmachine
传动
transmission
车床
lathe
轴
shaft
磨床
grinder
弹性
elaticity
钻床
driller
频率特性
Frequencycharacteristic
线切割
Linearcutting
误差
error
control(SPC)
硬度计
Hardnesstester
成品检验
测控技术与仪器专业外文翻译--温室温度和湿度智能控制系统
外文出处：Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conf. on CIRCUITS, SYSTEMS, SIGNAL and TELECOMMUNICATIONS.2009,51(17):120-125中文译文温室温度和湿度智能控制系统摘要：文章是基于嵌入式数据库的温室温湿度智能控制系统。
该系统提出在温室温湿度智能控制系统中采用嵌入式数据库技术，来控制温室作物的生长过程，以解决温室作物在温度和湿度控制的环境中生长过程并不理想的问题，以及提高系统的控制和成本效益的问题。
本文着重阐述了控制系统的结构，硬件、软件的设计和系统控制策略。
该控制系统具有硬件结构简单，成本低，易于使用和维护，温度和湿度数据兼测，稳定性好等优点。
关键语：嵌入式数据库，温度和湿度控制，数据过滤，温室，微控制器1 简介带有嵌入式微控制器技术、智能控制系统是科技发展的方向。
数据库是决策智能控制系统的核心，是智能控制的基础，它需要存储的专业知识和例子很多，也需要不断更新和添加实时数据。
为了确保在温室环境下正常的农业生产和高效率，提高农产品质量和数量，降低劳动强度，节约能源，是温室环境中对温度和湿度控制的必要条件。
目前在温室环境下中、低档产品的控制仍存在一些技术问题：一般只对一套温度和湿度控制使用。
由于作物对温度和湿度的要求不一样，用户必须经常调整控制器的设置，这难以满足现代农业生产的要求。
开发一个，低价格，系统可靠的温室是温湿度智能控制系统必需的。
温室环境是非线性的，参数分布，时变，长延迟，多变量耦合和多个控制对象的控制系统。
在温室中培育不同作物需要不同的栖息地。
在温室的温湿度控制系统中建立温室环境的嵌入式数据库系统的目的在于：（1）专家的经验与用户的实际需要相结合，灵活和自动化生产适合对具体对象种植的监测战略；（二）未提供关于作物栽培系统的专家经验，用户可以通过控制系统的独立运作的使用方式建立监测数据库，并长期保存；（三）建立可能对用户系统进行优化和修改的监测数据。
测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译-殷虹-河北工业大学适用
测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentationInstrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant. 译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。
仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。
An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。
仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。
Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。
大学各个专业名称的英文翻译
中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称哲学 Philosophy哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and International Communist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics) 高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment 海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等） The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating 水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery) 妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine 药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science.. .. .. ..参考.资料。
测控技术与仪器专业英语
Unit 1 Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory定义的测量方法和测量理论1. Definition of Measurement测量的定义A possible operational description of the term measurement which agrees with our intuition is the following :“measurement is the acquisition of information ”;the aspect of gathering information is one of the most essential aspects ofmeasurement ;measurement are conducted to learn about the object of measurement ;the measurand .This means that a measurement must be descriptive with regard to that state or that phenomenon in the world around us which we are measuring .一个可能的操作描述这个术语的同意,我们凭直觉测量是下列的“测量信息获取”,采集信息的方面是最重要的方面进行测量,计量了解测量的对象,进行测量。
这意味着一个测量必须描述对于这种状态或这一现象在我们周围的世界我们衡量。
There must be a relationship between this state or phenomenon and the measurement result .Although the aspect of acquiring information is elementary ,it is merely a necessary and not a sufficient aspect of measurement :when one reads a textbook ,one gathers information ,but one does not perform a measurement.必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量结果信息获取的角度,即使是基础,那只是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读教科书,一个收集信息,但是一个人不能进行测量。