翻译的语言对比规律
翻译中的语言对比和对等性
翻译中的语言对比和对等性随着全球化的进程，人与人之间的交流越来越频繁。
在这种情况下，翻译这一行业也越来越重要。
无论是在商业、政治还是文化领域，翻译都发挥着重要的作用。
但是，在翻译过程中，语言对比和对等性是一个需要注意的问题。
本文将探讨这个问题。
语言对比语言对比是指两种语言在语言结构、语法、词汇等方面的差异。
不同的语言之间差异很大，这就给翻译造成了很大的难度。
其中，不同语言的语法结构是最大的差异之一。
比如，在中文中，一个句子中主语与谓语之间没有任何标点符号，而在英语中，主语与谓语之间通常有一个动词。
例如，“我喜欢吃苹果”在英语中应该是“I like to eat apples”或“I like eating apples”。
另外，不同语言的词汇含义也有所不同。
虽然每个语言都有自己的翻译词典，但有时候一个词的翻译并不能完全涵盖它在原文中的意思。
因此，语言对比是翻译中面临的最大问题之一。
在翻译过程中，翻译人员需要综合考虑语法、词汇和语言结构等因素，尽量准确地传达原文的意思。
对等性对等性是指翻译中的原文和译文在表现效果上的一致性。
在翻译中，对等性越高，原文和译文越接近，越容易被读者理解。
有时候，由于语言差异或者翻译人员经验不足等原因，译文与原文之间的对等性会变得很低。
这时候就需要对翻译进行修订，以提高翻译的质量。
在实际翻译中，对等性往往是翻译质量的一个重要评价标准。
如果翻译与原文在表现效果上没有很高的对等性，那么就很难达到预期的翻译效果。
语言对比与对等性的关系语言对比和对等性在翻译中常常是相互制约的。
对于语言差异较大的语种，如果翻译人员只顾着保持译文和原文在表现效果上的一致性，那么可能会舍弃很多原文中的细节或者特点，这就会导致翻译的失真。
比如，中文中有许多成语和俗语，这些成语和俗语具有很强的文化元素，翻译人员需要对这些成语和俗语进行妥善的处理，以免翻译意思的发生偏差。
但是，在翻译成英语或者其他语言时，这些成语和俗语的表达方式可能与原文不同，这就需要翻译人员在语言对比的基础上把握对等性。
中英语言翻译对比
句子结构
汉语强调意合，多短句而结构简单；英语强调形合，多长句而结构复杂。
Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 Association with the good can only produce well, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 吃苦在前，享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 在解决环境问题时，不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益，还要考虑全世界的长远 利益。 When we tackle environment problems, consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of the whole world.
In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
肯定与否定
汉英逻辑思维差异的另一个方面体现在话语表达时肯定与否定的运用。
Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午，学生统统要交书面作业。
中英的逻辑差异体现在很多方面，以下是几种典型差异：
翻译的语言对比规律
• Ordered! Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. → 命中注定！啊，一个人干出了傻事情，要 替自己找理由，那就什么都是命中注定！ 那
不能“一刀切” 不能“一刀切”
语境义 Context
• Thing （东西） 东西） • I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. → 这时我觉得我要死在那儿了，而下面山谷里的景致 景致却看得异常清晰。 景致 • When I am finished, things will be precisely as they were before… → 每次做完之后，一切 一切都依然如故…… 一切 • What I fine thing for our girls! (Pride and Prejudice) →真是女儿们的好福气 福气啊。 福气 • The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing, for its size, known to us. → 大型哺乳动物的大脑，就其体积而言，是我们所知晓的最复杂的机体 机体。 机体
英汉翻译中对代词的处理
• • • • 删去不译 如实保留 换成所指代的名词 “其”、“之”等汉语代词的灵活运用
• I must confess that with their repetition, and perhaps because of their very inconsequence, chores can in the end evoke a mild sort of satisfaction. → 我必须承认，正由于其反复性，或许还由于其无关紧要， 其 其 家务事到头来还能给人带来些许的满足感。
翻译的语言对比规律 I
2）部分或大部分对应
译语和原语词在意义上部分或大部分重叠， 这是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。 e.g. parent 父亲或母亲 brother兄、弟 milk 奶（抽象）；人奶，牛奶，羊奶（具体） morning 早晨、上午
3)语气词
汉语语气助词分类类： a. 陈述语气词: 的、了、呢（呐）、罢了、
而已、啦等 b. 疑问语气词: 吗、吧、呢、啦、啊、么等； c. 祈使语气词:吧、罢、呀、啊、啦等。
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
5. I have tried all I could do to silence such a story. 我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣传了。
6. It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.
我还没有望见那座住宅，天早已暗下来了，只有 西边天际还剩下一抹朦胧的琥珀色的余辉，但是 我仍可借助皎洁的月光，看清小路上的每一颗石 子，每一片草叶。
“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”
不行，先给我准确的念一遍，不许有一个错。
1）概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）：概念意义 是词义的核心，它直接地、明确地表示所指对象。 实际上也就是词典给词下的定义。
英汉对比翻译知识点总结
英汉对比翻译知识点总结翻译是一门复杂的艺术，尤其是英汉翻译，因为中英两种语言有着根本的差异。
对于翻译工作者来说，了解和掌握英汉两种语言的特点和规律是非常重要的。
在翻译过程中，需要考虑语言的语法、词汇、文化以及表达方式等方面的差异。
下面将对英汉翻译中的一些常见知识点进行总结和比较。
1.语法结构英汉两种语言的语法结构有很大的差异。
中文语法灵活，句子结构简洁，通常不需要使用冠词、时态、语气等。
而英语语法则更为严谨，句子结构复杂，使用了丰富的时态、语气和冠词等。
在翻译时，需要注意将英文句子中的时态和语气等信息准确地转化为中文，同时也要保持句子结构的自然流畅。
2.词汇中英两种语言的词汇差异也是翻译中需要关注的重点之一。
英语词汇丰富多样，有着丰富的同义词和近义词，而中文的词汇相对简洁，往往需要通过上下文来理解词义。
在翻译时，需要根据上下文和语境来选择合适的词语，保持译文的意思准确清晰。
3.文化背景文化背景是影响翻译质量的重要因素之一。
英汉两种文化有着不同的价值观、习俗、传统等，因此在翻译时需要考虑到文化差异。
有些词语、习惯用语或者成语在中英两种文化中可能有着不同的含义和使用方式，因此需要特别留意，以免产生误解或者歧义。
4.表达方式英语和中文的表达方式也有着一定的差异。
中文语言善于表达抽象意义，通过修饰词和成语来表达情感和意象。
而英语语言更注重直接的表达和逻辑推理。
在翻译时，需要根据原文的表达方式来选择合适的中文表达方式，以保持译文的准确和自然。
5.口语和书面语中英两种语言的口语和书面语也有着不同的风格和表达方式。
英语口语更为活泼自然，词汇量较大，而中文口语则更为简洁直接，词汇量较小。
在翻译时，需要根据文体和语境来选择合适的口语和书面语表达方式，以保持译文的自然流畅。
总之，英汉翻译是一项需要耐心、细心和专业知识的工作。
翻译工作者需要对比英汉两种语言的语法、词汇、表达方式以及文化背景等方面的差异，才能够做出高质量的翻译作品。
翻译的语言对比规律 III
4. 顺向思维与逆向思维
不同的民族，在观察一些事物现象时，所取的角 度以及思维方式有时极为不同，况且，许多事物 都具有对立面，往往此一方面不好描述时，换一 个角度从另外一方面描述则更贴切。 所以，在英语中从正面来说的，可能在汉语中要 从反面来叙述更加恰当，有些时候英语的反说可 能要处理为汉语的正说才符合习惯。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
A wave of cigarette smoke accompanied him in. 他进门时带进来一缕香烟烟雾。 一缕香烟烟雾随着他飘进来。 Alarm began to take entire possession of him. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 The happiness- the superior advantages of the young women about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.
I talked to him with brutal frankness。 我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。 No year passes now without evidence of the truth of statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. 行政管理工作已变得越来越困难，年年都 证明确实如此。
1.抽象思维与形象思维 2.客体思维与主体思维 3.直线思维与曲线思维 4.顺向思维与逆向思维
1.抽象思维与形象思维
英语重视抽象思维，擅长使用抽象概念表 达具体事物。语言上英语常常使用大量涵 义模糊、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂 的理性概念。 汉语重视形象思维，擅长使用形象的方法 表达抽象概念。语言上汉语更倾向于用具 体形象的词语来表达虚的概念。 翻译时常需要一个“化抽象为具体”的过 程
第二章 翻译中的语言对比分析
第二章翻译中的语言对比分析1．语义的差异1)词汇意义：完全对应；部分对应：不对应：一词多义tuberculosis The U.S．State Department The Pacific ocean marriage gun sister cousin beddo，overkillHe is a loose man．He is a loose woman．2)搭配能力to cut wheat to cut cake to cut finger-nailswear glasses and thick jersey3)词序方面A little ，yellow，ragged，lame unshaven beggar．2．词法差异英语——静态--- 综合性语言—词的关系靠词本身的形态变化来表现汉语——动态——分析性语言---词的关系靠词序或虚词／助词／量词等来表现1)英语名词化Don't believe him．You should know he is a good kidder.Would you like to take a walk with him?That Would be the confirmation that it Was in general use．2)英语介词优势，Mother is On the telephone with father．She is On maternity leave．，The failure gave me a heavy blow and l was at a loss about my future.3)英语中形容词，副词的动态特征I'm doubtful whether he is Still alive．Water is incompatible with fire.I must be Off now, for my sister IS expecting me．After staying in bed for a week，he iS now Up and about．4)英语中有动词时态的体现, 汉语无Mrs. Long has just been here，and she told me all about it．" What was l talking Of?”said he, beginning again when they were all in the street．5)代词使用上的差异Money is a wonderful thing6)量词的增补表达法Before l arrived in sight of it，a11 that remained Of day was a beamless，amber light along the west；but l could see every pebble on the path，and every blade Of grass：by that splendid moon．P1ease go there and give it to him.7)增补语气词,汉语中有,英语中无“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife，“how can you be SO tiresome! You must know，that I’m thinking of marrying one of them／my daughters．3．句法的差异1) 形合与意合的差异The gate was opened, and the audience came crowding in.The more you give, the more you will get.If it insures a shop and then receives a suspicious claim, it will investigate the claim as ameans of protecting itself against false claims.It's easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.. ,A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.Grasp all, lose all.Out of sight, out of mind.Man's warm blood makes it difficult for him to live along in the sea without some kind of warmth..With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.2) 句序的差异Nothing has happened since we parted:As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.4．思维的差异1) 语篇的衔接与连贯Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He is facilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions, sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is covering huge areas with new kinds of plants, or with homes, factories, slag-heaps and other productsof his civilization. He exterminates some species on a large scale, but favors the multiplicationof others，人类到处都在改变着自然界的平衡。
第4章 翻译的语言对比规律
In the end I had to have a caesarean, which just knocked me for six.
最后我只好做剖腹产，这下 可把我彻底摧垮了。
But to almost everybody she was a fine and picturesque country gir征。
Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother could be, though in a quieter way. 简和母亲一样，觉得非常得意， 只是不像母亲那样唧唧喳喳。
小试牛 刀
小试牛刀
I believe then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the thing of the valley below.
2、“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife,“how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.” “亲爱的贝内特先生，”太太 答道，“你怎么这么令人讨厌! 告诉你吧，我在琢磨他娶她们 中的一个做太太呢。”
不过，几乎在每个人看来， 她只不过是一个标致如画 的乡下姑娘而已。
Yet few knew, and still fewer considered this.
然而，这一点很少有人察 觉，更少有人关注。
That altered ,frightened, fat face told his secret well enough. 。 他的胖脸蛋下得走了样， 他心里的打算一看就知道。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Pronunciation
• • • • • 1. 磕头 Kowtow 2. 四十四只石狮子 Forty-four stone lions 3. A new kind of aircraft---small, cheap, pilotless---is attracting increasing attention. • 一种新型飞机---体积小，便宜，无人驾驶--正在越来越引起人们的注意。
• 3) The U.S. Constitution separates the federal government into three distinct branches (judicial, legislative and executive) with a system of “checks and balances” among their powers. • 美国《合众国宪法》将联邦政府分为三个 各司其职的部门（司法、立法和行政）， 并在它们的权力上实行“制衡”制度。
• 露丝·凯利对朋友说过，由于她在堕胎和 节育方面的观点，她无法在卫生部或国际 开发事务部工作，况且，她还反对议会下 院有关胚胎研究的动议。她说过：“我是 个虔诚的天主教徒。显然，我有坚定的个 人原则。如果说这些是坚定的个人原则， 那么，在我的政治生涯中，我就得遵守。” 然而，在某些问题上，她采取的是自由主 义的态度。
• Another fan said Saakashvili-who has a reputation as a hothead-is a better president with his wife at his side. “Don’t worry, Sandra will keep him in line,” said Dzhaeni, another Tbilisi resident. “He must have done something right if he got her to be his wife.” •
句法的差异
• 1、英汉语言在形式上的最基本差异表现为： • 英语重形合 hypotaxis • 汉语重意合 parataxis
• 形合： • 指句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语言形 式手段（如连词或关联词）连接起来，表 达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系。 • 意合： • 指词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段进行 连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词 语或分句的含义来表达。
• 5) Ruth Kelly has told friends she could not work in the Departments of Health or International Development, because of her views on abortion and birth control, and she opposed the Commons motions on embryo research. “I am a practicing Catholic, ” she has said. “Clearly I have strong personal principles. I would have to abide by them in my political career if they are strong personal principles.” On some issue, however, she takes a liberal line.
• 3. The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. • 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时 的飞行速度在每小时18英里（约29）公里 左右。 • *（宇宙飞船的着陆）飞行速度在32公里/小 时左右的；软着陆
• 4) Sandra Roelofs has said that she plans to keep living in the family’s modest flat near a McDonald’s restaurant in downtown Tbilisi, even though they are now entitled to move into a luxurious government residence. “She is Dutch, she doesn’t care about fancy houses and cars,” Malika, a 29-year-old civil servant in Tbilisi, said approvi汉语言的特点 英语又称“屈折语” inflectional language 汉语又称“非屈折语” non-inflectional language
• 4. Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. • 大麻通常被看作是软性麻醉毒品。 • *（麻醉毒品）毒性较轻的；软性的 • 5. At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him for the hip. • 在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分 的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。
• for show. It signals she will not be an oldstyle daughter-in-law, subservient, powerless and dependent. She will negotiate when to leave her career and have a child. If she is like many brides today, she will have told her husband already that if he expects her to live with his family, he must find a different wife.
• 2) An American and his wife were driving in Canada and got lost. Finally they came into some city. They saw a gentleman on the sidewalk, so the gentleman pulled up to the curb, and the lady let down her window and asked: “Excuse me, sir. Where are we?” The gentleman on the street replied, “Saskatoon, Saskachewan.” The lady rolled up the window, turned to her husband and said, “We really are lost. They don’t even speak English here!”
• 4. If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration to supplement their security collaboration in NATO, they could generate a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence .
• 6) Qu Man and Yang Jie marry in a hotel courtyard with 85 people and a type of ceremony that is becoming common: Western, statues of Roman gods and scads of purple balloons are part of an event complete with the throwing of rice and confetti. At one point, the parents of both bride Qu and groom Yang are called up front to speak at the ceremony. It seems like no big deal. And that was not
• *（情报等）非百分之百可靠
Total
• 1. Mr. Smith was given a new Corvette by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month. • 史密斯先生从丹佛的一个经销商处弄到了 一辆崭新的考文特牌汽车，一个月后，这 车子就撞得无法修理了。 • *彻底撞毁
• 2. Did you at least total the guy that hit you? • 对那个揍你的家伙，你至少已经向他报复 了吧？
• 3、词义对比的文化内涵
• 4、Exercises • 1) At a memorial in New York, a little boy left his football with a note for his lost father, “Dear Daddy, please take this to Heaven. I don’t want to play football until I can play with you again someday.” • 在纽约举行的一次追思会上，一个小男孩留下他 的足球和给他死去的父亲的留言：“亲爱的爸爸， 请将这个足球带到天堂去。我不想再踢足球了， 除非有一天能与您一起踢。”