英文合同范本语篇中前指分布规律研究_以FIDIC合同条件为例

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(工程合同)交钥匙工程合同FIDIC标准范本(双语版)

(工程合同)交钥匙工程合同FIDIC标准范本(双语版)

CONTENTS目录1. 一般规定General Provisions (8)1.1 定义Definitions (8)1.2 解释Interpretation (18)1.3 通讯联络Communications (18)1.4 法律和语言1.4 Law and Language (19)1.5 文件的优先次序1.5 Priority of documents (20)1.6 合同协议书1.6 Contract Agreement (21)1.7 转让1.7 Assignment (21)1.8 文件的保管和提供1.8 Care and Supply of documents (21)1.9 拖延的图纸或指示1.9 Delayed Drawings or Instructions (22)1.10 雇主使用承包商的文件1.10 Employer's Use of Contractor's documents (23)1.11 承包商使用雇主的文件1.11 Contractor's Use of Employer's documents (25)1.12 保密事项1.12 Confidential Details (25)1.13 遵守法律1.13 Compliance with Laws (25)1.14 共同的与各自的责任1.14 Joint and Several Liability (26)2. 雇主THE EMPLOYER (26)2.1 进入现场的权利2.1 Right of Access to the Site (26)2.2 许可、执照和批准2.2 Permits, Licences or Approval (28)2.3 雇主的人员2.3 Employer's Personnel (28)2.4 雇主的资金安排2.4 Employer's Financial Arrangements (29)2.5 雇主的索赔2.5 Employer's Claims (29)3. 工程师THE ENGINEER (30)3.1 工程师的职责和权力3.1Engineer's Duties and Authority (30)3.2 工程师的授权3.2 Delegation by the Engineer (32)3.3 工程师的指示3.3 Instructions of the Engineer (33)3.4 工程师的撤换3.4 Replacement of the Engineer (34)3.5 决定3.5 Determinations (34)4. 承包商The Contractor (35)4.1 承包商的一般义务4.1 Contractor's General Obligations (35)4.2 履约保证4.2 Performance Security (37)4.3 承包商的代表4.3 Contractor's Representative (39)4.4 分包商4.4 subcontractors (40)4.5 分包合同利益的转让4.5 Assignment of Benefit of Subcontract (41)4.6 合作4.6 Co-operation (41)4.7 放线4.7 Setting Out (42)4.8 安全措施4.8 Safety Procedures (43)4.9 质量保证4.9 Quality Assurance (44)4.10 现场数据4.10 Site Data (45)4.11 接受的合同款额的完备性4.11 Sufficiency of the Accepted Contract Amount (46)4.12 不可预见的外界条件4.12 Unforeseeable Physical Conditions (46)4.13 道路通行权和设施4.13 Rights of Way and Facilities (49)4.14 避免干扰4.14 Avoidance of Interference (49)4.15 进场路线4.15 Access Route (49)4.16 货物的运输4.16 Transport of Goods (50)4.17 承包商的设备4.17 Contractor's Equipment (51)4.18 环境保护4.18 Protection of the environment (51)4.19 电、水、气4.19 Electricity, Water and Gas (52)4.20 雇主的设备和免费提供的材料4.20 Employer's Equipment and Free-Issue Material52 4.21 进度报告4.21 Progress Reports (54)4.22 现场保安 4.22 Security of the Site (56)4.23 承包商的现场工作4.23 Contractor's Operations on Site (56)4.24 化石4.24 Fossils (57)5. 指定分包商 (58)5.1 指定分包商的定义5.1 Definition of "nominated Subcontractor (58)5.2 对指定的反对5.2 Objection to Nomination (58)5.3 对指定分包商的支付5.3 Payments to nominated Subcontractors (59)5.4 支付的证据5.4 Evidence of Payments (59)6. 职员和劳工Staff and Labour (60)6.1 职员和劳工的雇用6.1 Engagement of Staff and Labour (60)6.2 工资标准和劳动条件6.2 Rates of Wages and Conditions of Labour (61)6.3 为他人提供服务的人员6.3 Persons in the Service of Employer (61)6.4 劳动法 6.4 Labour Laws (61)6.5 工作时间 6.5 Working hours (62)6.6 为职员和劳工提供的设施 6.6 Facilities for Staff and Labour (62)6.7 健康和安全 6.7 Health and Safety (62)6.8 承包商的监督6.8 Contractor's Superintendence (63)6.9 承包商的人员 6.9 Contractor's Personnel (64)6.10 承包商的人员和设备的记录6.10 Records of Contractor's Personnel and Equipment656.11 妨碍治安的行为6.11 Disorderly Conduct (65)7. 永久设备、材料和工艺 (65)7.1 实施方式7.1 Manner of Execution (65)7.2 样本7.2 Samples (66)7.3 检查7.3 Inspection (66)7.4 检验7.4 Testing (67)7.5 拒收7.5 Rejection (69)7.6 补救工作7.6 Remedial Work (69)7.7 对永久设备和材料的拥有权7.7 Ownership of Plant and Materials (70)7.8 矿区使用费7.8 Royalties (71)8. 开工、延误和暂停Commencement, Delays and Suspension (71)8.1 工程的开工8.1 Commencement of Works (71)8.2 竣工时间8.2 Time for Completion (72)8.3 进度计划8.3 Programme (72)8.4 竣工时间的延长8.4 Extension of Time for Completion (74)8.5 由公共当局引起的延误8.5 Delays Caused by Authorities (75)8.6 进展速度8.6 Rate of Progress (76)8.7 误期损害赔偿费8.7 Delay Damages (77)8.8 工程暂停8.8 Suspension of Work (77)8.9 暂停引起的后果8.9 Consequences of Suspension (78)8.10 暂停时对永久设备和材料的支付8.10 Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension (78)8.11 持续的暂停8.11 Prolonged Suspension (79)8.12 复工8.12 Resumption of Work (79)9. 竣工检验Tests On Completion (79)9.1 承包商的义务9.1 Contractor's Obligations (79)9.2 延误的检验9.2 Delayed Tests (80)9.3 重新检验9.3 Retesting (81)9.4 未能通过竣工检验9.4 Failure to Pass Tests on completion (81)10. 10 雇主的接收Employer’s T aking Over (82)10.1 对工程和区段的接收10.1 Taking Over of the Works and Sections (82)10.2 对部分工程的接收10.2 Taking Over of parts of the Works (83)10.3 对竣工检验的干扰10.3 Interference with Tests on Completion (85)10.4 地表需要恢复原状10.4 Surfaces Requiring Reinstatement (86)11. 缺陷责任Defects Liability (87)11.1 完成扫尾工作和修补缺陷11.1 Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects 8711.2 修补缺陷的费用 (87)11.3 缺陷通知期的延长11.3 Extension of Defects Notification Period (88)11.4 未能补救缺陷11.4 Failure to Remedy Defects (88)11.5 清除有缺陷的部分工程11.5 Removal of Defective Work (90)11.6 进一步的检验11.6 Further Tests (90)11.7 进入权11.7 Right of Access (90)11.8 承包商的检查11.8 Contractor to Search (91)11.9 履约证书11.9 Performance Certificate (91)11.10 未履行的义务11.1 Unfulfilled Obligations (92)11.11 现场的清理11.11 Clearance of Site (92)12. 测量和估价Measurement and Evaluation (92)12.1 需测量的工程12.1 Works to be Measured (93)12.2 测量方法12.2 Method of Measurement (94)12.3 估价12.3 Evaluation (94)12.4 省略12.4 Omissions (96)13. 变更和调整Variations and Adjustments (97)13.1 有权变更13.1 Right to Vary (97)13.2 价值工程13.2 value Engineering (98)13.3 变更程序13.3 Variation Procedure (99)13.4 以适用的货币支付13.4 Payment in Applicable Currencies (100)13.5 暂定金额13.5Provisional Sums (101)13.6 计日工13.6 Daywork (102)13.7 法规变化引起的调整13.7Adjustments for changes in Lesgislation (103)13.8 费用变化引起的调整13.8 Adjustments for Changes in the Cost (104)14. 合同价格和支付Contractor price and Payment (107)14.1 合同价格14.1The contractor Price (107)14.2 预付款14.2Advance Payment (108)14.3 期中支付证书的申请14.3 Application for Interim Payment Certificates (110)14.4 支付表14.4Schedule of Payments (111)14.5 用于永久工程的永久设备和材料14.5 Plant and Materials (112)14.6 期中支付证书的颁发14.6 Issue of Interim Payment Certificates (115)14.7 支付Payment (116)14.8 延误的支付Delayed Payment (116)14.9 保留金的支付Payment of Retention money (117)14.10 竣工报表Statement of Completion (118)14.11 申请最终支付证书Application for Final Payment Certificate (119)14.12 结清单Discharge (120)14.13 最终支付证书的颁发Issue of Final Payment Certificate (120)14.14 雇主责任的终止Cessation of Employer’s Liability (121)14.15 支付的货币Currencies of Payment (121)15. 雇主提出终止Termination by Employer (123)15.1 通知改正15.1 Notice to Correct (123)15.2 雇主提出终止15.2 Termination by Employer (123)15.3 终止日期时的估价 (126)15.4 终止后的支付15.4 Payment after Termination (126)15.5 雇主终止合同的权力 (127)16. 承包商提出暂停和终止Suspens on and Termination by Contractor (127)16.1 承包商有权暂停工作16.1 Contractor's Entitlement to Suspend Work (127)16.2 承包商提出终止16.2 Termination by Contractor (129)16.3 停止工作及承包商的设备的撤离16.3 Cessation of Work and Removal of Contractor's Equipment (130)16.4 终止时的支付16.4Payment on Termination (131)17. 风险和责任Risk and Responsibility (131)17.1 保障17.1 Indemnities (131)17.2 承包商对工程的照管17.2 Contractor's Care of the Works (133)17.3 雇主的风险17.3 Employer's Risks (134)17.4 雇主的风险造成的后果17.4 Consequences of Employer’s rirks (135)17.5 知识产权和工业产权17.5 Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights (136)17.6 责任限度17.6 Limitation of Liability (137)18. 保险Insurance (138)18.1 有关保险的总体要求18.1 General Requirements for insurances (138)18.2 工程和承包商的设备的保险18.2 Insurance for Works and Contractor’s equipment14118.3 人员伤亡和财产损害的保险18.3Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage under to Property (144)18.4 承包商的人员的保险18.4 Insurance for C ontractor’s Personnel (145)19. 不可抗力Force Majeure (146)19.1 不可抗力的定义19.1 Defination of Force Majeure (146)19.2 不可抗力的通知19.2 Notice of Force Majeure (147)19.3 减少延误的责任19.3 Duty to Minimise Delay (148)19.4 不可抗力引起的后果19.4 Consequences of Force Majeure (148)19.5 不可抗力对分包商的影响19.5 Force Majeure Affecting Subcontractor (149)19.6 可选择的终止、支付和返回19.6 Optional Termination, Payment and Release (149)19.7 根据法律解除履约19.7 Release from Performance under the Law (151)20. 索赔、争端和仲裁Claim, Disputes and Arbitration (151)20.1 承包商的索赔20.1 Contractor's Claims (152)20.2 争端裁决委员会的委任20.2 Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board (155)20.3 未能同意争端裁决委员会的委任20.3 Failure to Agree Dispute Adjudication Board15720.4 获得争端裁决委员会的决定20.4 Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board's Decision15820.5 友好解决20.5 Amicable both Settlement (160)20.6 仲裁20.6 Arbitration (160)20.7 未能遵守争端裁决委员会的决定20.7 Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board's Decision (161)20.8 争端裁决委员会的委任期满20.8 Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board's Appointment (162)Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils通用条件General Conditions1.一般规定General Provisions1.1 定义Definitions在包括专用条件和本通用条件的合同条件(“本合同条件”)中,以下措辞和用语的含义如下所述。

菲迪克合同(标准范本)

菲迪克合同(标准范本)

菲迪克(FIDIC)文献施工合同条件C o n d i t i o n s O f C o n t r a c t f o r C o n s t r u c t i o n通用条件专用条件编写指南投标函、合同协议书和争端裁决协议书格式General ConditionsGuidance for the Preparation of Particular Conditions Forms of Lette of Tender , Contract Agreement and Dispute Adjudication Agreement1.一般规定1.1定义在合同条件(“本合同”),包括专用条件和通用条件中,下列词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义。

除下文另有要求外,人员或当事各方等词语包括公司和其他合法实体。

1.1.1合同1.1.1.1“合同”系指合同协议书、中标函、投标函、本条件、规范、图纸、资料表以及合同协议书或中标函中列出的其他文件(如果有)。

1.1.1.2“合同协议书”系指根据第1.6款(合同协议书)所述的合同协议书。

1.1.1.3“中标函”系指雇主签署的正式接受投标函的信件,包括其所附的含有双方间签署的协议的任何备忘。

如无此类中标函,则“中标函”一词系指合同协议书,发出或收到中标函的日期系指签署合同协议书的日期。

1.1.1.4“投标函”系指由承包商填写的名为投标函的文件,包括其签署的向雇主的工程报价。

1.1.1.5“规范”系指包含在合同中名为规范的文件,以及按照合同对规范所作的任何补充和修改。

此类文件规定对工程的要求。

1.1.1.6“图纸”系指包含中合同中的工程图纸,以及由雇主(或其他代表)按照合同发出的任何补充和修改的图纸。

1.1.1.7“资料表”系指合同中名为资料表的文件,由承包商填写并随投标函一起提交。

此类文件可包括工程量表、数据、表册、费率和(或)价格表。

1.1.1.8“投标书”系指投标函和合同中包括的由承包商随投标函一起提交的所有其他文件。

FIDIC合同条件概述+合同范本+通用条款解释

FIDIC合同条件概述+合同范本+通用条款解释

FIDIC合同条件概述“FIDIC”一词是国际咨询工程师联合会(法文FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DESINGENIEURS - CONSEILS)的缩写。

FIDIC条件的标准文本由英语写成。

FIDIC合同条件第一版由国际咨询工程师联合会于1957年颁布,1963年FIDIC合同条件第二版、1977年FIDIC合同条件第三版、1987年FIDIC合同条件第四版相继问世。

目前使用的国际咨询工程师联合会(FIDIC)编制的《业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书》、《设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件》、《电气与机械工程合同条件》、《土木工程施工合同条件》、《土木工程施工分包合同条件》一般分为协议书、通用(标准)条件和专用特殊条件等三大部分。

(一)FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(白皮书)FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件由协议书、标准条件(第一部分)、特殊应用条件(第二部分)等组成,计44条。

并通过业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书应用指南加以具体指导。

业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书应用指南由第一章引言、第二章白皮书——第一部分和第二部分(计44条)、第三章白皮书——附加讨论、第四章附件A——服务范围、第五章附件B——业主提供的职员、设备、设施和其他人员的服务、第六章附件C——报酬和支付、第七章授权范围及其制定等组成。

(二)FIDIC设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件(橘皮书)FIDIC设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件包括:第一部分——通用条件:(1)合同;(2)雇主;(3)雇主代表;(4)承包商;(5)设计;(6)职员与劳工;(7)工程设备、材料和工艺;(8)开工、延误和暂停;(9)竣工检验;(10)雇主的接收;(11)竣工后的检验;(12)缺陷责任;(13)合同价格与支付;(14)变更;(15)承包商的违约;(16)雇主的违约;(17)风险和责任;(18)保险;(19)不可抗力;(20)索赔、争端与仲裁。

fidic合同范本

fidic合同范本

fidic合同范本FIDIC合同范本合同编号:[______]签署日期:[______]合同主体:甲方(雇主):[全称]乙方(承包商):[全称]引言第一条定义1.1 “雇主”指[甲方全称],即在合同中指定负责工程项目的委托方。

1.2 “承包商”指[乙方全称],即在合同中指定负责实施工程项目的执行方。

1.3 “工程师”指由雇主任命,负责监督和指导工程项目的专业人员。

1.4 “工程”指本合同项下所述的工程建设项目,包括但不限于设计、施工、调试和交付。

1.5 “合同价格”指甲乙双方商定的完成工程的全部费用。

1.6 “合同文件”包括本合同、附件、图纸、规范、工程量清单等所有相关文件。

第二条合同内容2.1 工程范围工程设计工程施工工程材料供应工程调试工程交付2.2 工程进度乙方应按照合同文件规定的时间表完成工程,并确保工程进度符合工程师的要求。

2.3 工程质量乙方应保证工程的质量符合合同文件的要求,并遵守所有适用的法律法规。

第三条合同价格3.1 合同价格为本合同附件中规定的金额,除非本合同另有规定,该金额为固定不变的价格。

材料费用劳动力费用设备使用费管理费用利润第四条付款4.1 雇主应在乙方按照合同文件完成相应工程进度后,支付相应的进度款。

4.2 乙方应按照合同文件的规定,提供发票和付款申请,雇主应在收到付款申请后[______]个工作日内支付。

第五条工程变更5.1 未经雇主书面同意,乙方不得对工程进行任何变更。

5.2 如雇主提出工程变更,乙方应在收到变更通知后[______]个工作日内提交变更报价,雇主应在收到报价后[______]个工作日内予以确认。

第六条违约责任6.1 如乙方未能按照合同规定完成工程,雇主有权终止合同,并要求乙方支付违约金。

6.2 如雇主未能按照合同规定支付款项,乙方有权暂停工程,并要求雇主支付滞纳金。

第七条争议解决7.1 双方因本合同的履行发生争议,应通过友好协商解决。

7.2 如协商不成,任何一方均可将争议提交[______]仲裁委员会仲裁。

fidic最新合同范本

fidic最新合同范本

fidic最新合同范本甲方(委托方): ___________乙方(承包方): ___________签订日期: ___________签订地点: ___________第一条合同目的根据双方的共同意愿,甲方委托乙方按照FIDIC(国际咨询工程师联合会)最新版合同条件,完成本合同约定的工程任务。

第二条工程内容1. 工程名称:___________2. 工程地点:___________3. 工程范围:___________第三条合同价格1. 合同总价为:___________(大写:___________)2. 合同价格包括但不限于工程材料费、人工费、机械使用费、管理费、利润、风险费等。

第四条工程期限1. 工程开工日期:___________2. 工程竣工日期:___________第五条工程质量要求乙方必须按照甲方提供的工程设计文件和国家现行的工程技术规范、标准进行施工,确保工程质量符合约定标准。

第六条工程变更在合同执行过程中,如因甲方原因需要对工程内容、工程量、工期等进行变更,应提前书面通知乙方,并由双方协商一致后,签订补充协议。

第七条工程款支付1. 工程预付款:合同签订后____天内,甲方向乙方支付合同总价____%的工程预付款。

2. 进度款支付:根据工程进度,乙方应向甲方提供进度报告,甲方在收到报告后____天内支付相应比例的工程款。

3. 工程竣工验收合格后,甲方在____天内支付至合同总价的____%。

第八条工程验收1. 工程竣工后,乙方应向甲方提交工程竣工报告,甲方应在收到报告后____天内组织验收。

2. 工程验收合格后,双方应签署工程验收合格证明。

第九条违约责任1. 如乙方未能按期完成工程,每逾期一天,应向甲方支付合同总价____%的违约金。

2. 如工程质量不符合约定标准,乙方应负责无偿修复或更换,直至符合要求。

第十条争议解决双方因履行本合同发生争议,应首先通过友好协商解决;协商不成时,可提交甲方所在地人民法院诉讼解决。

fidic合同范本3篇

fidic合同范本3篇

fidic合同范本3篇篇一FIDIC 合同范本合同编号:________________项目名称:________________甲方(业主):________________法定代表人:________________地址:________________联系方式:________________乙方(承包商):________________法定代表人:________________地址:________________联系方式:________________一、项目概况1. 项目地点:[具体地点]2. 项目内容:[详细描述项目的范围和要求]3. 项目期限:自[开始日期]至[结束日期]二、合同价款及支付方式1. 合同总价:人民币[具体金额]元(大写:[大写金额])。

预付款:合同签订后[具体百分比]%,计人民币[具体金额]元;进度款:根据项目进度,按[具体百分比]%支付;竣工款:项目竣工并验收合格后[具体百分比]%,计人民币[具体金额]元。

三、项目质量1. 乙方应按照国家和行业标准以及合同约定的质量标准进行施工,确保项目质量合格。

2. 项目竣工后,甲方应及时组织验收。

如验收不合格,乙方应在规定的时间内整改直至合格。

四、双方责任1. 甲方责任:提供项目所需的场地、水源、电源等必要条件;按时支付合同价款;协助乙方解决施工过程中遇到的问题。

2. 乙方责任:按照合同要求进行施工,确保项目进度和质量;遵守施工现场的管理规定,做好安全防护工作;负责施工过程中的环境保护。

五、违约责任1. 若一方违反本合同约定,应承担违约责任,向对方支付违约金[具体金额]元。

2. 如因不可抗力等不可预见、不可避免的原因导致无法履行合同,双方应协商解决。

六、争议解决本合同履行过程中如发生争议,双方应友好协商解决;协商不成的,可向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。

七、其他条款1. 本合同自双方签字(盖章)之日起生效。

2. 本合同一式两份,双方各执一份,具有同等法律效力。

fidic2017版系列合同条件中英文

fidic2017版系列合同条件中英文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts is widely recognized as the leading standard form of contracts for construction projects around the world. These contracts provide a comprehensive framework for managing the various risks and responsibilities involved in construction projects, and are used by contractors, employers, and engineers to establish clear and fair agreements.The FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts includes several different forms of contracts, each tailored to specific types of projects and project delivery mechanisms. These forms include the Red, Yellow, Silver, and Gold Books, as well as the Pink Book for dredging works, the Green Book for short-form contracts, and the White Book for client/consultant agreements.One of the key features of the FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts is the balanced allocation of risks between the parties involved in a construction project. The contracts are designed to ensure that each party bears the risks that they are best able to manage,while also providing mechanisms for addressing unforeseen events and changes in the scope of work.The FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts is also notable for its use of clear and concise language, which helps to reduce the potential for disputes and misunderstandings between the parties. The contracts provide detailed provisions for issues such as payment, variations, extensions of time, and claims, helping to ensure that all parties are aware of their rights and obligations.Overall, the FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts represents a significant step forward in the standardization and improvement of construction contracts. By providing a clear and fair framework for managing construction projects, these contracts help to promote successful outcomes for all parties involved.篇2FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts: The Ultimate GuideIntroductionThe FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) Contracts are a series of standard forms of contract published by FIDIC and widely used in the construction industry worldwide. The FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts are the latest editions of these contracts and have been updated to reflect the currentindustry practices and trends. This ultimate guide will provide a comprehensive overview of the key features and changes in the FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts.Overview of FIDIC 2017 Edition Series ContractsThe FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts consist of the following contracts:- Red Book (Conditions of Contract for Construction)- Yellow Book (Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build)- Silver Book (Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects)- Green Book (Short Form of Contract)- Blue Book (Client/Consultant Model Services Agreement)Changes and Updates in the FIDIC 2017 Edition Series ContractsThe FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts introduce several key changes and updates, including:- Introduction of new provisions for dispute avoidance and resolution mechanisms- Clarification of the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in the contract- Introduction of new provisions for the use of digital tools and technologies in the management of contracts- Inclusion of provisions for environmental and social sustainability considerations- Introduction of new payment mechanisms and provisions for the management of variations and claimsKey Features of the FIDIC 2017 Edition Series ContractsThe FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts include a number of key features that make them unique and widely used in the construction industry. Some of the key features of these contracts include:- Standardized forms of contract that provide a clear and consistent framework for the management of construction projects- Balanced risk allocation between the parties involved in the contract- Provisions for flexibility and adaptability to suit the specific needs of different projects- Comprehensive set of provisions covering all aspects of the construction project lifecycle- Global recognition and acceptance by governments, international funding agencies, and industry stakeholdersConclusionThe FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts are the latest editions of the FIDIC standard forms of contract and reflect the current industry practices and trends. These contracts provide a clear and consistent framework for the management of construction projects, with provisions for dispute avoidance and resolution mechanisms, roles and responsibilities of the parties, use of digital tools and technologies, and environmental and social sustainability considerations. The FIDIC 2017 Edition Series Contracts are widely used in the construction industry worldwide and are recognized for their balanced risk allocation, flexibility, and adaptability.篇3The FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts – An OverviewIntroductionThe FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) 2017 Suite of Contracts is a series of standard forms of contract for the construction industry. These contracts are widely used globally and are considered to be the most comprehensive and reputable standard forms in the industry. The FIDIC 2017 Suite consists of seven different contracts, each tailored to meet the specific needs of different types of construction projects.Overview of the FIDIC 2017 Suite1. Conditions of Contract for Construction (Red Book)The Red Book is the most commonly used contract in the FIDIC 2017 Suite and is designed for use on large construction projects. It provides a detailed framework for the parties to manage the construction process, including the roles and responsibilities of each party, the procedures for making variations to the works, and the mechanisms for resolving disputes.2. Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build (Yellow Book)The Yellow Book is specifically designed for projects where the contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the works. It sets out the obligations of thecontractor in relation to the design and construction of the works, as well as the procedures for submitting and assessing designs.3. Conditions of Contract for EPC/Turnkey Projects (Silver Book)The Silver Book is intended for use on projects where the contractor is responsible for engineering, procurement, and construction. It provides a comprehensive framework for managing the project, including the requirements for completion and handover of the works.4. Short Form of Contract (Green Book)The Green Book is a simplified form of contract that is often used for smaller projects or projects with lower levels of risk. It is designed to be easy to understand and use, with fewer provisions and less complexity than the other contracts in the Suite.5. Conditions of Contract for Design-Build and Operate Projects (Gold Book)The Gold Book is intended for projects where the contractor is responsible for designing, building, and operating the works. It sets out the requirements for the design and construction of theworks, as well as the operation and maintenance of the works during the operation phase.6. Subcontract for Construction (Sub-Contract)The Sub-Contract is used on projects where the main contractor wishes to subcontract part of the works to another party. It provides a framework for the main contractor to engage a subcontractor and sets out the rights and obligations of both parties.7. Short Form of Subcontract (Green Subcontract)The Green Subcontract is a simplified form of subcontract that is often used for smaller or less complex subcontracts. It is designed to be easy to understand and use, with fewer provisions and less complexity than the main Sub-Contract.ConclusionThe FIDIC 2017 Suite of Contracts provides a comprehensive and internationally recognized framework for managing construction projects. Each contract in the Suite is tailored to meet the specific needs of different types of projects, from large construction projects to smaller subcontracts. By using the FIDIC 2017 Suite, parties can ensure that their contracts are clear, fair,and balanced, and that they have a reliable framework for managing the project from start to finish.。

最新fidic合同通用6篇

最新fidic合同通用6篇最新fidic合同篇一Contractor's Claims 承包商的索赔Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board 争端裁决委员会的任命。

Failure to Agreement Dispute Adjudication Board 对争端裁决委员会未能取得一致时。

Obtaining Dispute Adjudication Board's Decision 取得争端裁决委员会的决定Amicable Settlement 友好解决Arbitration 仲裁。

Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board's Decision 未能遵守争端裁决委员会的决定Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board's Appointment 争端裁决委员会任命期满最新fidic合同篇二发包方:(以下简称甲方)承包方:(以下简称乙方)根据《xxx合同法》、《xxx矿产资源法》及其他有关法律、法规,为明确双方在地热钻井工程施工和经济活动中的权利、义务,本着平等互利的原则,经双方协商一致,特签订本合同。

第一条工程项目1、工程名称:2、工程地点:3、工程项目批准单位:第二条工程技术要求1、设计井深:米23、施工须遵照国家或行业有关规范、本合同规定、《地质设计》和《工程施工设计》等文件执行。

4、乙方提供能够钻探第三条承包范围地质、钻井工程设计、钻前工程准备、钻井施工工程、钻井施工所用各种材料、测井作业、固井作业、气举洗井试水。

第四条工程造价第五条双方的权利和义务1、甲方的权利和义务:(1)负责办理所有与该工程有关的手续,并提供该项目可行性论证报告或设计。

(2)负责做好施工现场勘察工作,保证井场天空、地面、地下无影响工程施工的人为障碍物,同时做好施工现场“三通一平”的工作。

FIDIC合同条件概述+合同范本+通用条款解释

FIDIC合同条件概述“FIDIC”一词是国际咨询工程师联合会(法文FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DESINGENIEURS - CONSEILS)的缩写。

FIDIC条件的标准文本由英语写成。

FIDIC合同条件第一版由国际咨询工程师联合会于1957年颁布,1963年FIDIC合同条件第二版、1977年FIDIC合同条件第三版、1987年FIDIC合同条件第四版相继问世。

目前使用的国际咨询工程师联合会(FIDIC)编制的《业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书》、《设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件》、《电气与机械工程合同条件》、《土木工程施工合同条件》、《土木工程施工分包合同条件》一般分为协议书、通用(标准)条件和专用特殊条件等三大部分。

(一)FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件(白皮书)FIDIC业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书条件由协议书、标准条件(第一部分)、特殊应用条件(第二部分)等组成,计44条。

并通过业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书应用指南加以具体指导。

业主/咨询工程师标准服务协议书应用指南由第一章引言、第二章白皮书——第一部分和第二部分(计44条)、第三章白皮书——附加讨论、第四章附件A——服务范围、第五章附件B——业主提供的职员、设备、设施和其他人员的服务、第六章附件C——报酬和支付、第七章授权范围及其制定等组成。

(二)FIDIC设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件(橘皮书)FIDIC设计-建造与交钥匙工程合同条件包括:第一部分——通用条件:(1)合同;(2)雇主;(3)雇主代表;(4)承包商;(5)设计;(6)职员与劳工;(7)工程设备、材料和工艺;(8)开工、延误和暂停;(9)竣工检验;(10)雇主的接收;(11)竣工后的检验;(12)缺陷责任;(13)合同价格与支付;(14)变更;(15)承包商的违约;(16)雇主的违约;(17)风险和责任;(18)保险;(19)不可抗力;(20)索赔、争端与仲裁。

(完整)FIDIC国际合同条款中英文对照.doc

CONTENTS目录1General Provisions一般规定 (5)1.1Definitions定义 (5)1.2Interpretation解释 (10)1.3Communications通信交流 (11)1.4Law and Language法律和语言 (12)1.5Priority of Document文件优先次序 (12)1.6Contract Agreement合同协议书 (12)1.7Assignment权益转让 (13)1.8Care and Supply of Document文件的照管和提供 (13)1.9Confidentiality保密性 (14)1.10Employer’s Use of Contractor’s Documents雇主使用承包商文件 (14)1.11Contractor’s Use of Employer’s Documents承包商使用雇主文件 (15)1.12Confidential Details保密事项 (15)1.13Compliance with Laws遵守法律 (15)1.14Joint and Several Liability共同的和各自的责任 (16)2The Employer雇主 (16)2.1Right of Access to the Site现场进入权 (16)2.2Permits, Licences or Approves许可、执照或批准 (17)2.3Employer’s personnel雇主人员 (18)2.4Employer’s Fi nancial Arrangements雇主的资金安排 (18)2.5Employer’s Claims雇主的索赔 (18)3The Employe r’s Administration雇主的管理 (19)3.1The Employer’s Representative雇主代表 (19)3.2The Employer’s personnel其他雇主人员 (20)3.3Delegated Persons受托人员 (20)3.4Instructions指示 (21)3.5Determinations确定 (21)4The Contractor承包商 (21)4.1The Contractor’s General Obligations承包商的一般义务 (22)4.2Performance security履约担保 (22)4.3Contractor’s Representative承包商代表 (23)4.4Subcontractors分包商 (24)4.5Nominated Subcontractors指定的分包商 (25)4.6Co-operation合作 (25)4.7Setting out放线 (26)4.8Safety procedures安全程序 (26)4.9Quality Assurance质量保证 (27)4.10Site Data现场数据 (27)4.11Sufficiency of the Contract Price合同价格 (28)4.12Unforeseeable Difficulties不可预见的困难 (28)4.13Rights of way and Facilities道路通行权于设施 (28)4.14Avoidance of Interference避免干扰 (29)4.15Access Route进场通路 (29)4.16Transport of Goods货物运输 (30)4.17Contractor’s Equipment承包商设备 (30)4.18Protection of the Environment环境保护 (30)4.19Electricity, Water and Gas电、水和燃气 (31)4.20Employer’s Equipment and Free-Issue Material雇主设备和免费供应的材料 (31)4.21Progress Reports进度报告 (32)4.22Security of the Site现场保安 (33)4.23Contractor’s Operations on Site承包商的现场作业 (34)4.24Fossils化石 (34)5Design设计 (35)5.1General Design Obligations设计义务一般要求 (35)5.2Contractor’s Documents承包商文件 (36)5.3Contractor’s Undertaking承包商的承诺 (37)5.4Technical Standards and Regulations技术标准和法规 (37)5.5Training培训 (38)5.6As-Built Documents竣工文件 (38)5.7Operation and Maintenance Manuals操作和维修手册 (39)5.8Design Error设计错误 (39)6Staff and Labour员工 (39)6.1Engagement of Staff and Labour员工的雇用 (40)6.2Rates of Wages and Conditions of Labour工资标准和劳动条件 (40)6.3Persons in the Service of Employer为雇主服务的人员 (40)6.4Labour Laws劳动法 (40)6.5Working Hours工作时间 (41)6.6Facilities for Staff and Labour为员工提供设施 (41)6.7Health and Safety健康和安全 (41)6.8Contractor’s Superintendence承包商的监督 (42)6.9Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员 (42)6.10Records of contractor’s Personnel and Equipment承包商人员和设备的记录 (43)6.11Disorderly Conduct无序行为 (43)7Plant, Materials and Workmanship生产设备、材料和工艺 (43)7.1Manner of Execution实施方法 (43)7.2Samples样品 (44)7.3Inspection检验 (44)7.4Testing试验 (45)7.5Rejection拒收 (46)7.6Remedial Work修补工作 (46)7.7Ownership of Plant and Materials生产设备和材料的所有权 (47)7.8Royalties土地(矿区)使用费 (47)8Commencement,Delays and Suspension开工、延误和暂停 (48)8.1Commencement of Works工程的开工 (48)8.2Time for Completion竣工时间 (48)8.3Programme进度计划 (49)8.4Extension of Time for Completion竣工时间延长 (50)8.5Delays Caused by Authorities当局造成的延误 (50)8.6Rate of Progress工程进度 (51)8.7Delay Damages误期损害赔偿费 (51)8.8Suspension of Work暂时停工 (52)8.9Consequences of Suspension暂停的后果 (52)8.10Payment for Plant and Materials in Event of Suspension暂停时对生产设备和材料的付款 (53)8.11Prolonged Suspension托长的暂停 (53)8.12Resumption of Work复工 (53)9Tests on Completion竣工试验 (54)9.1Contractor’s Obligations承包商的义务 (54)9.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (55)9.3Retesting重新试验 (55)9.4Failure to Pass Tests on Completion未能通过竣工试验 (56)10Employer’s Taking Over雇主的接收 (56)10.1Taking Over of the Works and Sections工程和分项工程的接收 (56)10.2Taking Over of Parts of the Works部分工程的接收 (57)10.3Interference with Tests on Completion对竣工试验的干扰 (57)11Defects Liability缺陷责任 (58)11.1Completion of Outstanding Work and Remedying Defects完成扫尾工作和修补缺陷 (58)11.2Cost of Remedying Defects修补缺陷的费用 (59)11.3Extension of Defects Notification Period缺陷通知期的延长 (59)11.4Failure to Remedy Defects未能修补的缺陷 (60)11.5Removal of Defective Work移出有缺陷的工程 (60)11.6Further Tests进一步试验 (61)11.7Right of Access进入权 (61)11.8Contractor to Search承包商调查 (61)11.9Performance Certificate履约证书 (62)11.10Unfulfilled Obligations未履行的义务 (62)11.11Clearance of Site现场清理 (62)12Tests after Completion竣工后试验 (63)12.1Procedure for Tests after Completion竣工后试验的程序 (63)12.2Delayed Tests延误的试验 (64)12.3Retesting重新试验 (64)12.4Failure to Pass Tests after Completion未能通过的竣工后试验 (65)13Variations and Adjustments变更和调整 (66)13.1Right to Vary变更权 (66)13.2Value Engineering价值工程 (66)13.3Variation Procedure变更程序 (66)13.4Payment in Applicable Currencies以适用货币支付 (67)13.5Provisional Sums暂列金额 (67)13.6Daywork计日工作 (68)13.7Adjustments for Changes in Legislation因法律改变的调整 (69)13.8Adjustments for Changes in Cost因成本改变的调整 (70)14Contract price and Payment合同价格和支付 (70)14.1The Contract Price合同价格 (70)14.2Advance payment预付款 (70)14.3Application for Interim Payments期中付款的申请 (72)14.4Schedule of Payments付款价格表 (73)14.5Plant and Materials intended for the Works拟用于工程的生产设备和材料 (73)14.6Interim Payments期中付款 (74)14.7Timing of Payments付款的时间安排 (74)14.8Delayed Payment延误的付款 (75)14.9Payment of Retention Money保留金支付 (75)14.10Statement at Completion施工报表 (76)14.11Application for Final Payment最终付款的申请 (76)14.12Discharge结清证明 (77)14.13Final Payment最终付款 (77)14.14Cessation of Employer’s Liability雇主责任的中止 (78)14.15Currencies of Payment支付的货币 (78)15Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (79)15.1Notice to Correct通知改正 (79)15.2Termination by Employer由雇主终止 (79)15.3Valuation at Date of Termination终止日期时的估价 (81)15.4Payment after Termination终止后的付款 (81)15.5Employer’s Entitlement to Termination雇主终止的权利 (82)16Suspension and termination by Contractor承包商暂停和终止 (82)16.1Contractor’s Entitlement to Suspend Work承包商暂停工作的权利 (82)16.2Termination by Contractor由承包商终止 (83)16.3Cessation of Work and Removal of Contractor’s Equipment停止工作和承包商设备的撤离 (84)16.4Payment on Termination终止时的付款 (84)17Risk and Responsibility风险和职责 (85)17.1Indemnities保障 (85)17.2Contractor’s Care of the Works承包商对工程的照管 (86)17.3Employer’s Risks雇主的风险 (87)17.4Consequence of Employer’s Risks雇主风险的后果 (87)17.5Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights知识产权和工业产权 (88)17.6Limitation of Liability责任限度 (89)18Insurance保险 (89)18.1General Requirements for Insurances有关保险的一般要求 (89)18.2Insurance for Works and Contractor’s Equipment工程和承包商设备的保险 (91)18.3Insurance against Injury to Persons and Damage to Property人身伤害和财产损害险 (93)18.4Insurance for Contractor’s Personnel承包商人员的保险 (94)19Force Majeure不可抗力 (94)19.1Definition of Force Majeure不可抗力的定义 (95)19.2Notice of Force Majeure不可抗力的通知 (96)19.3Duty to Minimise Delay将延误减至最小的义务 (96)19.4Consequences of Force Majeure不可抗力的后果 (96)19.5Force Majeure Affecting Subcontractor不可抗力影响分包商 (97)19.6Optional Termination, Payment and Release自主选择终止、支付和解除 (97)19.7Release from Performance under the Law根据法律解除履约 (98)20Claims, Disputes and Arbitration索赔、争端和仲裁 (98)20.1Contractor’s Claims承包商的索赔 (99)20.2Appointment of the Dispute Adjudication Board争端裁决委员会的任命 (100)20.3Failure to Agreement Dispute Adjudication Board对争端裁决委员会未能取得一致时 (102)20.4Obtaining Dispute Adjudicat ion Board’s Decision取得争端裁决委员会的决定 (102)20.5Amicable Settlement友好解决 (103)20.6Arbitration仲裁 (104)20.7Failure to Comply with Dispute Adjudication Board’s Decision未能遵守争端裁决委员会的决定 (105)20.8Expiry of Dispute Adjudication Board’s Appointment争端裁决委员会任命期满 (105)1General Provisions一般规定1.1Definitions定义In the Conditions of Contract (“these Conditions”), which include Particular Conditions and these General Conditions, the following words and expressions shall have the meaning stated. Words indicating persons orparties include corporation and other legal entities, except where the context requires otherwise.在合同条件(“本条件”),包括专用条件和通用条件中,下列词语和措辞应具有以下所述的含义.除上下文另有要求外,文中人员或当事各方等词语包括公司和其他合法实体.The Contract合同“Contract” means the Contract Agreement, these Conditions, the Employer’s Requirement, the Tender, and further document (if any) which are listed in the Contract Agreement.“合同”系指合同协议书、本条件、雇主要求、投标书和合同协议书列出的其他文件(如果有).“Contract Agreement” means the contract agree ment referred to in Sub-Clause 1.6 [Contract Agreement], including any annexed memoranda.“合同协议书”系指第1.6款[合同协议书]中所述的合同协议书及所附各项备忘录.“Employer’s requirements” means the document entitled employer’s requirements, as included in the Contract, and any additions and modifications to such document in accordance with the Contract. Suchdocument specifies the purpose, scope, and/or design and/or other technical criteria, for the Works.“雇主要求”系指合同中包括的,题为雇主要求的文件,其中列明工程的目标、范围、和(或)设计和(或)其他技术标准,以及按合同对此项文件所作的任何补充和修改.“Tender” means the Contractor’s signed offer for the Works and all other documents which the Contractor submitted therewith (other than these Conditions and Employer’s Requirements, if so submitted),as included in the Contract.“投标书”系指包含在合同中的由承包商提交的为完成工程签署的报价,以及随同提交的所有其他文件(本条件和雇主要求除外,如同时提交).“Performance Guarantees” and “Schedule of payments” mean the documents so named (if any), as included in the Contract.“履约保证”和“付款计划表”系指合同中包括的具有上述名称的文件(如果有).Parties and Persons各方和人员“Party” means the Employ er or the Contractor, as the context requires.“当事方(或一方)”根据上下文需要,或指雇主,或指承包商。

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2008年第4期总第229期外语与外语教学Foreign Languages and Their Teaching 2008,№4Serial №229英文合同范本语篇中前指分布规律研究———以F I D I C 合同条件为例王 卉 姚振军(1.大连外国语学院,辽宁大连 116002;2.东北财经大学,辽宁大连 116021) 摘 要:建立在修辞结构理论基础之上的前指分布规律可以用来分析语篇中名词和代词前指分布的情况。

本文借助该规律,以F I D I C 合同条件为例,通过与普通语篇中的前指分布对比,以期总结出英文合同范本语篇中的前指分布规律。

关键词:修辞结构理论;前指;F I D I C 合同条件;合同范本Abstract:The rule of the distribution of the nominal and pronominal anaphora based on the Rhetorical Structure Theory is employed in this paper to analyze the texts from FI D I C Contract Conditions .The special distribution of the anaphora proves the exactness of the language in this contract .Key W ords:RST,anaphora;FI D I C Contract Conditions;model contract中图分类号:H0 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1004-6038(2008)04-0021-051.引言合同范本可以把某种类型的商业交易所积累的商务经验、技术要求和法律条款规范化,因此许多公司、甚至我国政府的有关部门都制作各种类型的合同标准文本,为企业在订立合同时作为参考。

联合国和有关国际组织从70年代起,开始编制各种合同示范文本或指南,为合同的谈判和订立提供帮助。

然而,在国际英文合同范本在我国的推广过程中,相关专业人员由于对英文合同语言的生疏,在具体条款的理解和解释过程中往往产生分歧甚至误解。

因篇幅和本文作者水平所限,本文仅以FI D I C 合同条件为例,进行英文合同范本的研究。

FI D I C 合同条件是最典型、最标准的国际英文合同范本之一。

它是国际咨询工程师联合会(FI D I C )编制的一系列标准的土木工程施工条件范本,专门用于国际工程项目。

它们不仅被FI D I C 会员国在世界范围内广泛使用,也被世界银行、亚洲开发银行、非洲开发银行等世界金融组织在招标文件中使用。

本文拟借助建立在修辞结构理论基础之上的前指分布规律,选取FI D I C 合同条件中的语篇样本与普通语篇样本相对比,尝试总结英文合同范本语篇中的前指分布规律,以期为相关专业人员更好理解合同范本提供帮助。

2.修辞结构理论修辞结构理论(Rhetorical Structure Theory,简称RST )由美国学者Mann 和Thompson 等人首创于20世纪80年代,是一套关于语篇结构描写的理论,重点研究语篇结构中的修辞结构。

RST 理论首先从小句的连接关系开始,逐步过渡到各种长度的自然段落和完整语篇的研究。

在研究的过程中,Mann 和Thompson 发现,无论是小句、还是更大的语篇单位间都是由一些为数不多、反复出现的关系连接的,如环境关系、阐述关系、背景关系、证据关系、解释关系、条件关系、列举关系、对比关系、目的关系、原因关系、结果关系等(Mann &Thompson,1987:57-59)。

这些关系有时由关联词语做标记,有时则完全是隐含的。

另外,不对称性在关系结构中占主导地位,即绝大部分的关系是卫星(satellite )和核心(nucleus )的关系。

其次,“RST 理论旨在描写那些使得篇章成为人类交际有效的和能理解的工具的功能和结构”(夏蓉,2003:59)。

RST 理论认为篇章的整体性(unity )和连贯性(coherence )都源于功能性,因此RST 理论研究句子和句子之间的关系是从功能的角度考虑的。

第三,RST 理论认为整个篇章的各个小句的组合是有层次的。

“其特点是两个基本的部分组成一个较大的部分,这个较大的部分再与另一部分组成更大的部分,直至形成语篇”(徐赳赳&Jonathan J.Web 2ster,1999:17)。

每个篇章的层次多少是不固定的,层次的多少是由篇章中句与句之间的语义关系的复杂程度决定的。

一般情况下,语义关系越复杂,层次就越多。

例如:(1)Aaron wanted to look just like his daddy .(2)So he let his hair get long ...(3)Only then he started to have problems .(Munsch,2000:1)根据RST 理论,此语篇主要的、较高层次的结构是转折关系结构,其核心语句为(3),卫星语句为(1)和(2)。

其中卫星语句又是以一个结果关系结构来完成,该结构是此语篇中较低层次的关系结构,(1)句是该较低层次关系结构的卫星语句,(2)句是核心语句。

3.前指分布规律从广义上来说,前指现象包括任何具有回指作用的语法形式,但一般对前指现象的研究大多限于名词性的词或短语。

前指成分与其先行词是一种语义上的共指关系,“共指是保持语义连贯的衔接手段,其前指成分一般是特定的代词或具有代词性质的副词,理解其所指时,基本上在语言本身范围内就可以解决”。

(熊学亮,1999:8)自创立以来,RST 理论被广泛地应用于语言学问题的研究中。

Fox Barbara A.在对该理论发展及修正的基础上,建立了关于前指在英语文本中的分布以及名词短语和代词选择的理论。

Fox (1987:36)有关前指作者简介:王卉,讲师,博士,研究方向:语言学;姚振军,讲师,大连理工大学博士生,研究方向:典籍英译收稿日期:2008-02-28(修改稿) 第4期王 卉 姚振军 英文合同范本语篇中前指分布规律研究・22 ・ 分布理论指出:“语篇的信息流程、篇章结构、前指的分布这三者之间有着密切的联系,任何对前指的分析都应重视其在语篇等级结构中的释义”。

在修辞结构理论的基础上,Fox(1987)提出了对代词前指及名词前指在篇章中分布规律的完整论述,本文将其归纳为以下几条。

第一条规律是关于代词前指与“积极语句”或“制约语句”。

Fox (1987)指出当某个功能语句后跟有核心语句或卫星语句时,该语句则成为“积极语句”。

在功能语句与功能语句之间,其中一个功能语句为“积极语句”时,另一个功能语句则成为“制约语句”。

Fox (1987)认为“积极语句”或“制约语句”中提到的人或物,在以后语句中可由代词前指来指代。

第二条规律是关于名词前指与“非积极语句”或“非制约语句”。

Fox(1987)指出当某个功能语句对于前句来说,既非积极语句,也非制约语句时,该句中就应该使用名词前指。

第三条规律是关于代词前指与结构简单的回文。

名词前指和代词前指的选择很大程度上取决于最近的先行词与代词或名词词组的距离,但是距离理论并不能完全解释前指的分布。

较远的修辞结构可与前一个语句粘合,从而使其成为“制约语句”。

Fox(1987)将这种与较远的语句粘合的模式称为“回文”。

“回文”中,名词前指或代词前指的使用取决于“回文”本身。

如果“回文”结构简单,并提及前指先行词,那么可用代词前指。

第四条规律接第三条而来,即如果回文的结构比较复杂,则使用名词前指。

第五条规律是关于名词前指与“新修辞结构”。

代词可以用来指代“积极语句”或“制约语句”中的人或物,或用于结构简单的回文。

但实际上,在很多文章中,人们更多使用的却是名词前指。

所以可以理解为在新的修辞结构关系开始时,可使用名词前指。

4.前指分布规律对普通语篇的实例分析为了使读者更加清楚普通文本与FI D I C合同条件在前指分布方面的差别,笔者抽取China Daily中“Donπt Stereotype Us,Says Private Entrepreneur”一文进行对比研究。

该文本讲述的是万丰奥特控股集团董事长陈爱莲的创业经历,以及她作为浙江私营企业的唯一代表参加党的十七大的事迹。

(1)Dressed in a branded suit with high heels to boot and driving a Rolls Royce,Chen Ailian appears to be the archetypical success story.(2)She is that,and an ardent member of the Communist Party of China(CPC),too.(3)And she sees no contradiction.(4)The492year2old,who leads a sprawling business empire,has drawn much attention at the ongoing17th CPC National Congress as the sole representative of the private sector from Zhejiang Province,the cradle of the countryπs entrepreneurs.(5)Chen,who started as a truck driver,is chair woman of Wanfeng Auto Holding Group—the largestmanufacturer of aluminum alloywheels in Asia and one of the top50auto parts suppliers in the country.(6)Her story best epitomizes the boom of the private economy and the rising political status of the private sector.(7)Chen began her career in the auto parts business in1994by bor2rowing half a million yuan($66,600)and renting an abandoned factory with a dozen lathes.(8)Now,her business has expanded to the European,American and Japanese markets,with partnerships sealed with key car makers such as Ford,Toyota,and G M.(9)Half of her companyπs sales are overseas.(10)The group,headquartered in Shaoxing—Chenπs hometown—has branches in eight provinces and cities including Guangzhou,Shanghai and Shandong.(11)Chen joined the Party in1995,a year after she started her busi2 ness;and also set up a Party organization in her group in the late1990s,a rare move for a private entrepreneur.(12)That has given her business a sharper edge as four in five in her management and technology teams are Party members.(13)When she was elected a delegate to the Party congress,Chen was not surprised.(14)“Like workers,far mers,intellectuals,cadres and soldiers,pri2 vate entrepreneurs are also builders of socialis m with Chinese characteris2 tics”,she said.(Wu Jiao,2007:1)运用修辞结构理论对上述篇章进行图解(图1),我们可以确定功能语句(4)为核心语句,此核心语句中的关键词是分别是business 和representative,因为business说明陈爱莲的一个身份是企业的董事长,而representative说明了她的另一个身份是党的十七大代表。

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