Denotation and Connotation
words-2
Connotation
Torrents of water rushed down the mountain, roaring like an angry lion. The construction site awoke, the workmen rolled off their beds only to step into water. More than 100 thronged southward simultaneously. But there, floodwater more than two feet deep was whirling a wild dance, so the workmen had to draw back halfway in disorder. There was no way out eastward or westward either. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
The construction site awoke:
The construction site suddenly became active and
noisy.
the workmen rolled off their beds. the workmen got up very quickly. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north. The only way out then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.
UNITDENOTATIONCONNOTATION
UNIT: DENOTATION & CONNOTATIONLESSON PLANS: Introduction, Practice, Application, Poetry, Night, QuizA. CDE STANDARDS: 9 & 10 Reading/Language Arts1.0Word Analysis, Fluency, and Systematic Vocabulary Development1.1 Identify and use the literal and figurative meaning of words1.2 Distinguish between the denotative and connotative meanings ofwords and interpret the connotative power of words.B. OBJECTIVESStudents will:∙Define and explore the concept of connotation∙Examine how word choice affects meaning∙Practice and apply the concept of connotationLESSON PLAN: INRODUCTIONEXAMPLES:1. Home, House, Residence, DwellingDenotation:These words all mean a place in which someone lives.Connotation:Home: cozy, loving, comfortable, security, images or feelings of peopleyou associate with itIt could also opposite --depending upon a person’s experience s.(Traditionally, the connotation is “cozy, loving,” etc., and a readershould be aware of this and other connotations in a readingpassage.)House: the actual building or structureResidence: Cold, no feelingDwelling: primitive or basic (picture a cave, etc.)2. Vagrants, people with no address, homelessVagrants: nuisancePeople with no address: official, neutral, businesslikeHomeless: object of pity/charity, not as negative as vagrant3. Overweight vs. fat4. Job vs. career5. Student vs. scholar6. Doctor vs. physician7. Rich vs. wealthy8. Immigrant vs. alien9. Alien vs. illegalLESSON PLAN: PRACTICERead the following sentences.Annette was surprised.Annette was amazed.Annette was astonished.1. What is the general meaning of each of the three sentences about Annette? Do the words “surprised,”“amazed,” and “astonished” have approximately the same denotation?2. What additional meanings are suggested by “astonish?” Would one be more likely to be surprised or astonished at seeing a ghost?3. Which word in each pair below has the more favorable connotation to you? Circle your answer.o Thrifty - penny-pinchingo Pushy - aggressiveo Politician - statesmano Chef - cooko Slender - skinny4. The closer a word is to describing what an individual believes about him/herself, the more positive the euphemism becomes. Thus:∙I am a genius / You are a nerd / He is a show-off∙I am a brilliant conve rsationalist / You “talk a lot” / She “never shuts up”DENOTATION & CONNOTATION QUIZWhich connotation is more positive? Write the answer (the word) in the _________1. Our trip to the amusement park was _____.a) fineb) wonderful2. _______ people rode on the roller coaster.a) Braveb) Foolhardy3. We saw _____ animals in the animal house.a) fascinatingb) weird4. Some of the monkeys made _____ faces.a) hilariousb) amusing5. Everyone had a _____ on his or her face on the way home.a) smileb) smirkWhich connotation is more negative?6. We bought _____ souvenirs at the amusement park.a) cheapb) inexpensive7. I ate a _____ sandwich.a) soggyb) moist8. Mike _____ us to go to the funny house.a) naggedb) reminded9. I didn't like the _____ on the jester's face.a) smirkb) grin10. It made me feel _____.a) uneasyb) frightenedWhich is the best answer?11. Which is worth more?a) something oldb) something antique12. Which is better?a) to be skinnyb) to be slender13. Which would you rather be called?a) thriftyb) cheap14. Which would a vain person be more likely to do?a) strollb) parade15. Which is more serious?a) problemb) disaster16. Which is more polite?a) sip a drinkb) gulp it17. Which would you be if you hadn't eaten for several days?a) hungryb) starving18. Which would you be after a walk in the mud?a) filthyb) dirtyLESSON PLAN: POETRYSince everyone reacts emotionally to certain words, writers often deliberately select words that they think will influence your reactions and appeal to your emotions. Read the dictionary definition (DENOTATION) below.cock roach (kok' roch'), n. any of an order of nocturnal insects, usuallybrown with flattened oval bodies, some species of which are householdpests inhabiting kitchens, areas around water pipes, etc. [Spanishcucaracha]1.What does the word cockroach mean to you?2.Is a cockroach merely an insect or is it also a household nuisance and a disgustingcreature?**See what meanings poets Wild and Morley find in roaches in the following poems.RoachesLast night when I got upto let the dog out I spieda cockroach in the bathroomcrouched flat on the coolporcelain,delicateantennae probing the toothpaste capand feasting himself on a gobof it in the bowl:I killed him with one unprofessionalblow,scattering arms and legsand half his body in the sink...I would have no truck with roaches,crouched like lions in the ledges of sewerstheir black eyes in the darknessalert for tasty slime,breeding quickly and without design,laboring up drainpipes through filthto the light;I read once they are amongthe most antediluvian of creatures,surviving everything, and in more primitive timesthrived to the size of your hand...yet when sinking asleepor craning at the stars,I can feel their light feetprobing in my veins,their whiskers nibblingthe insides of my toes;and neck arched,feel their patient scramblingup the dark tubes of my throat.--Peter Wildfrom Nursery Rhymes for the Tender-heartedScuttle, scuttle, little roach-How you run when I approach:Up above the pantry shelfHastening to secrete yourself.Most adventurous of vermin,How I wish I could determineHow you spend your hours of ease,Perhaps reclining on the cheese.Cook has gone, and all is dark-Then the kitchen is your park;In the garbage heap that she leavesDo you browse among the tea leaves?How delightful to suspectAll the places you have trekked:Does your long antenna whisk itsGentle tip across the biscuits?Do you linger, little soul,Drowsing in our sugar bowl?Or, abandonment most utter,Shake a shimmy on the butter?Do you chant your simple tunesSwimming in the baby's prunes?Then, when dawn comes, do you slinkHomeward to the kitchen sink?Timid roach, why be so shy?We are brothers, thou and I,In the midnight, like yourself,I explore the pantry shelf!--Christopher Morley Reread the dictionary definition.3.Which of the denotative characteristics of a cockroach both poets include in their poems?4.What characteristics does Wild give his roaches that are not in the dictionary definition?5.What additional characteristics does Morley give to roaches?In each poem, the insect acquires meaning beyond its dictionary definition. Bothpoets lead us away from a literal view of roaches to a nonliteral one.6.Which poet succeeds in giving roaches favorable connotations?7.Which poet comes closer to expressing your own feelings about roaches?LESSON PLAN:PRACTICE /APPLICATIONPreparation1.During this lesson three students demonstrate the sentence "She walked into the room."Before you begin the lesson, prepare these students by asking them to walk into the room in a particular manner:o Ask one student to walk in quickly, as if she is late. She's not to run, but she should seem rushed and hurried.o Ask another student to walk in at a fairly normal speed, but as if she is very happy and pleased. She might bounce in or float in dreamily.o Ask the last student to walk in very slowly, as if she really isn't interested in the class and has plenty of time to get into her seat.Instruction and Activities1.Write the following sentence on the board or overhead projector, "She walked into theroom."2.Discuss the meaning of the sentence. What can we really tell about what the student did?Point out to students that the sentence is rather bland, because we cannot visualizeanything about the action.3.Send the three students you've prepared into the hallway, and ask them to enter one at atime, following your instructions.4.Think aloud as you revise the sentence—write your new version under the original aseach student enters so that you have four sentences on the board once all the studentshave entered:How could we replace the verb, so that we get a better understanding of the personentering the room? If I change the sentence to "She rushed into the room," how do theverb's connotations help to see not only what she looked like, but also what type ofperson she is? Or maybe I should say that "She hurried into the room"? I'm not sure.Maybe I'll write both.Okay, here comes another student. "She walked into the room" doesn't really capturewhat she's doing either. Hmm. What about "She bounced into the room." Or instead ofjust the verb, maybe I should add an adverb that tells the reader more: "She bouncedhappily into the room." Okay. That's better.Last student. Wow. She's walking very slowly. Looks like she doesn't even want to behere. I wonder if I should revise the sentence to say "She meandered into the room." Ormaybe add an adverb and leave the verb alone: "She walked slowly into the room."5.Once you've created three revised sentences, ask students to think about the differencesbetween the original sentence and the new versions. Pay particular attention to the way connotation and word choice changed the meaning.6.Ask students to suggest other verbs for the sentence and discuss the related connotations.Possible words include the following: strutted, slithered, pranced, oozed, and marched.Ask students to consider how the verb choice affects the mental image that we form of this person and how effective word choice can affect writing. If time allows, students might dramatize some of these word options as well.7.When you are confident that students are prepared to consider the word choice in theirown writing, ask students to choose a paragraph in their writer's journals or a paper that they are working on to revise, paying particular attention to connotation.APPLICATIONIf students need more examples before revising their own writing, work as a whole class or in small groups to revise several paragraphs for more vivid detail. You can either use the Connotation Revision handout (ATTACHED), or ask a student to volunteer a passage from his or her writing for the class to consider.8.Ask students to rewrite the paragraph to create a vivid effect, so that the reader can seewhat is happening and see the setting where the action occurs.9.Monitor student progress to ensure that writers are comfortable with the task.10.Once the mini-lesson is complete, ask students to explore the pieces that they are writing(RESOURCE: READER’S/WRITER’S NOTEBOOK) for additional places where they can add more vivid details. Students may work during their in-class writing time orcomplete the revisions as homework.Connotation Revision PassageIt was a hot day. The sun was shining and the insects were humming. He located the tracks and began to follow them.The tracks went up a small hill. He walked up the hill, prepared to shoot at any second. Something made a noise in the bushes and he stopped to listen. He pointed, but did not shoot. A squirrel climbed up a tree, stopped to look at him for a second, and then climbed out of sight.He breathed heavily for a moment, and then looked back at the tracks, which went into the underbrush up ahead. He walked toward the bushes and then knelt down to see where the tracks went. He found himself looking into the eyes of a big snake. The snake stuck out its tongue, and then crawled away. He began to crawl through the bushes, following the tracks.The underbrush opened out into a large clearing with a big tree in the middle. The tracks went across the clearing. He walked across and sat under the tree. The sun was shining and the insects were buzzing. The breeze blew and he felt it on his face.He got up and followed the tracks back into the forest. He stepped over logs, ducked under branches, and climbed over rocks. The tracks stopped at a stream. He bent over and got a drink. Suddenly he felt a shadow over him and looked up. The bear was standing over him. He grabbed his camera, aimed, and shot several pictures.。
写作教程(一)unit-1标准答案
写作教程(一)unit-1标准答案Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotesprotection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2.Word Denotation Connotation Sentencegold a precious yellow metal wealth, value,preciousness, etcSilence is gold.moon the natural body that moves around the earthonce every 28 days tranquility, purity,something out ofreach, etc.There’s no pointhoping for peace inthe country. It’s likeasking for the moon.ice water frozen so that it has become solid coldness,indifference, cruelty,death, etc.The ice in his voicewas only to hide thepain.blood red liquid flowing through the bodies ofhumans and animals family background,descent, race,temperament, etc.Blood is thicker thanwater.bravery, spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty anddelicacy.AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities1.Favorable Neutral Unfavorableunique, quaint strange bizarre, abnormal resolute, steadfast stubborn, dogged pigheadedcompliment (v.) praise, commend, flatter lick one’s bootssenior citizen old person fossilbachelor girl single woman spinsterCollocationSuggested answers to the exercisea.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1.1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour or flower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solid surface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one’s body in a flat position, andlie meaning to say something dishonest.2. a. Your fever rose yesterday.b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella’s eyebrows raised.c. Jack has been lying around all day.d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e. A heavy fog lay over the land.f. White stationery is always appropriate.g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of theroom?h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the schoolall-stars.3. Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt’s not fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passed vs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog’s so thick; I can’t see farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compoundReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when itexpresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb.2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not…but, theverb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctionsdo not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositions or prepositional phrases such as as well as, asmuch as, rather than, along with, in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including.Reference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummary1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take asingular verb.2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, half, the last, the rest, take asingular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.3.Phrases like l ots of, heaps of, loads of take singular or plural verbs dependingon the form of the nouns that follow.4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject noun, theverb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.He was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaignpledges.He was the only one of the candidates who was able to carry out his campaign pledges.b.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents.What one thinks and says are not always the same.c.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summary1.After a relative pronoun (who, which, that), the verb has the same person andnumber as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is the only one, not the candidates.)2.After a what-clause, the verb is usually singular. But if the what-clause is in acompound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.3.In the there-be structure, the verb is singular or plural depending on thenumber of the subject. The singular there is may be used to introduce a compound subject when the first noun or nominal phrase is singular. Reference for the Classroom Activitiesa.Nobody in town admits seeing him.b.Does anyone want to go with me?c.Are any of you going to the exhibition?d.None works/work so hard as he does.e.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.f.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up themeeting.g.The jury is finally complete.h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.j.Semantics is the study of meanings.Summary1.Indefinite pronouns such as anybody, anyone, each, everybody, nobody, no one,and somebody generally require a singular verb.2.The pronouns any and none take either singular or plural verbs.3.The complement of the verb be does not affect its number.4. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is thought ofas a unit, but a plural verb when the members of the class are thought of as individuals.5.Titles of books, magazines, movies, newspapers, plays, and the like take asingular verb.6.Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generallytake a singular verb. Some of these are physics, mechanics, news statistics, and whereabouts.Notes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and theyare quick, easy and convenient.2. A note has three essential components:--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;--the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication toa single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday,you may, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee’s name and acomplimentary close.3. A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show. PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISESa. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer’s attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.3. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astounding success.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditoriumfor the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done very well in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teach her a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her a great deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she was uninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences between the two countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland. Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitude towards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. and became a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter’s gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.。
denotation语言学定义
denotation语言学定义Denotation语言学定义引言：语言学是一门研究语言的学科，其中涉及到许多词汇概念。
Denotation是其中一个重要的概念，本文将从多个角度对其进行全面详细的定义。
一、Denotation的基本概念1.1 定义Denotation指的是一个词或者短语所代表的具体事物或者概念。
它是通过人类普遍约定来建立的，即在某个社会、文化背景下，人们对某个词汇所表示的事物或概念达成了共识。
1.2 特点Denotation有以下几个特点：（1）它是客观存在的，不受主观意志和感情影响；（2）它是普遍共识的，即在某个社会、文化背景下人们对某个词汇所表示的事物或概念达成了共识；（3）它可以通过符号来表示，如文字、音符等。
二、与Connotation比较2.1 Connotation定义Connotation指的是一个词汇除了其字面意义外所涉及到的情感色彩、隐含意义等方面。
2.2 Denotation与Connotation比较Denotation和Connotation都指代一个词汇的意义，但是它们之间存在一些区别：（1）Denotation强调一个词汇在字面上所表示的意义，而Connotation则强调在情感和隐含意义方面的涵义；（2）Denotation是客观存在的，不受主观意志和感情影响，而Connotation则与个人或文化背景有关。
三、Denotation在语言学中的应用3.1 语义学在语义学中，Denotation是一个重要概念。
它被用来描述一个词汇所代表的具体事物或概念。
例如，“狗”这个词汇所代表的就是一种动物。
3.2 词汇选择在词汇选择中，Denotation也扮演着重要角色。
当我们想要表达某个具体事物或概念时，我们需要选择适当的词汇来传达我们想要表达的意思。
3.3 翻译在翻译中，Denotation也非常重要。
翻译者需要准确地理解原文中每个单词所代表的具体事物或概念，并且用恰当的目标语言单词来传达相同的含义。
新视野大学英语第三版第三册第一单元SectionB课件(含全部课后练习答案)
Background information
1. Who is Les Brown?
2. What is special education? 3. What is a DJ?
Tips
Tips
Tips
Background information
1. Who is Les Brown?
Tips
Les Brown is a motivational speaker, former Ohio politician, popular author, radio DJ, and former host of The Les Brown Show. As a politician, he is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives. As a motivational speaker, he uses the catch phrase, “It’s possible,” and teaches people to follow their dreams as he learned to do.
Denotation and Connotation
Example 2
In the end, both Einstein and Edison overcame their childhood persecution and went on to achieve magnificent discoveries that benefit the entire world today. (Text A, Para. 3) Denotation: extremely bad treatment of someone, especially because of their race, religion, or political beliefs
connotationdenotation内涵外延
Word Choice (Denotation and Connotation) 外延和内涵In argumentative writing, as in an editorial, authors choose their words carefully in order to best convince the audience of his/her point of view. They try to pick the most precise words to create the proper tone for their message. The way they achieve this effect is to write with words that have attached to them certain denotations and connotations.Denotation-Dictionary, literal meaning of wordsConnotation-Common associations that people make with words (positive or negative)ExampleWord: GrayDenotation-Color of any shade between the colors of black and whiteConnotation-Negative, Gloom, Sadness, Old AgeWord: MustangDenotation-Small, wild horse of the North American PlainsConnotation-Positive, strong, fast, sleek, beautifulThe connotation of the word is why Ford carmakers would choose to name one of its models “Mustang.”Exercise1.I recognized the familiar smell of my roommate's cooking. If you change theword smell to stench, the word now has a __________ connotation.(Positive/Negative)2.What is the denotation of "snake"An amphibian b. A liar, cheater, or fraud c. Snake4.Read each of the following sentences. Decide from the context whether thespeaker is showing approval or disapproval of the topic. Circle the best word.1. “The sooner we move out of this (home, dump),” said Jack, “the happier I’ll be.”2. This cell phone is (expensive, overpriced), but I don’t mind paying extra because it has so many useful features.3. You’re lucky to have Wilma on your committee. She has lots of (original, crazy) ideas.4. Boss Reed and his (cronies, employees) have controlled the politics in this city for more than twenty years. I certainly hope the other party wins this year!5. It was a beautiful spring day, and the (stench, scent) of apple blossoms filled the whole yard.6. I hope I don’t have to share an office with Janice. Sandra told me how (curious, nosy) she can be.7. “I think Fay is an excellent president,” said the principal. “She really knows how to (manage, meddle).”。
denotation and connotation
In my opinion, the denotation is word’s basic meaning. when we see a word, it maybe means a thing or connotation. So it is word’s denotative. Then when we see a word, we imagine this word’s other meaning ,just be relate to this word, so we say it is word’s connotation.
1,denotation .n. (technical,术语）the act of naming something with a word , the actual object or idea to which the word refers. 指称，指称之物，指称之意，外延
2.Connotation .n. an idea suggested by a word in addition to its main meaning . 含义，隐含意义
2. blue: 蓝色的，天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 having the color of a clear sky or the sea /ocean on a clear day We can see the blue is a common color . But sometimes it has other connotation meaning ,such as “sad” 忧郁的，悲伤的 . And films/movies, jokes or stories that are blue are about sex (a blue movie—see also TRUE-BLUE)
完整版写作教程一unit1答案
Unit 1PART Ⅱ FOCUSDenotation and ConnotationSuggested answer to the questionIf it is your teacher, most probably you will choose b, as the word portly has an implication of a more or less dignified and imposing appearance (e.g. an elderly gentleman, large and portly). However, if it is a doorkeeper, an amiable middle-aged woman, you may choose the word plump as it implies a pleasing fullness of figure (e.g. the plump goddesses of Renaissance paintings). From this exercise we can conclude that words that share the same denotative meanings can be diverse in their connotative meanings.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.father: the male parent. It connotes support and sternness; it also connotes protection but in a serious fashion.wildflower: uncultivated plant; it connotes vitality and pleasantness.2.a. In the West, every male person has the good qualities of males, such as bravery, spirit, and toughness.b. Anyway, she has the characteristics of a woman, such as frailty and delicacy. AttitudeReference for the Classroom Activities1.2. a. unique b. pigheaded c. flattered d. fossil e. spinsterCollocationSuggested answers to the exercise1a.do somebody a favorb.do somebody goodc.make a gestured.do evile.do harmf.make an effortReference for the Classroom Activities1.1) D 2) D 3) A 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) BFalse FriendsSuggested answers to the questionThe misunderstanding occurs due to the use of homonyms or false friends—flour orflower, ground (as the past participle of the verb grind) and ground (meaning the solidsurface of the earth). In this excerpt, the use of false friends adds a humorous effect to the text.Reference for the Classroom Activities1.The false friends are lie meaning to keep one's body in a flat position, and lie meaning to say something dishonest.2.a. Your fever rose yesterday.b. That racket is bad enough to make Aunt Ella's eyebrows raised.c. Jack has been lying around all day.d. The soldiers laid aside their weapons.e. A heavy fog lay over the land.f. White stationery is always appropriate.g. Is that table stationary, or can it be moved to another corner of the room?h. It is easier to talk about a principle than to live by it.i. Our principal played on the faculty football team against the schoolall-stars.3. Some other false friends:fair vs. fareIt's not fair to put all the blame on him.Bus fares are going up again.passed vs. pastI passed the landlady on the stairs this morning.Several boys went past us on mountain bikes.intense vs. intensiveShe suddenly felt an intense pain in her stomach.He took an intensive course on English.farther vs. furtherThe fog's so thick; I can't see farther than about five meters.Every day she thinks further and further into depression.PART III GARMMARSubject-Verb AgreementWhen the subject is compound2Reference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummaryit when most in cases, but with and takes a plural verb 1.A compound subject expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb., the verb but…nor, not…2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not3.affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions rather as, as much well such as as as, or prepositions or prepositional phrases. includingthan, along with, in addition to, together with, with, plus, andWhen the subject expresses quantityReference for the Classroom ActivitiesSummarya take measurement normally time, money, weight and 1.Nominal phrases of singular verb., take a singular or all, most, half, the last, the rest Some words or phrases, such as 2.plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows.take singular or plural verbs depending on Phrases like l ots of, heaps of, loads of3.the form of the nouns that follow.a modifying the subject noun, the verb or many4.In sentences with more than one should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning.structure -clause, or in the there-be When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what Reference for the Classroom ActivitiesHe was one of the candidates who were able to carry out their campaign pledges. a. campaign carry out his the candidates who was able to He was the only one of pledges.What he wants is just a little love from his foster parents. b.What one thinks and says are not always the same.There is a cherry tree and several orchid flowers in the garden. c.There are hundreds of applicants on the waiting list for the job.Summaryand person the same that), the verb has a 1.After relative pronoun (who, which, the number as the antecedent. (In the second sentence in Pair a, the antecedent is .), not the candidatesonly one a in what-clause is But the verb is usually singular. if the a 2.After what-clause,compound structure plural in meaning, the verb is in plural form.Reference for the Classroom ActivitiesNobody in town admits seeing him. a.Does anyone want to go with me?b.Are any of you going to the exhibition?c.None works/work so hard as he does.d.Books are her chief source of enjoyment.e.The one thing you must be ready for is their attempts to break up the meeting.f.The jury is finally complete.g. 3h.The jury were divided in their opinions.i.New York Times is his bible.PART Ⅳ WRITINGNotes (I)Sample 1Suggested answers to the questions1.Notes are the simplest and shortest form of written communication and they are quick, easy and convenient.2.A note has three essential components:--the addressee—the person(s) to whom the note is written;--the message;--the sender.3. Notes are characterized by their brevity, informality in style, and dedication to a single topic.Sample 2Suggested answers to the questions1.The date is put at the upper right-hand corner. Besides the date or weekday, you may, at times, need to state the hour or even the minute.2.You can add the word Dear before the addressee's name and a complimentary close.3.A complimentary close is put before your signature as the sample show.PART V FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES1.a. The little boy was chicken-hearted.b. The statesman is a respectable figure in the political arena.c. We sat down by the oak tree, enjoying the breeze coming from the lake.d. We need to drink the milk before it sours.e. The child had difficulty finding his way to school.f. The young woman received a lot of flowers and gifts.g. My father drew back the curtain a little lest I see him.h. Our university can accommodate 4000 students.i. Social customs vary greatly from country to country.2. The writer's attitude changes from negative to positive in each pair of sentences.43. (1) experienced (2) elapsed (3) attempting (4) with(5) take up (6) made (7) endeavor (8) true4. a. The state attorney said that the man would be prosecuted.b. We suppose that a referee should be disinterested but not uninterested.c. Tony can hit a ball farther than I can.d. We must pursue this matter further.e. The principles behind our constitution are a principal reason for its astoundingsuccess.f. All the band instruments except the tuba will be carried to the auditorium for the music contest.g. The federal government comprises the legislative, judicial, and executive branches.h. The whole region was struck by an economic disaster.i. (correct)j. He was awaked to the risk.5. My sister Lulu accepted a scholarship to study in the UK. She had done verywell in school and the principal thought that living with a British family would teachher a lot. Mother said she would let her go if she bought a box of stationery and promised to write home every week. She said that she would live up to her promise and she always does pretty well in living up to her principles. Soon after she arrived in the UK., she adapted to her new environment. Her new life did not affect her agreat deal. She knew that as a student she had to be economical and she was not self-conscious of her poor clothing and strange accent. These were the things she wasuninterested in; what fascinated her instead was the cultural differences betweenthetwo countries. She found people there liked to pay compliments and were more credulous to what she said. Of course, she never lied to them about her motherland.Though she experienced cultural shocks continually, she developed a fair attitudetowards the other culture. In the proceeding years, she settled down in the UK. andbecame a person with an alternative cultural identity.6. a. Sixty hours is the amount of work time I contracted for.b. The jury is expected to reach its decision very quickly.c. Each of the candidates for the position has exceptionally high qualifications.d. Every boy and girl in the sixth grade was/is eager to win the contest.e. Corn bread and milk is a popular breakfast in the rural South.f. The instructor as well as the students was at fault.g. He is one of the students who plan to attend the speech contest.h. The jury are to be isolated in individual hotel rooms each night during the trial.i. Sam sprawled in the chair and knocked over one of the lamps which were on display.j. The symptoms of mercury poisoning vary with each individual case.k. He believes that athletics improves school morale.l. Up goes the starter's gun, and each of the runners becomes tense.m. Either The Times or The Tribune is a reliable source of news.n. The first thing that catches your eye is the headlines.o. She is one of the women who have made this country what it is.5。
(精品)1thecorrectword
Gold
Gold
Denotation Connotation Sentence
A precious yellow Wealth, value,
Silence is golden
metal
jewellery, rich,
As good as gold.
privilege, precious,
Moon
Classroom activities
1 thick 2 glowing 3 widespread 4 crowning 5 casual 6 total 7 decisive
Summary 1
Words have both denotation and connotation
Lesson 1: The correct word
A word has multiple meanings, such as denotative and connotative meanings
False Friends Subject verb agreement Write a short note.
fragrant,
Attitude
What a slim girl she is! (positive - she is beautiful)
Attitude
What a thin girl she is! (neutral)
Attitude
What a skinny girl she is (negative – she is too thin!)
Fantastic/ interesting/
unique
strange Unusual/weird/ bizarre/abnormal
W-connotation&denotation
……
3. Connotation is an important writing method. Torrents of water rushed down the mountain, roaring like an angry lion. The construction site awoke the workmen awoke, rolled off their beds only to step into water. More than 100 thronged southward simultaneously. But there, floodwater more than two feet deep was whirling a wild dance, so the workmen had to draw back halfway in disorder. There was no way out eastward or westward either. the only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north. a. The construction site awoke. awoke b. The construction site suddenly became active and noisy noisy. a. … the workmen rolled off their bed. b. … the workmen got up very quickly quickly. a. The only savior then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north. b. The only way out then was a narrow wooden bridge in the north.