用文体学分析山岛由纪夫《襁褓》

用英语文体学分析山岛由纪夫《襁褓》中俊子悲剧的原因Analyzing the R easons of Toshiko’s Tragedy in Yukio Mishima’s Swaddling Clothes by Using the English Stylistics摘要：文体学的分析手段包括词汇，句法，篇章结构，修辞和写作手法等。

用文体学的手段分析文学作品的作用在于更好的理解，欣赏和阐释作者在文学作品中表达的思想。

本文中，笔者讲用文体学的分析方法来探究造成俊子悲剧的原因，分别从背景氛围，特定的选词和意识流的写作手法来分析。

Abstract: The analyzing methods of stylistic consist of vocabulary, syntax, discourse structure, figures of speech and the writing devices and so on. The function of it is to understand and interpret the thoughts expressed by the work. In this paper, my focus is to analyze the reasons that incur the tragedy from setting and atmosphere, particular lexical selection and the device of stream of consciousness.关键词：英语文体学悲剧原因背景氛围选词意识流Key words: English stylistics tragedy reasons setting and atmosphere lexical selection stream of consciousness1IntroductionLiterary genre is an art through which the author delivers their thoughts, which does not piece words or sentences together casually. The function of analyzing works by using literary stylistics is to comprehend, appreciate and interpret literary works better. Mainly, stylistics is to interpret the relationship between the language form and aesthetic effect or the theme, and is to study how to strengthen the aesthetic effect and the theme by choosing particular language, or words, or sentence structures. In the book, Introduction to English Stylistics, Wang Zuoliang says, various language forms,such as Phonics, morphology, syntax, figures of speech and discourse structure, influence the stylistics features greatly.In this paper, I try to use the methods of stylistics to appreciate the Yukio Mishima’s famous work Swaddling Clothes, to analyze the rea sons causing Toshiko’s tragedy, to study how the author reveals the reasons of Toshiko’s tragedy step by step by using particular words, structure and so on.2Analyzing the reasons causing Toshiko’s tragedyIn a literary work, the setting and atmosphere, lexical selection and the device are significant, which is selected after the author’s careful thinking. In this short story, they all make contribute to uncover the reasons of Toshiko’s tragedy.2.1From the setting and atmosphere to analyze the Toshiko’stragedySetting and atmosphere is an indispensable factor of a short story. The setting refers to the time and the location when and where a story happens. It contributes to understand the theme of the story. The atmosphere refers to the emotion, the mood and the tone. A proper and expressive setting and atmosphere is of great importance to achieve the story’s theme.The following is several extracts from the story. (1)No doubt she had been foolish to hope that he would spend the evening with her. And yet he must have known how she dreaded going back to their house, unhomely with its Western-style furniture and with the bloodstains still showing on the floor. (2) This all had taken place in the evening after her husband had left the house. (3)It was a warm, overcast April night. (4) …she crossed the wide street—a slim, solitary figure in the darkness. The four extracts almost contain the words that tell the time and the location. From the extracts, I can make a conclusion that the time is always “night” and “evening”. Sometimes, they are modified by some adjectives, such as “dark”, “overcast”. Generally speaking, evenings or nights remind people of the feeling of pressure, depression and horrorwhich are ominous symptoms. It seems that something bad will happen immediately. In the extracts, “dark” or “overcast” night strengthens this kind of feelings. This particular description of the environment lays the particular atmosphere and mood. Meanwhile, it indicates something unfortunate is on the way. And as to the location, the main location is “road” and “street” or “their house” with western-style furniture and with the bloodstains. The road and street in the evening is mysterious and dangerous. And Toshiko, a slim, solitary and young woman, is walking there. It is easy for us to imagine the scene. I think this kind of location also implies something unfortunate is coming. Actually the tragedy occurs on her. In addition, in the story, the location such as road and street is some places which do not direct the definite directions. “House” and “unhomely” are mentioned. I think much attention should pay to the word “house”. It is obvious that it is different from “home”.A “house” is just a construction without any emotion. A “home” is on the c ontrary. Although Toshiko has been married, she does not feel any feelings of the home. This is the beginning of her tragedy.2.2Analyzing their attitudes toward the “bastard” causing Toshiko’s tragedy in words and phrases aspectAlso the following is several extracts from the short story. (1) “It’s a fantastic story,” he was saying, gesturing flamboyantly. (2) “…holding her stomach in her two hands and moaning like a cow…a pretty scene, I can tell you!” (3) “…The whole time the gi rl was yelling like a suck pig.”(4) Toshiko was dumbfounded to hear her husband discussing the horrifying happening as though it were no more than an amusing incident which they chanced to have witnessed. (5) Toshiko, whose own life had been spent in solid comfort, poignantly felt the wretchedness of the illegitimate baby. The first three extra cts are the husband describing a girl’s giving a birth to a bastard. Look at these words, “fantastic”, “pretty scene”, “like a cow” and “like a suck pig”. These are simple words and similes. The simpler his words are, the less serious his attitude is. According to his words, I conclude that he just regard the happening as a story that amuses his friends. It seems that these words are very common, but it is the author’sintended purpose that the husband’s attitude is in striking contrast to Toshiko’s. Obviously, the author achieves his goal. While the words such as “poignantly” and “wretchedness”used to depict Toshiko’s attitude are totally different from her husband. They are serious and s ympathetic and full of emotion. Her husband’s words and attitude make Toshiko rediscovery his husband. She regards him as a stranger and thinks their life together is in some way too easy, too painless. Toshiko is not sentimentally attached to her husband, which accelerates her tragedy.2.3 Analyzing another reason causing Toshiko’s tragedy in writing device aspectStream of consciousness is applied to this short story. Because of the callous treatment of the newborn baby engraves in her mind, she indulges in wild imaginations frequently. In her imaginations, she thinks she can do something for her baby and compensate the bastard. In the short story, it mentions that her life has been spent in solid comfort. Lack of pain creates a subconscious yearning indulgence in wild imaginations from which Toshiko is satisfied. In her imaginations, the epiphany occurs that she knows what is more meaningful and sacrifice and compensation are not sufferings. The process of her imagination is the process of her self-discovery. Self-discovery is another reason why she does not resist the young man’s sexual harassment.Generally speaking, short sentences and long sentences express the changes of feelings and emotions. Several paragraphs describe Toshiko’s imaginations. What I highlight is that the length of sentences is relatively similar. That means when she indulges in her imaginations, her emotion does not ripple. She is in the state of trance. For example, “Twenty years from now that wretched child will be in utter misery. He will be living a desolate, hopeless, poverty-stricken existence—a lonely rat. What else could happen to a baby who has had such a birth? He’ll be wandering through the streets by himself, cursing his father, loathing his mother.”3. ConclusionIn English stylistics aspect, analyzing the reasons causing Toshiko’s tragedy provide foundation for us to understand the short story. Morphology, syntax and writing device make contribution to uncover the reasons. From the beginning to the end of the story, the author has implied the consequence. This is ascribed to the expressiveness of words and stream-consciousness. The English stylistics helps to comprehend the theme of the short story better.Works cited王佐良&丁往道.1987.英语文体学研究.外研教学与研究出版社。