文化问题翻译

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文化英语短文带翻译

文化英语短文带翻译
文化英语短文带翻译
文化是社会的一个动态方面,包括语言、传统、信仰和艺术等各种因素。语言在定义文化方面起着至关重要的作用,因为它是社区内沟通和表达的主要手段。在这篇文章中,我们将深入探讨文化在学习英语作为第二语言中的重要性,并探索文化如何影响语言习得。
文化和语言密切相关。在学习一门新语言时,学习者不仅需要掌握必要的词汇和语法规则,还需要熟悉目标语言的文化和习俗。这种文化成分帮助学习者更深入地理解语言,并使他们能够与母语使用者有效地交流。
Language teaching methods can also be adapted to accommodate cultural differences. For example, in some cultures, learning is more teacher-centered, with a focus on memorization and repetition. In contrast, English language teaching often emphasizes student-centered approaches, promoting critical thinking and creativity. By acknowledging and respecting these cultural differences, educators can create a learning environment that meets the diverse needs of their students.
Culture and language are intimately intertwined. When learning a new language, learners not only acquire the necessary vocabulary and grammar rules but also familiarize themselves with the culture and customs of the target language. This cultural component helps learners gain a deeper understanding of the language and allows them to communicate effectively with native speakers.

翻译中的文化问题及解决方法

翻译中的文化问题及解决方法

翻译中的文化问题及解决方法简析英语语言翻译中的文化障碍及对策译者在对文化因素进行处理时,应该分析实际情况,那么,英语语言翻译中的文化障碍及对策是什么?文学与语言这两者是互相依存的,文化依靠语言进行交流以及传播,语言又在文化传播过程中逐渐完善。

翻译不单单只是复制原文的内容和语义,它可谓是“移植”一个民族的文化传统与思维方式到另外一种语言文化之后,重新进行整合后展现出来的新面貌。

对此,笔者探究了应用语言翻译中存在的文化障碍和解决方案,具体探究见文。

一、英语语言翻译之中存在的文化障碍1.不同的思维方式致使原语无法与目的语语境相连接。

思维方式不同是文化差异中的重点表现。

思维即人们在概念以及表象基础上进行判断、分析、推理等构成一种思想过程。

每一个民族都具有其独特的文化环境,所以,形成的思维方式是不同的.。

汉语蕴含的哲学背景是对佛、道、儒的感悟,组词、造句与文章抒写主要提倡“形散而神不散”。

汉语语句言简意赅,富有弹性,给广大读者留有广阔的想象空间。

所以,我国人们的思维通常属于“螺旋式”。

而英美民族一直都生活在比较开放的环境中,他们较为重视个人的利益,说话做事直截了当。

所以,西方人形成的思维方式属于“直线式”。

上述这两种不同的思维方式影响了语言的实际表达方式。

汉语通常将推理、判断和观点放在句子和句群后边,以便让人留下深刻印象;英语却将强调部分放置在语句的开头。

这样人们在翻译时就会出现障碍,进而使原语和目的语语境间发生断裂。

2.民族文化可能导致语言翻译中的空缺和文化冲突。

每个民族都有自己独特的发展过程,这导致了不同的文化背景和社会习俗。

任何语言都有许多与本民族特有事物相关的词汇,这就导致了语言翻译中的空缺和文化冲突。

二、克服文化障碍的方案1.译者应该增强自身的文化意识。

其一,译者必须掌握中西方各自的思维方式与表达方式;其二,译者必须大量的进行阅读,了解中西方所具有的用语环境和社会习俗;其三,译者一定要经常进行换位思考,应用西方人的思维去表达和观察我国的变化以及发展。

文化翻译

文化翻译
• • • • • • • • • 挥金如土 牛饮 班门弄斧 小地方中的大人物或矮个 子中的高个子 不知所措 悬而未决 酩酊大醉 全力以赴 同舟共济(同是天涯沦落 人)
Culture difference caused by Folk customs • • • • • • have one foot in the grave to grow like mushrooms as easy as ABC a piece of cake a lucky dog to kill two birds with one stone • In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is the king.
意译法 free translation
替代法 alternative
异化策略(foreignizing method)
直译法
literal translation音译法ຫໍສະໝຸດ transliteration
译注法
annotation
意 译 法
Domesticating strategies(归化策略) 布朗先生是个非常忠 实可靠的人。那天 ,他 意译法(liberal\free translation) 脸上颇有病容。近来 当原语中带有文化色彩的词语在译语中没有完全 他闷闷不乐,我看到他 相对应的词语,且用异化策略中诸法均译不通时 , 时他在沉思之中。希 译者可不拘泥于原语的语言形式和字面意义 ,用 望他早日恢复健康。 跨文化的“对等”词来表达出原语的文化信息。 e.g. Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him he was in a brown study. I hope he will soon be in the pink again.

“文化专有项”再定义及其翻译问题研究

“文化专有项”再定义及其翻译问题研究

“文化专有项”再定义及其翻译问题研究陈甜(郑州轻工业学院,河南郑州450000)摘要:文化专有项(Culture-Specific Items or CSI)的概念率先由西班牙翻译家、翻译理论家哈维·佛朗哥·艾克西拉(Javier Franco Aixelá)提出。

但他所下的定义似乎词不达意。

本研究基于文化的本质内涵和文化的双层特性,重新定义文化专有项这一术语,并通过实例若干来说明文化专有项是指某一民族专有的文化表达式,具有该民族鲜明独特文化内涵,并代表着人类各个民族显现出异彩纷呈的区别于其他民族的形态,由文化的特殊部分组成。

它既可以被译语文化中的读者理解或接受,又具有可译性特点。

关键词:文化;文化专有项;文化专有项的翻译中图分类号:H159文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-5039(2016)15-0096-021引言西班牙翻译家、翻译理论家哈维·佛朗哥·艾克西拉(Javier Franco Aixelá,1996:52-78)于1996年在《翻译中的文化专有项》(Culture-specific Items in Translation)一文中率先提出文化专有项的概念。

这一概念一经提出,受到了国内外学者们的极度关注。

张南峰(2004:18-23)是国内评介艾克西拉的文化专有项翻译策略的第一人。

他介绍了艾克西拉从翻译作品中归纳出十一种处理文化专有项的策略,肯定了这个分类法较之中国现有的分类法更为细致详尽,稍加修改,便能用于英汉翻译的描述与实践。

还有一些学者从顺应理论、目的论、模因论等视角分析文本中的文化专有项。

值得一提的是,他们从文本中挑选和判断文化专有项,全然依据的就是艾克西拉关于文化专有项的定义。

令人匪夷所思的是竟无一人对此定义发出质疑之声。

试问艾克西拉的定义能否全面地覆盖文化专有项的本质内涵?艾克西拉关于文化专有项的界定是否准确无误?2文化专有项的厘定基础理清文化的定义和本质,有助于清楚地界定文化专有项这一术语。

中国文化和汉英翻译

中国文化和汉英翻译

Definition Four
In 1871 E.B. Taylor defined culture as "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and many other capabilities and habits acquired by members of society." "Culture means the total body of tradition borne by a society and transmitted from generation to generation. It thus refers to the norms, values, standards by which people act, and it includes the ways distinctive in each society of ordering the world and rendering it intelligible. Culture is...a set of mechanisms for survival, but it provides us also with a definition of reality. It is the matrix into which we are born, it is the anvil upon which our persons and destinies are forged."
Culture and Translation
文化与翻译
It is not easy to give a clear definition about culture. There are various definitions about it.

英汉的文化差异及翻译

英汉的文化差异及翻译

英汉的文化差异及翻译外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义,接下来,小编给大家准备了英汉的文化差异及翻译,欢迎大家参考与借鉴。

英汉的文化差异及翻译一、英汉习语中所反映的文化差异朱光潜先生在《谈翻译》一文中说:"外国文学最难了解和翻译的第一是联想的意义……","它带有特殊的情感氛围,甚深广而微妙,在字典中无从找出,对文学却极要紧。

如果我们不熟悉一国的人情风俗和文化历史背景,对于文字的这种意义就茫然,尤其是在翻译时这种字义最不易应付。

"英国文化人类学家爱德华·泰勒在《原始文化》(1871)一书中,首次把文化作为一个概念提了出来,并表述为:"文化是一种复杂,它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其作社会上习得的能力与习惯。

"可见文化的覆盖面很广,它是一个复要的系统。

语言作为文化的一个组成部分,反映一个民族丰富多彩的方化现象。

1、生存环境的差异习语的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。

英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。

比喻花钱浪费,大手大脚,英语是spend money like water,而汉语是"挥金如土"。

英语中有许多关于船和水的习语,在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语,如to rest on one's oars(暂时歇一歇),to keep one's head above water(奋力图存),all at sea(不知所措)等等。

在汉语的文化氛围中,"东风"即是"春天的风",夏天常与酷署炎热联系在一起,"赤日炎炎似火烧"、"骄阳似火"是常被用来描述夏天的词语。

而英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,报告春天消息的却是西风,英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。

文化差异的英语作文带翻译

文化差异的英语作文带翻译篇一:英语作文中美文化差异the differences and similarities between Chinese culture and American culturethe differences and similarities between Chinese culture and American culture Every country has their own culture, which can stand out their differences. There are lots of differences and similarities between Chinese culture and American culture.As for the difference, firstly, cultural differences on politeness between American and Chinese can be found in many aspects of daily communication, including addressing, greeting and parting, compliments, apologies, thanks and so on. For example, when people meet acquaintances or friends, people usually greet each other. In America, people often employ the following expressions to greet each other "Good morning/evening/afternoon. or "Fine day, isn't it? While in Chinese, we always say "have you eaten since and "where are you going? to show our consideration. Secondly, it's communication. A majority of Chinese people are accustomed starting the ritual interaction that goes with a welcoming cup of tea. In China no majorbusiness is conducted without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation. However, in America, a final agreement will normally be signed in person. However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting teleconferences to settle problems not only in this country but also-by satellite-internationally.In spite of they have these differences, they have some similarities. In the china we think when we do some important things, we must spendsome. American for the most part costs a part time in important things. So in the culture of deal to in significant things, China and America has some similarities.In my opinion, we must respect the different culture.篇二:中西方文化差异英语作文In my view, it is not surprising that Mr. Jones and Mr. Wang had a so unpleasant conversation, because it caused by the different culture between East and West.Modesty is one of the national characters of Chinese people, which can be proved by those stories about modesty in the history of China. When praised in public, the Chinese may deny it to show the modesty, though he is happy to hear that. However, the Westerner may just say “thank you”to express happiness.If I were Mr. Wang, I would say “Thank you for your praise, and Iwill keep working hard to do better”. As far as I am concerned, excessive modesty is just hubris, so we should receive the praise with happiness and do better.If I were the boss, I would study the different culture more to understand the staff. As the old saying goes, do in Rome as Rome does. So only if the boss know the difference in the culture and do the right things, can he motivate the staff more appropriately to make more money.篇三:英语作文-东西方文化差异-Cultural differencesCultural differencesThere are plenty of. people in the world. They come from different countried, have theirown race, belief and way of life. What is more, their culture is different from others'. So,there is no doubt that cultural difference exist among lots of countries, especially betweeneastern and western countries.Compared with the way of life, eastern people always have a bath in the evening or atnight in order to relax themselves after one-day's hard work while western people take abath in the morning. so as to keep freshly for the whole day. Ingeneral, it is true,especially for Chinese people. We, Chinese people would like to take baths at night ratherthan in the morning. It is a kind of habits we behave all the time.Compared with the relationships, differences are as follow: firstly, eastern people like tomake friends, sometimes through their friends, parents, relatives. While western peoplebehave a little shyly. They do not want to make friends all the time. Secondly, easternpeople would like to hang out with the person they do not know about quite a lot. whilewestern people just like going out with the person whom they get along well with.Finally, eastern people have much more friends than western people for their quitedifferent way of getting along with. their friends. There is no doubt that eastern peopleare more outgoing than western people, so I agree with these a lot.As for way of solving problems, eastern people always deal with things indirectly. Theypay much attention to many things around them, and always workfor a long time to solvethe problem. However, western people just go straight the heart of the problem and solveit directly and efficiently. As far as I am concerned, this difference between eastern andwestern people is quite normal and correct. Eastern people, especially Chinese peoplecare about things around them a lot, they always want to satisfy everyone's need, so thatthey spend much more time to solve a problem than western people.As for way of thinking, people in eastern areas usually think indirectly. They used tothink about the things around them a lot and try to deal with things in a reasonable evenperfect way. However, in comparison with the eastern people, people in the western areasoften think directly. They pay less attention to the things around them and care muchmore about themselves. Honestly speaking, I disagree to this.In my opinion, everyone isspecial and has their right and obligations to do things. There isno need for us to critiseothers and what we should do is to respect their own. decision.There are a lot of differences between easte(转自: 千叶帆文摘:文化差异的英语作文带翻译)rn and western culture. These are the symbolsof their own characteristics and we need time to dig out more differences so as to learnmore about them. Most importantly, we must respect their culture firstly!。

关于文化差异的英语翻译

翻译练习:文化差异参考译文:(划线部分为几种译法都可)生活在一个和自己文化不同的社会里,可能是一个既令人兴奋、又充满挑战的经历。

Living in a culture that is different from your own can be both an exciting and challenging experience.你必须了解不同文化的行为习惯,并且努力适应它们。

以下是中国和美国之间的六大文化差异。

You have to learn about/ understand different cultural practices and try to adapt to them. The following are the top six/ the six major cultural differences between China and the US.1.隐私1.Privacy中国人的隐私概念和美国人不同。

中国人谈论年龄、收入、或者婚姻状况,而美国人则认为这些话题非常令人不快、具有侵入性。

Chinese people do not have the same concept of privacy as Americans do. They talk about topics such as ages, income or marital status, which Americans think is annoying /unpleasant and intrusive / invasive.2.家庭2.Family在中国,老人们通常都享有巨大的尊重和受尊崇的地位,而年轻一辈则被悉心呵护、培养。

In China, the elders/ the elderly / the old are traditionally treated with/ generally enjoy enormous respect and dignity while the young are cherished and nurtured.但是在美国,家庭的目标是鼓励独立,特别是孩子们。

翻译中文化差异问题的分析与翻译策略

翻译中文化差异问题的分析与翻译策略作者:张瑞华来源:《课程教育研究·学法教法研究》2018年第01期【摘要】语言是文化的载体,语言所传递的是一个民族的传统、思想、习俗等因素,译者的任务不仅是解读原语语言符号,而且还须破解原语非语言符号——文化内涵。

翻译是两种不同语言文化的桥梁,在跨文化交际中起着重要作用。

本文分析了文化差异出现的原因和表现形式,借鉴翻译中的等值策略及归化和异化等翻译理论,针对由于文化差异多导致的翻译实践问题进行探索与分析。

【关键词】文化差异翻译等值归化异化【中图分类号】H059;I046 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2018)01-0026-02一、翻译中的文化差异1.符号体现的文化内涵不同从符号学的角度来看,语言是一种意识化的符号,即包括产生这一文化的民族观念形态方面的语言符号、世界观、思维方式等语言信息符号。

了解这些“符号”所蕴含的文化内涵有助于我们更好地理解德国文化,避免翻译过程中因文化差异引起误解和冲突。

2.语言结构不同从语言结构来看,语言中大量的成语典故、谚语、格言、歇后语等都蕴藏着丰富的文化信息和文化背景,并有浓烈的民族特色和地域色彩。

从文化认知的角度考察德语和汉语的词汇系统,可以肯定这两种语言的词汇之间不存在对等关系。

3.文化价值观念不同在社会发展过程中形成的价值观念因社会体制、社会环境、传统文化而不同,东西方人的价值观念因受各自传统文化的影响而差异甚大。

翻译活动是社会背景与文化传统很不相同的两种文化间的一种文化与交流,是在不同的文化背景、前提和规范下的交流与往来。

4.思维模式不同世界各民族之间的和谐关系之所以受阻,不仅是由于语言形式的复杂多样,更是由于思维模式的差异。

由于各民族的历史、生态、宗教、民俗不同,对于同一思维对象,不同民族的思维角度可能不一致,从而在语言上会采用不同的表达形式。

如表示“做一件事得到两方面的好处”,汉语中可说“一举两得”或“一箭双雕”,德语为“zwei Fliege mit einer Klappe schlagen(一个拍子打两只苍蝇)”。

中国文化习俗段落翻译

中国文化习俗段落翻译1. 中西方饮食习惯(eating habits)存在极大差异。

不同于西方那种每人一盘食物的饮食习惯,在中国,菜肴是被放在桌上让大家共同分享的。

如果你在中国主人家做客,就要做好有一大桌食物的心理准备。

中国人对于自己的烹饪文化(culture of cuisine)感到非常自豪,而且会尽全力去展示自己的好客(hospitality)。

而且有时候,中国主人会用他们的筷子把食物夹到你的碗里或盘子中。

这是礼貌的体现。

2. 在中国,小孩的满月酒(One-Month-Old Feast)和抓周(One-Year-Old Catch)仪式独具特色。

小孩出生满一个月的那天,孩子的家人一般要招呼亲朋挚友,邀请他们一起来庆祝孩子满月。

小孩儿慢周岁的那天,有抓周到额仪式。

按照中国的传统,父母及他人不给予任何的引导和暗示,任孩子随意挑选,看他先抓什么后抓什么,并以此为依据来预测孩子可能存在的志趣和将从事的职业以及前途。

参考译文1.There are great differences between Chinese and Western eating habits. Unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a table of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of cuisine and will do their best to show their hospitality. And sometimes the Chinese hosts use their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness.参考译文2: In China, One-Month-Old Feast and One-Year-Old Catch of a baby are of unique Chinese characteristics. On the day when a baby is a month old, the family of the baby will invite their friends and relatives to a ceremony to celebrate the occasion. On the day when a baby is one year old, there is a ceremony of One-Year-Old Catch. According to Chinese traditional custom, nobody will give any instruction or clue to the baby so that it is left free to choose by itself. Watching the baby catch the articles it likes, the family can then make predictions about its potential interest, future career and development.春节贴年画(pasting New Year Print s)的风俗源自于往房子外面的门上贴门神(Door Gods)的传统,随着木质雕刻品(board carvings)的出现,年画包含了更广泛地主题,最出名的就是门神,三大神——福神、薪神、和兽神(three Gods of Blessings, Salary and Longevity),寓意着庄稼丰收、家畜兴旺和庆祝春节。

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二.文化差异在语言中的体现
3. 社会习俗的差异
语言是使用这一语言的社会成员的生活经验和风俗习惯 的产物。英汉两个民族不同的生活经验和风俗习惯必然 会给两个民族在价值取向、审美取向上带来相当大的差 异,而这些差异又会在各自的语言表达中体现出来。
不同的民族在表达同一指代义时可能会使用不同的动物喻体。在西
二.文化差异在语言中的体现
1. 地理环境的差异。
不同的地理环境赋予了语言浓厚的地域文化的印记, 使语言各具特色。
英国是一个岛国,渔业和航海业在其经济中占有很大的比重;而 中国大部分地区是内陆,气候属温带,形成以农业为主的经济。
all at sea
不知所措
drink like fish
牛饮,狂喝
keep one’s head over water 勉强糊口
二.文化差异在语言中的体现
4. 宗教信仰的差异 作为文化中不可或缺的组成部分,宗教文化广泛而深 刻地影响着社会生活的语言交际,英汉两个民族宗教 信仰方面的不同必然会带到其言语行为和语言观念上 的差异。
中国是一个以信奉佛教为主的国家,佛教传入中国已经有一千多 年的历史,对中国人的影响根深蒂固。因此,汉语中会有“菩 萨”、“观音”“佛主”“大慈大悲”“慈悲为怀”“借花献 佛”“苦海无边,回头是岸”“放下屠刀,立地成佛”等大量具 有宗教色彩的词汇存在。
一种语言都从属于一种特定的文化。
各民族文化既有共性,又存在巨大差异。语言作为 文化的一个组成部分,作为文化信息的载体,必然会 将这些差异反映出来。翻译作为语际交流,不仅仅第 语言的转换过程,而且也是文化的移植过程。与其说 翻译设计的是两种语言,不如说它涉及的是两种文化。
所以“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同”(王佐良)
方,狮子(lion)被誉为百兽之王,是勇猛和权力的象征;而在中国 则将老虎(tiger)视为勇猛和权力的象征。
lion of a man 非常勇敢的人 拦路虎 a lion in the way
a literary lion 泰斗
狐假虎威 an ass in lion’s skin
twist a lion’s tail 冒犯当局 虎口拔牙 beard a lion in his den
文化问题翻译
目录
一. 什么是文化 二. 文化差异在语言中的体现 三. 文化差异在翻译过程中的具体 处理 四. 参考文献
一. 什么是文化
1. 定义:文化的经典定义,是1871年由英国人类学 家泰勒(Edward Tylor)在《原始文化》一书中提出的, 文化是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗 以及包括作为社会成员的个人获得的其他任何能力、 习惯在内的一种综合体。
而在英语国家,狗却被普遍认为是人类最忠诚的朋友,英语中有 关狗的习语大部分没有贬义色彩。
a lucky dog幸运儿 a top dog 重要的人
as
faithful as a dog像狗一样忠诚
every dog has his day凡人皆有得意日
Love me, love my dog 爱屋及乌
Ode二.文化差异在语言中的体现
2. 生活习惯的差异 不同的生存环境会带来不同的生活习惯,而生活习惯上 的种种差异也会在语言表达中体现出来。
中西方饮食文化的迥异带来了语言表达上的千差万别。英国地处北温带, 其主要作物是小麦,畜牧业在英国的农业中占了首位,因此英国人的主食是 牛奶和面包。所以这两种食物会经常出现在英语的各种成语和比喻中。而在 中国是以大米为主食。每一餐都叫做“吃饭”。所以在汉语中,由“饭”引 申出来的词语随处可见。例如“鱼米之乡”“巧妇难为无米之炊”“铁饭碗” 等。
挥金如土 spend money like water
土生土长 be born and brought up on one’s native soil
土崩瓦解 to collapse like a house of card
二.文化差异在语言中的体现
此外,由于生活环境的不同,使得不同民族在对同一 事物的认识上存在着差异,表现在不同民族对同一现 象或事物有着不同的态度或者表达方式。
在中国传统文化中,耕牛是勤劳的象征;而在英美文化中马是勤 劳和吃苦耐劳的象征。
力大如牛 as strong as a horse 吹牛 talk horse 像牛一样勤劳 work like a horse a willing horse 工作认真的人 a dark horse 黑马
中国地处东半球的亚热带,气候以大陆性气候为主。所以中国人 喜欢东风,因为象征着“春天”、“温暖” ,而西风则象征着萧 条、没落;英国地处西半球,北温带,属于海洋性气候,东风从 欧洲大陆吹来,象征“寒冷”、“令人不愉快”,而西风从大西 洋吹来,温暖宜人,所以英国人喜欢西风,讨厌东风。
Half a loaf is better than none 聊胜于无 Take the bread out of sb’s mouth 抢别人饭碗 Don’t cry over spilt milk 覆水难收 鱼米之乡 a land flowing with milk and honey 生米煮成熟饭 what’s done is done
山中无老虎,猴子称霸王 In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man
is king.
二.文化差异在语言中的体现
英汉两个民族对同一动物的情感联想也会产生很大的 分歧。
“狗”在汉语文化中是一种卑贱而令人讨厌的动物,汉语中和狗 有关的习语大都含有贬义色彩;
狗腿子 lackey 狗杂种bastard 狗崽子son of a bitch 狗胆包天monstrous audacity 狗急跳墙A cornered beast will do something desperate
现代文化人类学认为文化具有如下的四个本质特征: (1)文化是经由社会习得的,而非遗传获得的,(2)文 化是一个社团所共有的,而非某一个人所独有的,(3) 文化具有象征性,语言是文化中最重要的象征系统, (4)文化是一个统一的整体。文化中的每一方面都和 其他方面相互关联。
一.什么是文化
2. 文化、语言及翻译的联系 语言与文化是紧密相连的,语言是文化的载体,每
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