英语每日一练
英语每日一练
【英语每日一练（51）】
This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.
【词汇突破】discrimination：歧视alphabet：字母表
【主干识别】This refers to discrimination against those加定语从句
【其他成分】for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage：插入语，可改写为：for those who are unaware of such a disadvantage as yet理解起来会方便很多；as yet至今；whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet定语从句。
【微观解析】若是对于句中的插入语理解起来有困难，不妨试着改变它的句式结构，将长定语还原为定语从句，而这种方法的逆向思维可以与写作相结合，使文章的句式更加灵活多变。【难点揭秘】较长插入语的出现会混淆视听，不容易把握主干。
【译文赏析】对于那些还不了解这种危害的人来说，它指的是对姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人的歧视
【英语每日一练（52）】
From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and
populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
（
【词汇突破】democratic：民主的populist：平民主义的
【主干识别:】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入语；our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提炼出sth has drive n sb to do… 这个句型；that smells of elitism定语从句，修饰anything。（注意smell的介词搭配）
【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解，可将这个句子变为Hofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges havedriven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。”这样的由直接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度
【难点揭秘】灵活的利用插入语改变句式是这个句子给我们的启示。
【译文赏析】Hofstadter说，从我们的历史一开始，我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西
【英语每日一练（53）】
The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a
pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting
global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of
industrial growth.
【词汇突破】depletion：消耗（consume的同义替换词）ozone layer:臭氧层（碰到这
种专业词汇不要慌张，判断出它是一个名词即可）
【主干识别】the enemies are those 加定语从句
、
【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University插入语，相当于上一句中的says Hofstadter，of Stanford University做定语修饰Paul Ehrllch；a pioneer of environmental studies：插入语；who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth定语从句修饰those。
【微观解析】a pioneer of environmental studies插入语，改写为who is a pioneer of environmental studies就可以很快判断出它是修饰Paul Ehrllch的，而并非是句子的主语。定语从句中supporting global warming作evidence的定语（仍旧是修饰形式的变化）。【难点揭秘】在这个句子中，关于Paul Ehrllch的修饰成分作为插入语造成了主干隔离。句子的后半部分，定语从句中修饰evidence的定语以非谓语的形式出现。另外由于插入语的存在可能会导致判断主语的失误从而句意理解错误。
【译文赏析】环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗61厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。
【英语每日一练（54）】
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
主干识别：tools and technology have been ignored.
其他成分：over the years 状语themselves 反身代词作同位语as a source of fundamental innovation 定语by historians and philosopher 状语
翻译点拨：定语前置：作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身；词的处理：philosophers of science
科学哲学家/科学思想家参考译文：多年来，作为基本发明源泉的工具和技术本身在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们所忽视了。
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【英语每日一练（55）】
Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.
主干识别：Galileo's greatest glory was that （主句主干）he was the first person to prove that （从句主干）the planets revolve around the sun (从句主干）
其他成分：to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that （定语）（turn ...on... to prove(目的状语）...）rather than around the earth（我们很熟悉的rather than做状语）
翻译点拨：中文到英文，如果表语较短的时候没有必要遵守英文中的主系表结构：他是第一个人，就直接翻译为：“他第一个将”就可以了。he is the one who invented the telephone. 可以翻译为：他发明了电话= 他是发明电话的那个人。
参考译文：伽利略最大的辉煌就是在1609年的时候，他第一个将新发明的望远镜对准了天空，去证明了行星是围绕着太阳而不是地球转动的。
【英语每日一练（56）】
Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
主干识别：Whether+主语从句depends on the issue
其他成分：the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（主语从句）of which is seen as the driving 短语of + which 引导的宾语句子
"
翻译点拨：先翻译主语从句，再用代词“这”代替；词的处理：increase the financing of pure science 增加对纯理论科学的经费投入at the expense of technology 减少对技术经费的投入the driving force 动力，驱动力量the issue of 可以不翻译：
比较两种翻法：1.哪一方被看做是驱动力的问题 2.那一方面被看做是驱动力第二种更加符合中文的表达。
政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量。
【英语每日一练（57）】
The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.
主干识别：The target is wrong
其他成分：for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with illinformed or incompetent users.（原因状语）for +状语从句；in attacking the tests 状语从句中的状语；critics divert attention from the fault.(状语从句的主句）that lies with illinformed or incompetent users 定语从句修饰fault;
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：divert attention from... divert attention from... 原义是把注意力引开，反译为没有注意到；lies with在于illinformed or incompetent users 不甚了解或使用不当的使用者；初步可以翻译为：这个目标是错的，因为批评者在攻击测试的时候，没有注意到在于这个错误，这个错误在于不甚了解或使用不当的使用者。但是这个翻译明显不符合中文的表达习惯需要修改：主要是后半部分：将两个“这个错误”合并为：测试的错误在于... 将“illinformed or incompetent”翻译为动词：“不了解，不太会”那么主语就应该是原句中的“user”，缺一个对象那应该“tests”修改完成：参考译文：这个目标是错的，因为抨击测试的时候，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用者不了解也不太会恰当使用测试。
【英语每日一练（58）】
，
Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
主干识别：Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both depends，therefore，upon theevidence and upon such factors.
其他成分：or both = or tests and other kinds of information (both 指代前面）in a particular situation 状语therefore 状语from experience concerning comparative validity 定语修饰evidence as cost and availability 定语修饰factors
翻译点拨：in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下the evidence from experience 经验依据（来自经验的证据）comparative validity 相对效度concerning 与……有关的availability 能否获得（有无来源）
参考译文：所以在某一特定的情况下，是否使用测试以及其他的各种信息或者两者使用，取决于有关相对效度的经验依据，也取决于诸如经费（多少），有无来源等因素。
【英语每日一练（59）】
In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.
主干识别：the tests work 其他成分：most effectively 状语when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined状语从句（the qualities can be most precisely defined 主干；to be measured 定语修饰qualities）least effectively状语when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined状语从句（what is to be measured or predicated状语从句中的主语）
翻译点拨：the tests work 测试有效be most precisely defined 很精确界定（most =very；the most才是最高级）measured 测量
参考译文：一般的说，当所要测定的素质/性质/特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地被界定时，测试的效果则最差。
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【英语每日一练（60）】
Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
主干识别：it is obvious that ...and that... 其他成分：the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency its agriculture and industry 主语从句一this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds 主语从句二
翻译点拨：词的处理：Furthermore 再者，另外it is obvious that (固定译法)显而易见的是the strength of a country's economy 一个国家的经济实力is
directly bound up with 与……直接(密切)相关the efficiency of its agriculture and industry 工农业生产效率rests upon 有赖于，取决于scientists and technologists of all kinds 各种科技人员，所有领域的科学家和技术人员this在这里指代efficiency
参考译文：再者，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实与其工农业生产效率密切相关，并且效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。
【英语每日一练（61）】
Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.
主干识别：people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas其他成分：Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications,状语while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above状语
翻译点拨：词的处理：owing to 因为，由于mass-communications 大众通讯people everywhere 所有的人，各地的人new wants 新的需求(要求，需要) being exposed to 接触到，感受到customs and ideas 习俗和思想introduce 推出，采取，施行innovations 革新，革新措施for the reasons given above 由于上述原因特别提示：still的特殊用法两例：用法一：连词但是，然而用法二：(与further, another, more 等连用强调数量惊人或极大)更，还例子：We look forward to strengthening still further our already close co- operation with the police service... 我们期盼着进一步加强和警方的合作，形成更加紧密的合作关系。
参考译文：由于大众通讯的显著发展，所有的人都不断感到有新的需求，并不断接触到新的习俗和思想，由于上述原因，各国政府不得不经常采取更进一步的革新措施。
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【英语每日一练（62）】
In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
主干识别：the process of industrialization was spread over nearly a century 并列句由whereas引导主干：a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. 其他成分：In the early industrialized countries of Europe 状语with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed状语
翻译点拨：词汇处理：industrialized countries 工业化国家the process of industrialization 工业化进程，工业化过程with ...that followed 随……而来的，以
及far-reaching changes 深刻的变革，影响深远的变化social patterns 社会结构spread over 持续，延续nearly a century 大约(将近、几乎)一个世纪a developing nation 一个发展中国家undergo 经历in a decade or so 在10年左右的时间whereas 但是
参考译文：在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家里，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革持续了大约一个世纪，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右的时间内就可以完成同样的过程。
【英语每日一练（63）】
Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
主干识别：Additional social stresses may also occur 主谓结构其他成分：because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 状语themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.同位语
翻译点拨：Additional social stresses may also occur 增加的社会压力也可能会出现。试着解释一下：additional可以译作动词增加；主语改为social stress, 社会压力也可能会增加（may also occur 可以略去。）because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements 因为人口爆炸和由于大规模的人口迁移而引起的种种问题themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 现代交通工具使得Themselves（大规模的人口迁移）变得相对容易。同位语可以用括号放到解释说明的名词之后。人口爆炸和大规模的人口迁移（现代交通工具使其变得相对容易）引起的种种问题
参考译文：由于人口猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使大量人口流动变得相对容易)所引起了各种问题这也增加了新的社会压力。
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【英语每日一练（64）】
The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.
主干识别：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang
其他成分：first put forward in the 1920s 定语to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos 状语
翻译点拨：词汇的点拨：the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云virtually 事实上，实际上，实质上the Big Bang 大爆炸理论first put forward 首创的，开始提出的in the 1920s 二十年代to maintain its reign as 以保持……的地位explanation of the cosmos 对宇宙(起源论)的解释对于较长的成分可以单独成句；并且要注意调整各个意群的语序；The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang/，first put forward in the 1920s/，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the
cosmos. The existence of the giant clouds 巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对于宇宙大爆炸理论来讲确实是必须的，这个理论首创于1920年代，这种存在维持了其在宇宙(起源论)的解释中的统治地位。可以适当的调整语序：宇宙大爆炸理论首创于1920年代，巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要，因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。参考译文：宇宙大爆炸理论首创于1920年代，巨大的(宇宙)云的存在对其而言非常重要，因为这维持了其在宇宙起源解释中的主导统治地位。（巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。
【英语每日一练（65）】
Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.
主干识别：Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon. 其他成分：working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments 定语
翻译点拨：词的处理：working with 使用，以……为工作手段ground-based detectors 陆基探测器the South Pole 南极balloon-borne instruments 球载仪器are closing in on 正越来越近structures 云系findings 根据上文可以翻译为：观测结果成分处理的点拨：过长的部分记得一定是可以单独成句的，所以将英语中的名词，形容词，介词短语转译为中文中的动词是常用的翻译技巧。因此可以将working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments翻译为单独的一个句子（这个地方的主语就是句子的主语Astrophysicists）：天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器，上面的句子翻译完毕后再翻译主句：Astrophysicists are closing in on such structures 分析两个句子的关系应该是因果关系所以翻译为：这样他们就能越来近的观察这些云系了再翻第三个部分：and may report their findings soon. 也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。
%
参考译文：天体物理学家正在使用设在南极的陆基探测器和球载仪器，这样他们就能越来近的观察这些云系了，也许很快他们就能传回观测结果了。
【英语每日一练（66）】
If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
主干识别：that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea 其他成分：If the small hot spots look as expected，状语a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 词组scientific idea的同位语
翻译点拨：词的处理：the small hot spots 小热点scientific idea 科学论断，科学观点，科学理念refinement 更完美，提炼，改进the inflationary universe theory 宇宙膨胀说(理论) 同位语的处理：同位语通常可以单独成句：a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 这个科学观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论，也被称之为宇宙膨胀论
参考译文：假如那些小热点看上去同预想是一致的，那这将是又一科学理论的胜利，这种观点就是更完美的大爆炸理论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。
【英语每日一练（67）】
Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.
主干识别：并列句一：cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics 并列句二：many astrophysicists have been convinced that it is true
其他成分：并列一：状语Odd though it sounds, though的用法和as的用法是一样的，都可以引起句子顺序的变换，调整后为：though it sounds odd 并列二：状语for the better part of a decade
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词汇处理：cosmic inflation 宇宙膨胀说scientifically plausible consequence 科学上可信的推论respected idea 公认的理论in elementary-particle physics 基本粒子物理学convinced 相信for the better part of a decade 七八年来
参考译文：虽然这个理论听起来很奇怪，但宇宙膨胀说却是从基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论中得出的从科学角度讲合理的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。
【英语每日一练（68）】
Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.
主干识别：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world.其他成分：to produce a unique millennium technology calendar 状语that gives the latest dates 状语中名词calendar的定语从句when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.前面定语中latest dates 的定语从句
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：Pearson 皮尔森(人名音译) pieced together 汇集；综合around the world 世界各地，全世界produce 编制 a unique millennium technology calendar 一个独特的技术千年历the latest dates 最近日期key breakthroughs 重大突破，关键性突破定语从句的处理：可以后置单独成句，也可以翻译为前置定语； a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发现能发生的最近日期。
参考译文：皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果，编制了一个独特的技术千年历，编制了一个独特的千年技术日历，这个日历给出了我们有望看到的数百个重大突破和发
现能发生的最近日期。
【英语每日一练（69）】
But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
主干识别：Pearson points out that is only the start of man-machine integration 冒号后的主干: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration
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其他成分：that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century. the long process of integration的定语从句
词汇点拨：the long process of integration the start of man machine integration 人机一体化的开始lead to 引起出现，导致产生 a fully electronic human 完全电子化的仿真人，完全的电子人before the end of the next century 在下世纪末之前参考译文：皮尔森指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：它是人机一体化漫长之路的开始，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人。
【英语每日一练（70）】
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
主干识别：home appliances will also become so smart 其他成分：that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.结果状语从句
翻译点拨：词的处理：home appliances 家用电器smart 聪明，智能化result in the breakout of 引发，导致，出现psychological disorder 心理混乱(失调)，心理疾病kitchen rage 厨房狂燥症，（厨房愤怒，厨房生气）
参考译文：家用电器将会变得如此智能化，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病--厨房狂燥症。
【英语每日一练（71）】
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on.
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主干识别：One difficulty is that 其他成分：almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind，feelings，traits of character，human nature，and so on. 表语从句
翻译点拨：词汇的处理：continue to 继续做...依然做... trace behavior to 追溯行为的根源到...转译为：从...追溯行为的根源；behavioral science 行为科学states of mind
心态，意识状态feelings 感情traits of character 性格特点
参考译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
【英语每日一练（72）】
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
主干识别: The behavioral sciences have been slow to change
其他成分: 状语一：partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed 状语二：partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
翻译点拨：the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目) other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。
【英语每日一练（73）】
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The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
主干识别: 并列句主干一：The role was formulated 并列句主干二：the selective role of the environment is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
其他成分：only a little more than a hundred years ago状语of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual定语
翻译点拨：词汇的处理in evolution 在演化中formulated 阐述；表述；解释；论证shaping 形成(造就) maintaining 保持，维护recognized 认可，承认被动的处理，KK在翻译课堂上专门讲过的哦，记得去复习哦：）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago 不要翻译为：“被阐释”而要翻译为：得以阐明；自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明后面的句子由于主语太长所以可以用被动语态翻译；
参考译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究
【英语每日一练（74）】
They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory，and they are essential to practices in which a person is held
responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
主干识别: 并列句主干一：They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory 并列句主干二：they are essential to practices
其他成分：in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements 定语从句
翻译点拨：词的处理：They 它们(自由与尊严)，代词做主语，根据前文可知为：Freedom and dignity man of traditional theory（在翻译的时候记住KK讲的增词原则，可以加上动词“定义”）定语1，名词，定语2 （先后再前在加名词）possessions 所有物，…拥有的东西autonomous (self-governing) 自主行为的；自我管理的；自我约束的practices 实践活动（经常是可以不翻译的一个废词）is held responsible for 对……负责given credit for 认可；赞誉；给予肯定结构的突破：they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.
初步翻译：they are essential to practices 自由和尊严对于实践活动是必须的。in which a person is held responsible for his conduct 在这种实践活动中一个人应该为他的行为负责（in which a person is ）given credit for his achievements. 在这种实践活动中一个人会因其业绩而给予肯定思考：如果能够把“实践活动”去了，会不会改变英语中的句子含义，因为“实践活动”在这里实在是冗长直接说：他们对于后面两件事情是必须的试一下：一个人应该为他的行为负责一个人会因其业绩而给予肯定这对于（要求）一个人应该为他的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定而言，是必须的。结论：实践活动就是后面的两件事情在这里只起到语法作用，没有语义功能可以去掉。
参考译文：自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
【英语每日一练（75）】
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.
主干识别: The behavioral sciences have been slow to change
其他成分: 状语一：partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed 状语二：partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. 翻译点拨：the explanatory items 用以解释的要素(内容，项目) other kinds of explanations 其他解释方式
参考译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。