英文文献翻译封面及正文格式要求
2、英文翻译封面格式范例
(3)英文原著若为纸质复印件或不可更改的pdf格式文件，则英文原著与中文翻译单独编制页码；除上述情况外，英文原著与中文翻译整体编制页码。
（4）建议在英文原著首页以页脚的形式注明英文原著的来源，如本页下题注所示，书写格式同正文中的参考文献格式要求。
英文翻译
题目:
Development of LCD Telephone Alarm System
专业班级:
2010电子信息工程01
学号:
XБайду номын сангаасX
姓名:
XXX
指导教师:
XXX教授
XXX高工(校外)
学院名称:
电气信息学院
201年月日
说明：(1)翻译内容的正文格式同毕业设计(论文)格式，也应该有“武汉工程大学毕业设计(论文)说明书”字样的页眉；
英语论文格式APA(附：论文模板)
外国语学院本科生英语专业毕业论文装订顺序（APA格式）（注：此格式用于文学、翻译方向之外的所有论文）1.毕业论文封面（汉语）2.毕业论文首页（英语）3.致谢（英文）4.毕业论文中文摘要及关键词5.毕业论文英文摘要及关键词6.目录7.正文8.尾注（可选）9.参考文献（英语文献在前，汉语文献在后）10.附录（可选）附：论文模板（模板内容仅供参考，毕业生可根据实际情况填写）学号：0305114000使用情况调查学 院 名 称： 外 国 语 学 院 专 业 名 称： 英 语 教 育 年 级 班 别： 2002 级 5 班 姓 名： 刘 海 涛 指 导 教 师： 李 庆 东年 月The Use of Linking Adverbials by Chinese College English LearnersA Thesis Submittedto Faculty of International Studies ofHenan Normal Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByLiu HiataoSupervisor：Li Qingdong英文年月日enthusiasm, which have been the major driving force to complete the current paper. …无论在口语还是在写作中，中国大学英语学习者在连接副词的使用上都有过多使用的倾向。
影响中国大学英语学习者使用连接副词的因素是多方面的，如母 (linking adverbials in writing and speaking, and give an impersonal description about the non-nativeness that the learners demonstrate in the use of linking adverbials. It is found that Chinese EFL learners have shown an overall overusing tendency in using linking adverbials in their speaking and writing. The results have shown that the factors which contributing to Chinese EFL learners’ use of linking adverbials are multifold, such as mother tongue transfer, pedagogical instructions, stylistic awareness, semantic understanding, pragmatic considerations.Key Words: Linking Adverbials; Chinese EFL learners; Use; TeachingTimes New Roman五号粗体Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. II Chapter One Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Research Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.2 Motivations and Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Two The Theoretical Framework of Child Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2 A Selective Review of Child Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52.3 Child Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.3.1 Child First Language Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3.2 Child Second Language Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.3.3 Child Foreign Language Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.4 Summary of Key Learning Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Chapter Three Some Critical Issues in Primary EFL Instruction in Chinese Context. . . . . . . . . . . . . .253.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 3.2 The Debate about the Inclusion of English in the Primary Curriculum. . . .25 3.3 The Contents of Primary English Curriculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.4 Approaches to Primary Instruction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 3.5 Assessment in Primary English Curriculum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter Four Research Design – A Survey Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 4.2 The Survey Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 4.3 Subjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.5 Data Collection and Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Chapter Five Results and Discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455.2 The Overview of Primary EFL Program in Henan Province. . . . . . . . . . . .455.3 The Current Situation of Primary English Classroom Instruction. . . . . . . .52 Chapter Six Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696.1 Major Findings and Contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696.2 Recommendations for Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Appendixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82河南师范大学本科毕业论文Chapter One Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundIn the first decade 1 or two after World War II, the introduction of foreign languages in the elementary school in the U.S.A.1, and of primary school French in Britain, and similar developments in other countries were part of a widespread search for ways of “improving the effectiveness of language education by taking into account into timetable of language development in childhood” (Stern, 1983, 363). The past decade has seen significant increase in foreign language programs for young learners. In many African and Asian countries, primary children have long been taught French or English as preparation for their use as a medium of instruction.1.2 Motivations and Objectives Times New Roman 五号，1.5倍行距Times New Roman 三号，粗体，居中Times New Roman , 小四号，粗体全文每段首行缩进3-5个字符2.Altenberg, B. (1984). Causal Linking in Spoken and Written English. Studia Linguistica, 38 (pp.20-69).Halliday, M. A. K., & Husan, R. (1988). An Introduction to Functional Grammar: Edward Arnorld.Halliday, M. A. K., & Husan, R. (1970). Language Structure and Language Function. In Lyons (Ed.), Peguin Books (pp. 221-224).Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and Language Education. London: Cambridge University Press. Quirk, R. et al (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.罗瑞球. (2002). 英语习语翻译教学. 湖南师范大学教育科学学报(3).徐其画 & 王乃文. (1989). 实用英译汉教程. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社.杨慧中(主编). (2002).语料库语言学导论. 上海：上海外语教育出版社。
论文及英文翻译格式
六、毕业设计(论文)的撰写1、内容与要求毕业设计(论文)的内容一般依次由以下部分组成：封面、任务书、中文摘要、英文摘要、目录、(符号说明)、前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢、(附录)、外文资料译文、外文原文。
毕业设计(论文)应采用汉语(外语专业用外语)撰写。
要求内容层次分明、文理通顺、数据可靠、文字简练、说明透彻、立论正确、推理严谨。
2、毕业设计(论文)的格式及规范毕业设计(论文)的格式、图纸绘制、实验数据、各种标准的运用和引用都要符合各学科、各专业国家标准的规定。
毕业设计(论文)一律使用计算机编辑，用A4规格纸输出，页面设置上、下页边距2.54厘米，左、右页边距2.5厘米，装订线1厘米，文档网格设为小四号宋体，指定行网格和字符网格，每行33个字符，每页31行，栏数为1。
外文资料译文页面设置、格式规范及字体同正文要求一样，装订时外文资料译文在前，外文原文在后。
除封面、任务书、外文资料译文、外文原文外，毕业设计(论文)其余部分均设置页眉，页眉为“河南科技大学毕业设计(论文)”五号宋体居中。
毕业设计(论文)正文页码用“1、2、3……”小五号宋体居中设置，封面、任务书、外文原文及外文资料译文不设页码，目录及中、英文摘要的页码用“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ……”小五号宋体居中设置。
各部分的具体要求如下：(1) 封面：由学校统一印制；封面填写课题名称，作者姓名，指导教师姓名，院系专业等内容；题目不得超过36个汉字。
学院统一填写全称：材料科学与工程学院；专业填写全称，专业方向统一规范，如材料成型及控制工程（铸造）。
(2) 毕业设计任务书(3) 中英文摘要①毕业设计(论文)中文题目为三号黑体字，可以分成1或2行居中打印。
②题目下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(三号黑体)，字间空一格。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(小四号宋体)。
每段开头空二格。
④中文摘要内容下空一行打印“关键词”三字(小四号黑体)，其后为关键词(小四号宋体)。
外文翻译指导记录怎么写
外文翻译指导记录怎么写外文翻译指导记录怎么写外文翻译、开题报告要求一套完整的毕业设计(论文)材料由外文翻译、开题报告和毕业设计(论文)正文三部分组成，按照统一的封面和格式编写。
和字体大小将按照学院的规定。
文本格式和书写要求（一）外文翻译通过文献综述和翻译，进一步提高外语运用能力，熟悉本专业几大外文书刊，了解国内外毕业设计(论文)信息和动态。
1、格式：（1）外文（译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件）；（2）翻译成中文格式：①标题②署名（作者名）** 著译者：***③翻译正文④外文著录为了反映文稿的科学依据和译者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处，要求译者按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列注明：期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。
书籍——著者，书名、版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。
2、内容要求：（1）阅读每位学生在文献查阅环节中，必须阅读5～10万个印刷符号的外语文献资料（最好阅读与课题或本专业有联系的内容），择其重要的翻译1～2万个印刷符号（约3000汉字）。
（2）翻译①标题应真实地反映出翻译外文的主体内容或原外文标题内容，一般控制在20个汉字以内。
可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明；②标题下方正中为外文作者署名；③外文翻译成中文的内容；④外文著录（二）开题报告1、格式：（1）课题名称；（2）学生、专业、指导教师和教学单位署名；（3）开题报告的正文撰写。
2、内容要求：（1）课题名称要求与毕业设计（论文）正文标题名称一致（一般控制在20个汉字以内，可以用副标题对标题予以补充说明）。
（2）学生、指导教师和教学单位署名：题目下方中间是学生签名，学生签名下方是专业名称，专业名称下方是指导老师签名，指导老师签名下方是教学单位签名(教学单位指学院)。
（3）开题报告的正文撰写要求包括（不少于2500字）：①课题来源②研究目的和意义③研究的内容与途径④国内外研究现状与发展趋势通过提问和分析问题，综合前人文献提出的理论和事实，比较各种学术观点，明确所提问题的历史、现状和发展方向。
参考文献中英文格式
参考文献中英文格式
当涉及到引用参考文献时，不同的学科领域和期刊会有不同的要求和规范。
一般来说，英文参考文献的格式遵循着作者、文章标题、期刊名、出版日期和页码等信息的排列顺序。
下面是一些常见的参考文献格式示例：
期刊文章：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.
中文格式，作者. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页码范围。
书籍：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
中文格式，作者. (年份). 书名. 出版社。
网页：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of webpage. Site name. URL (Accessed date).
中文格式，作者. (年份). 网页标题. 网站名称. 网址 (访问日期)。
这只是一些常见的引用格式示例，具体的要求可能会因期刊或学术机构的要求而有所不同。
在撰写学术论文或提交文章时，最好参考目标期刊的官方引用格式指南，以确保引用格式符合要求。
毕业设计(论文)英文献翻译封面
third-party logistics problems, causes and strategic choiceAbstract: China's logistics industry has just started, third-party logistics and other aspects of the theory and practice are relatively weak. The paper points out the problems of the Third Party Logistics is the gap between domestic and international third party logistics, logistics efficiency is not high, the lack of systematic management, and logistics platform to build lag behind the concept of logistics management, and so on. Analyzed the causes of such problems arising and proposed lean logistics, small and medium enterprise value chain alliances third party logistics, large third-party logistics companies such as virtualization strategy choice of three third-party logistics enterprise development strategies.Keywords:Third party logistics;lean logistics strategy;value chain alliances; virtualization strategy1. IntroductionFor a long time, China's domestic enterprises procurement, transportation, warehousing, agents, packaging, processing, distribution and other aspects of control is not strong, in the "Procurement black hole", "Logistics trap" in the waste is difficult to calculate losses. Therefore, third-party logistics research, the overall effectiveness in promoting the improvement of China's economy has a very important theoretical and practical significance. This article attempts to my policy of three logistics problems and analysis of the causes of and propose several possible third-party logistics strategic choice.2 Third party logistics industry in China's major problems(A) The national policy of three logistics companies and foreign big gap between third-party logistics companies, specifically in the following areas:1, economies of scale and capital gap significantly. Because third-party logistics companies large foreign strategic departure from the global business, its advantages ofscale and capital is no doubt, especially start-up period of three logistics policy I, its very small size, strong capital that foreign giants China enterprises to shame.2,I state policy of the logistics enterprises provide three logistics service level and quality control rather than foreign counterparts. When some domestic enterprise is still in logistics interpreted as "trucks, add warehouse logistics enterprises abroad already completed a series of standardized transformation. Meanwhile, foreign logistics organizational ability so powerful, Germany, for example, a third-party logistics company, all aspects of logistics experts across all over Europe. If the goods by a customer needs of different countries, so these experts from all over Europe in online design a the best logistics solutions. This provides solutions is the ability that the core competence of third-party logistics companies, unlike domestic companies claim to having many ship, how many car.3, China's accession to WTO, lower the threshold of the logistics industry. The logistics service industry: our commitment to all of the services sector, after a reasonable transition period, to cancel most of the foreign equity limit does not restrict access to foreign service providers the current market, do not restrict all the service sectors and the existing market access activities. The secondary distribution services while also making a similar commitment. These restrictions will be phased out after 3-4 years, during which foreign service providers can create a hundred per cent wholly-owned subsidiaries or business sector, the domestic logistics industry will face international competition.(B) serious waste of resources, third party logistics efficiency is not high. From the microscopic point of view, due to the impact of the planned economy, a long time many enterprises, especially state-owned enterprises to go the "large", "small" route, they have their own warehouse, fleet, and even ocean-going vessels team, resulting in wasting a lot of the logistics process, the specific performance of the idle warehouse, logistics decentralized operation, the low level of organization, transverse joint weak. And to provide integrated, modern, professional, punctual, efficient services to third-party logistics enterprises are very small. From a macro point of view of economic development of third-party logistics failed to keep up with the pace of the formation of industrial management model, but only with the transportation, telecommunications, commercial materials, foreign trade and other sectors of the integration and collaboration.(C) the lack of systematic management, equipment standardization is low. Most of the current third-party logistics enterprises in China under the traditional system based on materials circulation enterprises developed, the service mainly stay in the storage, transportation, lack of systematic management, logistics, low efficiency, lack of effective third party logistics functions Play. In addition, the fragmentation of China's logistics sector, making the link in the transportation logistics and equipment standards are not uniform, does not support current standards for physical facilities, resulting in the increase in third-party logistics invalid operation, speed, and reduce costs.(D) third-party logistics platform to build lag, lower degree of information technology. Third-party logistics and distribution platforms, including physical network and information network, physical network refers to the logistics facilities, transportation, transportation hubs in the geographical location of the rational distribution and the formation of physical network; information networks that use third-party logistics business and information technology, Information resources to their chain integration and the formation of a shared network of information resources. The status of physical network are: low levels of third-party logistics and equipment, and information networks also lack the necessary public logistics platform.(E) the concept of logistics management of domestic enterprises is still very backward, which greatly restricts the development of third party logistics. For example: Some companies believe that inventory information is confidential business information must be managed by the enterprises themselves, the class of business activities while outsourcing the management concept difficult to accept, often resulting in control of their own poor management of logistics, business competition in the market weakens Force.3Causes problems analysis(A) lack of modern logistics management knowledge and expertise of logistics personnel. This is the third-party logistics industry in restricting the development of China's most important one of the bottlenecks. Logistics knowledge, especially in modern integrated third party logistics knowledge is far from being universal, but that its main business areas is to provide transportation and warehousing services, not know that it isnew to these traditional business integration of its business fields Far too simple to become connected with transport and storage of raw materials, semi-finished products supply, production process, material flow, the whole process of product distribution services, as cover flow, solid logistics, capital flow, information flow is equal to the integrated system of systems.(B) fails to effectively use modern technology. This situation has greatly restricted the cultivation of third-party logistics companies, affecting their overall competitive strength increased. China's accession to the WTO, domestic enterprises will face third-party logistics strong competition from abroad, the domestic third-party logistics industry is difficult to provide low-cost, high quality and efficient service.(C) subject to the constraints of traditional management systems. Fragmentation in the traditional institutional arrangements, third party logistics activities have been separated from many different sectors such as transportation, post and telecommunications, foreign trade, domestic trade and only involves the transport industry to the Ministry of Railways, Ministry of Communications, etc. Some departments, the lack of efficient collaboration between departments, resulting in the transport process of rotation of the mode of transport and time-consuming part of the cost of logistics in the process of becoming "trap. " There are also procedures for customs management, material procurement and other aspects of some of the provisions of the logistics enterprises also raise the level of integrated services and business development areas, thus restricting the rapid development of third-party logistics industry.4 The third party logistics enterprise strategic choice Summarized the latest of several foreign logistics theory and the development of third-party logistics with the current practice of foreign, third-party logistics firm's strategic choice to have the following three:(A)Lean Logistics StrategySince the lag theory and practice of logistics, our most extensive third-party logistics company or business, it can not accurately position their logistics services. If you do not reverse this situation as soon as possible, will be third-party logistics industry in Chinahave restricted role. Lean production theory of logistics for our third-party logistics company provides a new development ideas for these enterprises to survive in the new economy and development opportunities. Lean Logistics concept originated in lean manufacturing. It is produced from the Toyota Motor Corporation 70 years in the last century by the original "Toyota Production System", after research by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor and summary, was published in 1990 published "change the world of machines), a book. Lean thinking is the use of various modern management methods and means, based on the needs of society to fully play the role of people as a fundamental and effective allocation and rational use of corporate resources to maximize economic benefits for enterprises to seek a new Management philosophy. Lean Logistics Lean Thinking is the application in logistics management, logistics development must reflect. The so-called Lean Logistics means: the process by eliminating the production and supply of non-value added waste in order to reduce stocking time, improve customer satisfaction. The aim of Lean Logistics according to customer needs, providing customers with logistics services, while pursuing the provision of logistics services in the process to minimize waste and delay, the process of increasing value added logistics services. Lean logistics system is characterized by its high-quality, low cost, continuous improvement, driven by customer demand oriented logistics system. It requires establishing the customer first thought, on time, accurate and fast delivery of goods and information.In short, Lean Logistics, as a new management ideas, bound to have a third-party logistics enterprises in China have far-reaching impact, it will change the appearance of the extensive third party logistics management concept, the formation of third party logistics Core competitiveness.(B)the establishment of small and medium third party logistics value chain alliance Third-party logistics enterprises of small and medium can not be independent because of their one-stop logistics services to provide full shortcomings, and because the small size of assets, services, not wide area so that small and medium enterprises in China's logistics third party logistics industry at a disadvantage. Therefore, third party logistics for small and medium enterprises, starting from their own resources to construct their own core competence is the key. As small and medium enterprise features of a single third-partylogistics and incomplete, so based on their respective core competencies based on the structure of the logistics business enterprise cooperation is an effective capacity to make up for deficiencies, constitutes a feasible way of competitive advantage of logistics. Value chain is the use of systems approach to investigate the interaction between business and the analysis of all activities and their access to the resources of competitive advantage. Value of the business activities fall into two categories: basic activities and support activities. Basic activities are involved in product creation and sale of the material transferred to the buyer and after-sales service activities. Basic activities of supporting activities is to assist the revenue by providing outsourcing, technology, human resources and a variety of functions to support each other. Theory to analyze the value chain study the value of third party logistics chain composition, can be found in auxiliary activities, third party logistics enterprise and general business is no different, the basic activities in the third-party logistics companies has its own characteristics. Third-party logistics enterprises there is generally no commodity production process, only the re-circulation process, does not account for major components of a wide range of third-party logistics companies and thus become the basic operating activities of storage, transport, packaging, distribution, customer service and marketing, etc. link. Various aspects of the basic work activities, due to their own limited resources and capacity, can not have every aspect of an advantage in that value chain in terms of some of the deficiencies, resulting in their overall logistics function not complete, lack of corresponding competitiveness and comparative advantage in some sectors of the value chain due to lack of overall effect should not play. Therefore, third party logistics industry, small and medium sized logistics enterprises within the Union, should be based on the value chain between complementary on the basis of cooperation, make full use of professional logistics companies and logistics functions of specialized logistics organization and coordination of agents Flexible complementary integrated logistics capabilities. Third-party logistics for small and medium enterprises, value chain should start with the advantage of links to explore and develop the core competitiveness of enterprises, through the reconstruction of the value chain to avoid weaknesses.(C)Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization of strategyRapid development in IT and the Internet era, companies can not fight alone singles, but must be in the competition and collaboration, in cooperation and development. Thus, under modern conditions resulting from modern large-scale virtualized development of third-party logistics has a strong necessity. Large third-party logistics enterprise virtualization is the logistics management resources of others who will have "all", through the network, the other part into its own logistics, with the help of others break the power of physical boundaries, extending to achieve their various Function, and thus expand their ability to enhance their strength. Therefore, the logistics information technology, virtualization is a means for the connection and coordination of temporary and dynamic alliance in the form of virtual logistics. Integrated logistics virtualization technology as a means of electronic communication, customer-focused, based on the opportunity to participate in members of the core competencies as a condition to an agreement for the common pursuit of goals and tasks, the different parts of the country's existing Resources to quickly mix into a no walls, beyond the space constraints, by means of electronic networks, contact the unified command of the virtual business entity, the fastest launch of high-quality, low-cost logistics service.Modern large-scale virtualization, including third-party logistics functions, organization, geographic three virtualization. Virtualization capabilities with third-party logistics enterprise IT technology will be distributed in different locations, different companies take different functions within the logistics resources (information, human, material and other resources) organized to accomplish a specific task, to achieve the optimization of social resources. Virtualization refers to the organizational structure of the logistics organization is always dynamically adjusted, not fixed, but also decentralized, flexible, self-management, flat network structure, its objectives and in accordance with changes in the environment re-combination, in a timely manner Reflect the market dynamics. Virtual is the regional third party logistics network through the Internet link the global logistics resources, removing barriers and national barriers, to production management to achieve "virtual neighbors. "中国第三方物流存在的问题、原因及战略选择熊卫【摘要】中国物流业的发展才刚刚起步，第三方物流相关理论和实践等方面都相当薄弱。
国家标准英文译本的编写规则及常见问题
国家标准英文译本的编写规则及常见问题作者：李春丽来源：《中国质量与标准导报》2017年第05期为适应我国加入世界贸易组织和标准化活动对外交流的需要，从1997年起，一部分国家标准被翻译成英文。
国家质量技术监督局标准化司于2000年2月12日印发了“关于印发《国家标准英文版翻译指南》的通知”，及时准确地指导了我国国家标准的英文译本的翻译工作。
随着我国“一带一路”国家战略的实施，推进“一带一路”建设工作领导小组办公室发布了《标准联通“一带一路”行动计划（2015—2017）》，在设施联通、能源资源合作、动植物检验检疫和提升双边经济贸易水平等方面，组织翻译500项急需的中国国家、行业标准外文版。
2016年9月12日国家标准委在北京举办“一带一路”沿线国家标准化合作协议签署仪式，并与阿尔巴尼亚、波黑、柬埔寨、黑山、俄罗斯、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、马其顿及土耳其9个“一带一路”沿线国家签署了标准化合作协议。
标准化对“一带一路”建设具有基础和支撑作用，积极推进标准互认，有利于推动中国标准“走出去”，有利于提升标准国际化水平，有利于更好地支撑服务我国产业、产品、技术、工程等“走出去”。
国家标准的英文译本正是中国标准跟随“一带一路”战略走出去的重要举措，为及时指导国家标准的英文译本的翻译工作，保障英文译本的翻译质量，国家质量监督检验检疫总局与国家标准化管理委员会于2016年8月29日发布了GB/T 20000.10—2016 《标准化工作指南第10部分：国家标准的英文译本翻译通则》、GB/T 20000.11—2016《标准化工作指南第11部分：国家标准的英文译本通用表述》，全面具体地指导国家标准英文译本的编写和出版工作。
本文结合国家标准英文译本的出版中遇到的常见问题，着重叙述了英文译本的规范性问题，并对编写规则进行了提示与简要分析，为国家标准的翻译和编辑出版提供参考。
1 编写规则及常见问题1.1 通则为了统一规范国家标准的翻译，遵循国际标准书写规范，保障国家标准英文译本的质量，GB/T 20000.10—2016、GB/T 20000.11—2016对英文译本的用语进行了规范。
英文的信封格式国际邮件书写格式及信封要求
英⽂的信封格式国际邮件书写格式及信封要求英⽂的信封格式/国际邮件书写格式及信封要求⼀、英⽂信封的写法1、在信封的左上⾓写「寄信⼈」的名字和住址。
2、在信封的中间或右下⾓偏左的地⽅写「收信⼈」的名字和住址。
3、寄信⼈不⾃称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss，但是在收信⼈的姓名前则必须加上尊称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss以⽰礼貌。
4、住址的写法与中⽂相反；英⽂住址原则上是由⼩⾄⼤，如必须先写门牌号码、街路名称，再写城市、省（州）和邮政区号，最后⼀⾏则写上国家的名称。
5、在信封的右上⾓贴上邮票。
6、信封上的邮政区号(zip code)，在美国州名之后以五位数阿拉伯数字表⽰，前三位数代表州或都市，后两位数表⽰邮区，⾄于邮政区号10027的念法是one double o two seven。
7、住址中常⽤字：有简写的多⽤简写：楼F(e.g. 2F) 巷Lane ( e.g. Lane 194) 段Section；Sec. (e.g. Sec.Ⅱ) 弄Alley (e.g. Alley 6) 路Road；Rd.( e.g. Chunghua Rd.) 街Street；St.(e.g. Yangkwang St.)例⼦：Zhang XiangNO.56 Middle School stampShanghai 200433People’s Republic Of ChinaProf.K.F.HillDepartment of MathematicsThe University of MichiganAnn Arbor, Michigan 48109U.S.A.发信⼈的地址应写在信封的左上⾓，收信⼈的地址应写在信封偏中右偏下处。
住址中常⽤字：*** 室/房Room*** *** 村（乡）*** Village*** 号No.*** *** 号宿舍*** Dormitory*** 楼/层***/F*** 住宅区/⼩区*** Residential Quarter 甲/ ⼄/ 丙/ 丁 A / B / C / D*** 巷/ 弄*** Lane*** 单元Unit ****** 号楼/幢*** Building*** 公司⽤拼⾳拼写*** ⼚*** Factory*** 酒楼/酒店*** Hotel*** 路*** Road*** 花园*** Garden*** 街*** Street*** 县*** County*** 镇*** Town*** 市*** City*** 区*** District*** 信箱Mailbox ****** 省*** Prov.****表⽰序数词，⽐如1st、2nd、3rd、4th……如果不会，就⽤No. ***代替，或者直接填数字吧！另外有⼀些***⾥之类难翻译的东西，就直接写拼⾳*** 。