徐火辉《超越哈佛》(徐老师原典英语自学法)电子书
英语学习的孔子原理 徐火辉老师新著《中国人英语自学方法教程》第一讲第三节
外语（英语）学习的孔子原理徐老师新著《中国人英语自学方法教程》第一讲第三节今天讲座的最后一个内容什么是原典英语自学法——它的核心训练程序简称为321X 法什么是3-2-1-X 法？语言是人与生俱来的自学能力，这是亘古的常识。
轻蔑亘古智慧，而“发明”出各种各样弄巧成拙的教学法，是外语教学“少慢差费”的主要原因。
原典英语自学法，顾名思义就是强调第一. 在学习过程上遵循人类语言获得的本原程序——聆听先行；第二. 在学习素材上遵循人类语言的经典；第三. 经典文本必须通过英美专业演员的经典朗诵来表达，学生从感受声情并茂的朗诵而非语法分析文本来学习语言；第四. 在学习方式上充分发掘人类天赋的语言自学能力。
在以上大前提下，把原典法简称为3-2-1-X 法321X先专注聆听多于3遍认真读多于2遍再欣赏聆听多于1遍自由选择扩展提高训练，例如精听，跟读，朗诵，口语3-2-1-X 法即训练程序为：1.一定要先聆听，而不要先阅读；2. 必须重复聆听；3. 聆听之后跟进阅读听过的内容；4. 然后再循环聆听读过的内容；5. 最后选择性地就听-读-听过的素材做扩展训练。
3-2-1分别为听-读-听的最低重复次数若学生基础弱，则可用632X法。
随着学习者程度提高，聆听或阅读的重复次数可以减少，321X法可以调整为311X法或300X法，等等。
初学者应该从分级的原版英语儿童有声书或多媒体书入手。
不宜用国内专家编写或改编的教材如果原文较长则不须一次全部听完，宜分成5-20分钟段落聆听。
程度越低，分段时间越短，初学者以2-5分钟一段为宜。
但也不宜过短。
每听完一段，即专注聆听多于三遍，就可进入下一步训练阶段，即认真阅读。
然后再次循环聆听。
初学者要集中在前三步听-读-听的训练，X 扩展训练可适当延后。
原典英语一体化训练法概括3-2-1循环操作只听不读→单纯阅读或边听边读→只听不读→（扩展提高：精读、朗诵、说与写）非常简单！！！几大注意事项1.向婴儿学习；听不清听不懂也要坚持无烦躁无挫折地静心聆听。
超越哈佛---徐老师原典法英语学习--读书笔记-20211222
《超越哈佛》徐老师原典英语自学法---读后感
1、海内存知语、天涯若比邻、有为在此路、儿女共奋进
2、聆听原则：聆听先行、聆听驱动、聆听为纲，是一切语言的不二法
门，包括母语和外语。
3、童子功原则，外语学的越早越好
4、母乳原则：原版
5、情侣原则：美趣原则，寻找最喜欢的来听，不是学海无涯苦作舟
6、铁人原则：坚持拿下
7、大师原则：找到最好的引导老师---徐老师
8、具体程序：
荷马式聆听：不阅读材料，专注聆听不少于3遍。
聆听3要素：闭上双目、专注聆听、脑海中回声播放，短暂停顿，回想。
注意：听过努力辨音辨声而理解，不必在意听没听懂。
9、阅读：
打开文本，同时打开金山词霸，遇到生词，自动翻译，效率很高。
初级不播放音频
10、集中整理单词：把生词记录下来，整理到列表中集中后随时复习。
张敬源《英语(二)自学教程》学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全
谢谢观看
三、全文翻译 四、练习答案
作者介绍
同名作者介绍
读书笔记
读书笔记
这是《张敬源《英语（二）自学教程》学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】》的读书笔 记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
精彩摘录
这是《张敬源《英语（二）自学教程》学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】》的读书笔 记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
张敬源《英语（二）自学教程》 学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精
解＋全
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 04 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
相关
全文
学习指南
单元
答案
词汇
教材
学生
翻译
短语
答案
二课文
短语
内容摘要
内容摘要
本书特别适用于参加全国自考的考生。《英语（二）自学教程》（张敬源主编、外语教学与研究出版社）为 全国高等教育自学考试指定教材，是参加本考试的必学教材。但由于该教材信息量大，知识面宽，具有一定的广 度和深度，这给学生在学习该教材的过程中带来一定的困难。为了帮助学生更好地学习本书，我们有针对性地编 著了配套学习指南。本书是针对《英语（二）自学教程》的配套辅导用书，按照原教材的课次进行编写，涉及词 汇短语、课文精解、全文翻译以及练习答案等内容。词汇短语中精选每单元的重难点词汇，每个词后除了释义， 还给出了相应的例句，及一些常用的搭配、词组、助记方法等。全文翻译在参阅了大量与教材相关用书的基础上 总结编写而成。课文精解从文中选出重点句子及难以理解的句子加以讲解，其中包括对句子结构分析、相关知识 点讲解和延伸。练习答案提供每单元习题的参考答案。本书旨在帮助学生更好、更高效地学习和掌握教材中的重 点及难点知识，具有很强的针对性和实用性。在编写过程中，该书力求突出重点，答疑难点，语言言简意赅，讲 解深入浅出，希望它能得到广大学生的喜爱和认可。
大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文
大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文Lesson 1: Introduction to College EnglishIn this first lesson, we will introduce you to the basic structure of the course and provide you with some tips on how to study effectively. We will also discuss the importance of setting goals and creating a study plan.Lesson 2: Grammar BasicsIn this lesson, we will cover the basic rules of English grammar. We will discuss nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. We will also provide you with some examples of how to use these parts of speech in sentences.Lesson 3: Vocabulary BuildingLesson 4: Reading ComprehensionLesson 5: Writing SkillsWriting is an important skill for academic and professional success. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how to improve your writing skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your writing skills.Lesson 6: Listening SkillsListening is an important skill for learning English. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how toimprove your listening skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your listening skills.Lesson 7: Speaking SkillsLesson 8: Review and AssessmentWe hope that you find this course helpful and enjoyable. Good luck on your journey to mastering the English language!Lesson 9: Cultural AwarenessLesson 10: Advanced GrammarIn this lesson, we will cover more advanced aspects of English grammar, including verb tenses, modal verbs, and passive voice. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you understand and practice these grammar points.Lesson 11: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an important skill for success in higher education. In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and conventions of academic writing, including essay organization, citation styles, and plagiarism. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your academic writing skills.Lesson 12: Pronunciation and Accent ReductionPronunciation is an important aspect of spoken English. In this lesson, we will discuss the phonetic system ofEnglish and provide you with some tips on how to improve your pronunciation and reduce your accent. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your pronunciation skills.Lesson 13: English for Specific PurposesEnglish is used in a wide range of fields, including business, medicine, and law. In this lesson, we will explore some specialized vocabulary and expressions used in these fields. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your English skills for specific purposes.Lesson 14: Conversation PracticeLesson 15: Final ProjectLesson 16: Advanced Reading StrategiesLesson 17: Public SpeakingPublic speaking is a valuable skill in many professional settings. In this lesson, we will discuss techniques for effective public speaking, including speech organization, delivery, and audience engagement. We will provide you with opportunities to practice delivering speeches and receive feedback to improve your public speaking skills.Lesson 18: Advanced Listening ComprehensionLesson 19: English for Travel and TourismLesson 20: English for Job InterviewsLesson 21: Advanced Writing TechniquesIn this lesson, we will explore advanced writing techniques, such as persuasive writing, argumentative writing, and creative writing. We will provide you with writingprompts and guidelines to help you develop your writingskills in different genres.Lesson 22: English for Social MediaLesson 23: English for Academic ResearchConducting academic research requires strong English language skills. In this lesson, we will discuss techniquesfor reading and understanding academic articles, as well as how to write research papers and cite sources correctly. Wewill provide you with practice exercises to enhance your academic research skills.Lesson 24: English for International RelationsIf you are interested in pursuing a career ininternational relations, this lesson will be beneficial. Wewill explore the language used in diplomacy, negotiations,and international conferences. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you develop your Englishskills in this specialized field.Lesson 25: Final ReflectionWe hope that this College English SelfStudy Course has equipped you with the necessary tools and knowledge to excelin your English language abilities. Remember to practiceregularly, seek opportunities for language immersion, and never stop learning. Good luck in all your endeavors!。
LPN49-1
LABORATORY PRIMATE NEWSLETTERVol. 49, No. 1 January 2010JUDITH E. SCHRIER, EDITORJAMES S. HARPER, GORDON J. HANKINSON AND LARRY HULSEBOS,ASSOCIATE EDITORSMORRIS L. POVAR AND JASON MACHAN, CONSULTING EDITORSELVA MATHIESEN, ASSISTANT EDITORALLAN M. SCHRIER, FOUNDING EDITOR, 1962-1987Published Quarterly by the Schrier Research LaboratoryPsychology Department, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode IslandISSN 0023-6861POLICY STATEMENTThe Laboratory Primate Newsletter provides a central source of information about nonhuman primates and related matters to scientists who use these animals in their research and those whose work supports such research. The Newsletter (1) provides information on care and breeding of nonhuman primates for laboratory research, (2) disseminates general information and news about the world of primate research (such as announcements of meetings, research projects, sources of information, nomenclature changes), (3) helps meet the special research needs of individual investigators by publishing requests for research material or for information related to specific research problems, and (4) serves the cause of conservation of nonhuman primates by publishing information on that topic. As a rule, research articles or summaries accepted for the Newsletter have some practical implications or provide general information likely to be of interest to investigators in a variety of areas of primate research. However, special consideration will be given to articles containing data on primates not conveniently publishable elsewhere. General descriptions of current research projects on primates will also be welcome.Newsletter appears quarterly and is intended primarily for persons doing research with nonhuman primates. TheBack issues may be purchased for $10.00 each. We are no longer printing paper issues, except those we will send to subscribers who have paid in advance. We will not accept future subscriptions, unless subscribers are willing to pay $100/year. (Please make checks payable to the Brown University Psychology Department.) Readers with access to electronic mail may receive a notice when a new issue is put on the Website by sending the message subscribe LPN-WARN your-own-name to listserv@. (Send the message subscribe LPN-PDF to receive PDF files by e-mail; or the message subscribe LPN-L to receive the nongraphic contents of each issue.) Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at </primate>. Persons who have absolutely no access to the Web, or to the electronic mailing, may ask to have paper copies sent to them.The publication lag is typically no longer than the three months between issues and can be as short as a few weeks. The deadline for inclusion of a note or article in any given issue of the Newsletter has in practice been somewhat flexible, but is technically the tenth of December, March, June, or September, depending on which issue is scheduled to appear next. Reprints will not be supplied under any circumstances, but authors may reproduce their own articles in any quantity.PREPARATION OF ARTICLES FOR THE NEWSLETTER. – Articles, notes, and announcements may be submitted by mail, e-mail, or computer disk, but a printed copy of manuscripts of any length or complexity should also be sent by regular mail. Articles in the References section should be referred to in the text by author(s) and date of publication, e.g., Smith (1960) or (Smith & Jones, 1962). Names of journals should be spelled out completely in the References section. Latin names of primates should be indicated at least once in each note and article. In general, to avoid inconsistencies within the Newsletter, the Latin names used will be those in Mammal Species of The World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd Ed. D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder (Eds.). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. For an introduction to and review of primate nomenclature see The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates, by N. Rowe, Pogonias Press, 1996.All correspondence concerning the Newsletter should be addressed to:Judith E. Schrier, Psychology Department, Box 1853, Brown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island 02912 [401-863-2511; FAX: 401-863-1300]e-mail address: primate@Current and back issues of the Newsletter are available on the World Wide Web at/primateACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Newsletter is supported by Brown University.Cover photograph of a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar),taken at the San Diego Zoo by Mark Abbott in 2007Copyright © 2010 by Brown UniversityInformation Requested or AvailableSpecific Gravity of Primates’ UrineBrooke Aldrich, of the Monkey Sanctuary Trust, Looe, Cornwall, PL13 1NZ, U.K. [Phone and fax: 01503 262 532; e-mail: email@] has been trying to monitor the health of an elderly female patas monkey (Erithrocebus patas). Part of the monitoring is regular ‘multistix’ tests of her urine. Multistix measure a variety of things (glucose, protein, and so on). “Most of them we have a grip on but normal specific gravity seems to vary between humans, cats, and dogs and I can only assume different primate species have different ‘normal’ measures. If anyone can furnish values, or references to values, for patas monkeys (and, for that matter, other pri-mate species, such as Barbary macaques, various capu-chins, woolly monkeys), we will be very grateful.”The Enrichment Record“The first issue of The Enrichment Record is now available online. This quarterly E-Zine has been created by and for the laboratory animal research community as an online forum for:∙discussing environmental enrichment in the optimal care of laboratory animals;∙documenting best practices and approaches for ad-dressing challenges of implementation and assess-ment at every level;∙sharing data on the impact of environmental enrich-ment on science; and ∙building the case for integrating enrichment into re-search design.“This community-based publication is not peer-reviewed. However, members of our Editorial Board are actively involved in all aspects of the publication. If you want to write an article, submit a topic for discussion, or have any suggestions for ways to expand and engage our community in a lively dialogue on this subject, please contact Jayne Mackta [732.869.9499; e-mail: mackta@].“Subscriptions are free; the potential benefit to lab animal welfare of sharing is priceless. We encourage youto subscribe and to spread the word about this new re-source; see </enrichrecord.html>.”More Interesting Websites∙ American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)’s online Buyers Guide: <>∙Animal Technology and Welfare: <. uk>∙ Legal Books from LexisNexis: <www.lexisnexis. com/store/catalog/category_lawfirms.jsp?segmentid=seg_law>∙ National Association for Biomedical Research’s Animal Law Section: <>* * *Primatology, Wildlife Ecology, and Conservation Field SchoolJack Harris, Professor of Anthropology, Rutgers Uni-versity, and Co-Director of Field Schools, Kenya, recently wrote to the Primate-Science mailing list: “The fourth annual Primatology, Wildlife Ecology, and Conservation Field School will be held from August 3rd – 28th, 2010, in Kenya. This field school is a joint effort of Rutgers University, the National Museums of Kenya, and the Kenya Wildlife Services.“The field school provides a distinctive opportunity for students to gain hands-on experience in field work methodologies and research on some of Kenya’s exquisite wildlife including a variety of Old World primates. One site we will visit is the Tana River Primate National Re-serve where students will conduct independent research projects and have the opportunity to observe not only the two endemic and endangered species, the Tana River mangabey and Tana River red colobus, but also yellow baboons and Sykes monkeys.“We will also spend time on the Laikipia Plateau of central Kenya. At the different sites where we camp, stu-dents will receive lectures, complete readings, and have discussions with the Field School directors as well as a wide range of consultants to the Field School including Dr. Martin Mulama of Sweetwaters Chimpanzee Sanctu-ary, Dr. Paul Muoria of the African Wildlife Foundation, and Dr. Daniel Rubenstein of Mpala Research Centre, to name a few. In addition, we will stay on Mugie Ranch where we will visit their black rhino sanctuary and data collection lab. We will observe radio-collared lions and learn about the Laikipia Predator Project from Project Biologist Alayne Cotterill. Students will also do field work, making the Field School worth six academic cred-its.“To obtain more information about this program, see <>, contact me directly at <jwharris@>, or visit the Rutgers Study Abroad Website at <>.”News BriefsFBR’s New CampaignThe Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) commissions public opinion polls and has found a precipi-tous drop in public support of animal research, from 64% in 2004 to 54% in 2008. In response, FBR recently launched ResearchSaves, a campaign to explain why ani-mal research is an essential step in finding new treatments and cures for disease. “ResearchSaves corrects miscon-ceptions about biomedical research and stresses that ani-mal research is important, humane, and necessary to save lives,” FBR president Frankie Trull said. The campaign includes a robust media strategy to reach as many Ameri-cans as possible, including national TV and radio spots, billboards in select markets, social media outreach through Twitter and Facebook, and ResearchSaves, a quarterly magazine that highlights the latest medical breakthroughs with foundations in animal research. – FBR’s The Research Advocate, September 9Successful Congo Basin Forest PartnershipThe Congo Basin Forest Partnership consists of an in-ternational association of more than forty governments, international organizations, and private sector and civil society representatives and is designed to enhance the sustainable management of the Congo Basin ecosystem. The Partnership promotes economic development, pov-erty alleviation, and effective governance through the conservation and sustainable management of natural re-sources, including forests and wildlife. It serves as a global model of public/private cross-boundary coopera-tion and has resulted in improved sustainable forest man-agement, new multi-national, anti-poaching initiatives, and a declining rate of biodiversity loss for a rainforest area larger than Texas.The United States government has invested more than $100 million in funds and technical expertise into the Partnership over the last ten years. By the end of 2009, through the Central Africa Regional Program for the En-vironment (CARPE), U.S. programs have improved land management of 56 million hectares; trained nearly 25,000 people in conservation; put in place ten forestry, biodiver-sity, and conservation laws; allocated $2.5 million in small grants to local NGOs; provided for logging conces-sion monitoring in Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Gabon, and the Democratic Re-public of Congo (DRC); and completed a logging title conversion process in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with additional support from the World Bank and the European Union.Established at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Partnership operates within the frame-work of the Council of Ministers in charge of the Forests of Central Africa (COMIFAC: <>) and in accordance with its strategic plan, the Plan de Convergence. The Partnership focuses on 12 ecologically sensitive and biologically diverse areas and wildlife corri-dors called forest landscapes, which are viewed as the most vulnerable to deforestation and other threats to bio-diversity. Together, these landscapes comprise more than 80 million hectares of critically important tropical forest in Central Africa.Other U.S. agencies that have invested in the Congo Basin Forest Partnership include the U.S. Agency for In-ternational Development, the U.S. Forest Service, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. – U.S. Dept of State Press Release: September 29, 2009Grand Opening of Baboon Cliffs ExhibitA ribbon cutting ceremony took place October 1 at the Oakland (California) Zoo to celebrate the grand opening of the new Baboon Cliffs Exhibit. The Baboon Cliffs Exhibit is approximately 8,100 square feet and includes a cascading waterfall, climbing structures, a spacious area for the baboons to roam, a night house facility, and offices for Zoo staff. The exhibit also has a large viewing deck for the public. – Press release, October 1, 2009 Extended Habitat for the Greater Bamboo Lemur One of the world’s most endangered primates, the greater bamboo lemur, a species endemic to Madagascar, has been found in an area where it was feared extinct, environmental organizations said on October 5. The spe-cies, Prolemur simus, has been found at 11 sites in a swath of forest in the east of the island. This finding opens “a new chapter for the species and for the places we can protect it by preserving the forest as the main problem is loss of habitat,” Mahaoly Ravaloharimanitra, a research assistant at the Aspinall Foundation, told Agence France-Press (AFP).Illegal logging and slash-and-burn agriculture are among the practices that threaten the survival of this spe-cies. Primate specialists say that while this type of lemur was once found throughout this Indian Ocean island, now no more than 300 individuals are still in existence. As its common name suggests, Prolemur simus feeds mainly on bamboo, which limits its habitat options. “They are very secretive, which makes it difficult to approach them and protect them. Most of the time we don’t see the animal, just traces of food or droppings,” Tovanahary Rasolofo-harivelo from Conservation International told AFP.The greater bamboo lemur was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the 1980s, the two associa-tions said in a statement. – Copyright © 2009 AFPMore U.S. Law Schools Have Animal Law Courses Over half of U.S. law schools now have animal law courses, including many in universities with medical and research programs that utilize animals protected by fed-eral welfare laws. Courses that promote standards for humane animal care and welfare are unlikely to provoke conflict, but programs championing animal rights or “lib-eration” set up adversarial potential on campuses and pose a serious risk to the future of animal research. The use of the law instead of violence and threats, however, should be acknowledged as a forward step.According to the course catalogues of 203 law schools listed on the Website for the Law School Admissions Council <>, 111 (55%) teach an animal law course. Of 121 student groups throughout U.S. law schools with a focus on animal law and animal rights, 85 are at schools with an animal law class while 37 are at schools without such a class. Accordingly, animal law, through either coursework or student groups, is being addressed at 148 (73%) of U.S. law schools. – P. Michael Conn, in The Scientist, 2009, 23[12], 23* * *Position Available: The Animal Welfare InstituteThe Animal Welfare Institute in Washington DC is accepting applications for its full-time position of Labora-tory Animal Advisor.Candidates are expected to:∙have a genuine reverence for living creatures;∙not be afraid to actively express compassion for ani-mals kept in research laboratories and educational in-stitutions;∙not be categorically against research with animals;∙not be categorically for research with animals;∙have several years of experience with traditional and refined housing and handling practices for at least one nonhuman primate species and at least one non-primate species commonly found in research labs;∙be familiar with the professional and scientific litera-ture pertaining to the housing and handling of ani-mals assigned to research and teaching projects;∙have published several professional or scientific arti-cles (a copy of one article should be attached to the application);∙publish articles on species-adequate housing and stress-mitigating handling of animal species com-monly found in laboratories;∙visit animal research facilities and offer advice on species-adequate housing and stress-mitigating han-dling of animal species commonly found in laborato-ries;∙represent the Animal Welfare Institute at professional and scientific meetings;∙manage and update at a three-month interval two annotated databases on ∙environmental enrichmentand ∙refinement for animals in research institutions;and∙write comments on federal draft regulations and pro-fessional draft guidelines on the housing and han-dling of animals kept in research laboratories.No specific academic or professional diplomas are re-quired to apply for this position, which is presently held by Viktor Reinhardt, who will be retiring. Candidates arefree to specify their salary expectations in their applica-tions. Applications – original and two copies – should bemailed to Cathy Liss, 900 Pennsylvania Ave. SE, Wash-ington, DC 20003, by May 1, 2010. The position will beavailable on September 1, 2010.* * *Call for Nominations: ASLAP Research AwardNominations for the 2010 American Society of Labo-ratory Animal Practitioner’s (ASLAP) Research Award may be submitted, by January 15, 2010, to Dr. Fred Rock (ASLAP Secretary-Treasurer) through the ASLAP Office (Darlene Brown, ASLAP Coordinator, P.O. Box 125, Adamstown, MD 21710 [e-mail: aslap@]). This award was created to honor members in good stand-ing of ASLAP and the American Veterinary Medical As-sociation (AVMA) for scientific contributions to the fields of laboratory animal medicine and/or comparative medicine. The award is intended to honor individuals who have made significant and repeated scientific contri-butions to the field. The scientific contributions may be of significance to refinement or development of technical procedures within laboratory animal medicine which have resulted in contributions to animal welfare, animal hus-bandry, animal health, or development of animal models. Studies which have used laboratory animals and have resulted in significant contributions to human health, ei-ther through basic or applied research, are also applicable. While the award is not intended to be for recognition of administrative accomplishments alone, contributions to the service functions of ASLAP and other professional organizations will also be evaluated.A nomination letter, four to six supporting letters di-rectly relating to the award criteria, and a curriculum vitae should be submitted. Awards will be presented at the AVMA meeting in July of the same year. The awardee will receive a plaque and an honorarium.Resources Wanted and AvailableHousing and Handling Photos WantedViktor Reinhardt is seeking photo material for his sec-ond volume of LAREF discussions (see <labanimals. /pubs/LAREF/LAREF-bk.html> for first volume). If you can and want to share photos related to refinement of housing and handling condi-tions of nonhuman primates, or any other species kept in research institutions, please send them as .JPG files to <viktor@> or as prints to Viktor Reinhardt, 6014 Palmer Dr., Weed, CA 96094 U.S.A. Please include a brief explanation of each picture.NIH Curriculum Supplement: “Exploring Bioethics”“Exploring Bioethics” is a model for ethical inquiry to help students in grades 6 to 12 develop thoughtful positions on complex bioethical issues. The supplement’s six modules each contain three 45-minute class periods of lessons on a specific issue. The topics presented are genetic testing, the use of human subjects in research, steroid use by athletes, organ allocation for transplants, and the modification of animals for hu-man benefit. The lessons promote problem-solving and communication skills, critical thinking, and team-work. The curriculum supplement presents six three-day lessons in a convenient, all-in-one resource that is well organized for integration into a broader curriculum. “Exploring Bioethics” is available at </customers.nsf/ HSBioethics.htm>. – National Institutes of Health, September 15IJCP Freely Available OnlineThe International Journal of Comparative Psychologyis now freely accessible online. For more information, see: <>.Primate Sanctuary Computer Program Update Nedim C. Buyukmihci has announced that an updated version (November 24, 2009) of his Primate Sanctuary Database program is on the Website </pigbyte_psd.html> for down-loading and installing. It has several enhancements (see the Website for list). If you already have the program, you only need to download the update installation file. He recommends you install this update so that you can take advantage of the new features.As stated before, if you are using the program and provide him with an e-mail address, he will place you on the list to notify when an update becomes available. E-mail Ned at <ncbuyukmihci@>. Your address will be kept private. [Editors’ Note: We will not be repeating this announce-ment, so get onto his mailing list!]Australasian Conference AbstractsAbstracts of the 2002, 2007, and 2008 conferences of the Australasian Primate Society are now available at </apsconf.htm>.Updated Guidance in Protocol ReviewThe Guidance section of the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) home page, <grants.nih. gov/grants/olaw/references/commentary.htm>, has updated its Commentary on Lab Animal Protocol Re-view Columns. “A Word from OLAW and USDA” re-sponds to the topic Required Modifications and Desig-nated Member Reviews in the July, 2009, issue. The No-vember, 2009, issue addresses Categorizing Insufficient Pain Alleviation. To further explore these and other top-ics, browse the OLAW Topic Index. – from the National Institutes of Health, November 28Evolution Versus CreationThis is a Yahoo group, at </ group/evolutionversuscreation>, featuring dis-cussions of past and current events in science, technology, and society.Interspecies Dosage CalculatorThe Federal Drug Administration has brought back the Interspecies Dosage Calculator, which will allow you to convert dosages from mg/kg to mg/sq-m (body surface area) and allow you to determine equivalent doses across species. </Drugs/Development ApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/CancerDrugs/UCM189252>. – posted to COMPMED by Bob HarrisFirst Voluntary Gorilla Blood Pressure Reading Zoo Atlanta recently became the first zoological insti-tution in the world to obtain voluntary blood pressure readings from a gorilla. This groundbreaking stride was made possible by the Gorilla Tough Cuff, a blood pres-sure reading system devised through partnership with the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineer-ing at Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory Uni-versity. Created as a senior design project by biomedical engineering undergraduates David Sotto, Nisha Bhatia, Stephanie Drewicz, and Scott Seaman, the prototype has now been successfully tested on one of Zoo Atlanta’s 22 western lowland gorillas. The students also had guidance from Professors Hanjoong Jo, and Franklin Bost.The Gorilla Tough Cuff operates in the same manner as the mechanism familiar to humans, with the patient slipping an arm into a cuff. As the cuff inflates, the blood pressure reading is measured and displayed on a monitor. The student design team’s biggest set of challenges, how-ever, was constructing a durable, comfortable cuff large enough to fit an adult male gorilla weighing upwards of 300 pounds. The prototype system was comprised of a blood pressure cuff bolted to a casing made of acryloni-trile butadiene styrene plastic. The casing was zip-tied to a rectangular mesh trap and the trap was temporarily at-tached to the gorilla cage. The pressure cuff tubing was connected to an off-the-shelf veterinary blood pressure monitor located outside of the gorilla cage.“We also built a safety mechanism into the device so that the gorillas would not be injured if they became alarmed or frightened and tried to remove their arm from the cuff,” said Sotto, who is currently a graduate student at Georgia Tech.Once the prototype was complete, the Tough Cuff had its first tester: Ozzie, a 48-year-old male western lowland gorilla. Gorillas aren’t typically keen on the idea of in-serting their arms into inflatable cuffs: Ozzie’s accom-plishment is the result of months of patience and diligent voluntary positive reinforcement training on the part of Zoo Atlanta’s Primate Team.One of four geriatric gorillas living at the Zoo, Ozzie is at an age where he may be subject to health concerns similar to those experienced by mature humans. Cardiac disease is the leading cause of mortality in adult male gorillas living in captive settings, and the new system will enable veterinarians to more effectively monitor precur-sory signs such as high blood pressure.The Gorilla Tough Cuff has already been demon-strated for veterinarians and animal care professionals from numerous other accredited zoos. The device could ultimately prove invaluable to the more than 100 institu-tions around the world currently housing the species. – November 10, Georgia Tech press release* * * Announcements from PublicationsBiology Direct Publishes Thematic SeriesIn this Darwin 150th Birthday Year Biology Direct has published the first articles in a thematic series covering today’s understanding of evolution at all levels. See </series/ Darwin_Anniversary>. Further articles will be addedto the series in due course, and proposals are welcome for consideration.Primate Specialist Group’s Publications OnlineAll past editions of the International Union for Conserva-tion of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Primate Specialist Group (PSG)’s newsletters and journals are now available online through the PSG Web-site. These are the Web addresses for each of these publi-cations. All of the following are now available with open access at </journals.htm>.∙Primate Conservation from No 1, 1981: </pc.htm>∙Asian Primates Newsletter from 1[1], 1991: </as.htm>∙Asian Primates Journal from 1[1], 2008: </apj.htm>∙Neotropical Primates from 1[1], 1993: </np.htm>∙African Primates from 1[1], 1995: </ap.htm>∙Lemur News from No. 1, 1996: </ln.htm> African Primates Invites SubmissionsCarolyn L. Ehardt, Senior Editor for the IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group’s journal African Primates, en-thusiastically invites submissions to that journal from all who conduct research on or have information about Af-rica’s primate species. This journal will now be published as an Open Resource journal, fully indexed, and available worldwide, including to the 1200+ readership that has received printed copies in the past. The journal fell into a prolonged hiatus during the transition between editors, but Ehardt is now expecting the inaugural edition of the revi-talized journal to launch very soon. If any of you or your students/colleagues wish to submit materials for consid-eration for publication in the journal, please do so. The document Notes and Instructions for Contributors to African Primates, which has all relevant information, is available at</PDF/ APguideline.pdf>.African Primates encourages submission of relevant information in the form of research findings, field survey results, advances in field and laboratory techniques, field action alerts, and book reviews, as well as notification of events, funding possibilities, grassroots efforts such as letter-writing campaigns and other activities that might benefit from the support of the readership, and recent pub-lications in other formats (including reports and theses). All submissions should be sent to the Senior Editor [e-mail: Carolyn.Ehardt@]. Research articles are peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication.。
【1】2.Zorro.蒙面侠佐罗
of the natives⑥ and the friars. He punishes dishonest people," says an old
wine."
"Thank you, my friend," says Don Diego.
"We are talking about Zorro. Everyone is scared⑤ of him, but I am not! I
am ready to fight Zorro and win! I am a champion⑥ with the sword. What
there are soldiers and other men. They are eating and drinking. Sergeant③
Pedro Gonzales is at the tavern. He is a big, strong man.
"What a horrible night! It always rains in February. Where is Zorro on this
—————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
4 / 27
"No one can stop him. The Governor① of California offers a big reward②
for the capture③ of Zorro," says one soldier.
原典英语自学法
原典英语自学法（又简称为321X英语学习法），为徐火辉教授20年集哲学、语言学、教育学、认知心理学、心理语言学和社会语言学等多学科交叉研究而成。
该英语自学法操作简单，高中生或大学生坚持使用该方法，多数人能达到雅思听力和阅读7分以上的水平。
★原典法原理与训练方法简介★●哲学文化原理：荷马是西语（一切拼音语言）的祖宗，仓颉是中文的祖宗。
你知道这两位老祖宗的差异吗？荷马是盲人，是聆听的大师；仓颉是四目，是目视的大师。
英语是强调聆听、强调声音的语言，中文是强调目视的语言。
用强调目视（死抠书面语）这种学中文的方法学英语，误导了中国学生100年！强调声音的语言，发展成文字，就变成表音文字。
学习表音文字，掌握了声音（听与说），就离掌握书面语很接近了。
强调目视的语言，发展成象形文字和表意文字，仅仅掌握听说，离掌握书面语还有很大距离。
英语是表音文字，通过聆听掌握声音，在学习英语中具有本原的重要性。
●科学原理：每个英语教授都说学英语要培养语感，若学生追问"怎样培养语感"，教授们的回答往往不得要领。
其实非常简单，语言是声音表达的艺术，音乐也是声音表达的艺术。
因此，培养语感与培养乐感原理相通。
培养乐感，学唱歌的白痴方法是什么？培养乐感学唱歌的三大白痴方法:第一，通过读歌谱分析歌词大量做试题学唱歌；第二，学唱"教材"歌曲而不是学唱最好听的经典和流行歌曲；第三，跟着学校老师学而不是跟着原唱大歌星学。
同样，学英语的三大错误方法：第一，通过读书面英文大量做书面试题学英语；第二，跟着中国教材学而不是跟着英美经典学；第三，跟着中国老师学而不是英美的大朗诵家学。
●语言学原理：声音是语言的躯体，文字是语言的外衣。
英文是表音文字，中文是表意文字。
学习表音文字语言，一定要聆听优先、聆听为纲。
●认知心理学原理：最新神经心理学和认知心理语言学研究发现：A. 语言通过声音最易记忆；B. 大脑中不建立独立于母语的目标语言（外语）的语音系统表达，外语学习必然化石化（停滞不前）；C. 没有优先强化的聆听，所有"疯狂英语"喊出来的都不是真English，而是伪英语Chinglish.●教育原理和普遍常识：婴幼儿学习母语都是从聆听开始！●神经心理语言学最新科研发现：婴儿在母腹中已开始专注聆听，新生儿就具有强大的"统计分布模式"聆听能力--从环境的声音中概括出母语的语音系统，这种能力连高科技计算机都难以模仿；婴儿专注聆听12个月后才开口说话！！！在神经心理语言学领域领先全球的华盛顿大学P. Kuhl 教授团队的实验与理论，完全证实外语学习必须聆听先行。
★Release_Procedure_Overview[1]
![★Release_Procedure_Overview[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/822a6e42a8956bec0975e3d1.png)
Release Procedure in PurchasingOverview for CustomizingR e l e a s e46C H E L P . M M P UR ™Copyright© Copyright 2000 SAP AG. All rights reserved.No part of this brochure may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or for any purpose without the express permission of SAP AG. The information contained herein may be changed without prior notice.Some software products marketed by SAP AG and its distributors contain proprietary software components of other software vendors.Microsoft®, WINDOWS®, EXCEL®, Word®, NT® and SQL-Server® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation.IBM®, DB2®, OS/2®, DB2/6000®, Parallel Sysplex®, MVS/ESA®, RS/6000®, AIX®, S/390®,AS/400®, OS/390®, und OS/400® are registered trademarks of the IBM Corporation.OSF/Motif® is a registered trademark of the Open Software Foundation.ORACLE® is a registered trademark of the ORACLE Corporation, California, USA.INFORMIX®-OnLine for SAP is a registered trademark of Informix Software Incorporated.UNIX®, X/Open®, OSF/1®, and Motif® are registered trademarks of the Open Group.ADABAS® is a registered trademark of Software AG.SAP and SAP-Logo, R/2, R/3, RIVA, ABAP, SAP-EDI, SAP Business Workflow, SAP EarlyWatch, SAP ArchiveLink, ALE/WEB, BAPI, SAPPHIRE, Management Cockpit, SEM are trademarks or registered trademarks of SAP AG in Germany and in several other countries all over the world.SymbolsSymbol MeaningCautionExampleRecommendationNoteSyntaxTipContentsThis document provides an overview of the steps you must carry out to set up a release (approval, or clearance) procedure for documents such as requisitions or purchase orders.Copyright________________________________________________________________________2 Symbols_________________________________________________________________________2 How Do You Define a Release Procedure?______________________________4 1Create Characteristics_________________________________________________5 2Create Class_________________________________________________________7 3Define Release Strategy________________________________________________8 3.1Create Release Group________________________________________________8 3.2Create Release Codes_______________________________________________8 3.3Create Release Indicators_____________________________________________9 3.4Create Release Strategies____________________________________________10 3.5Workflow: Assign Release Code to Release Point_________________________11 How Does the System Find the Right Release Strategy?_________________12 Prerequisites___________________________________________________________12 Process Flow___________________________________________________________12 Example_______________________________________________________________13 Glossary________________________________________________________15The relevant menu paths and descriptions are based on SAP Release 4.6B/C. However, you can also make all settings in earlier SAP Releases.How Do You Define a Release Procedure?In order to set up a release procedure with classification, you must make certain settings inCustomizing. This section provides an overview of the necessary activities.PrerequisitesIf you want to use workflow to release requisitions and external purchasing documents, you must make the standard and basic settings for workflow in the Implementation Guide (IMG) (Basis →Business Management → SAP Business Workflow ).ActivitiesYou must perform the following steps:Procedure without link to workflow Procedure with link to workflow Path*IMG: Basis → Business Management → SAP Business Workflow → Edit Organizational Plan Prerequisites:•Define organizational plan • Assign standard tasks and activate event-receiver linkage IMG: Basis → Business Management → SAP Business Workflow → Perform Task-Specific Customizing1 Create characteristics 1 Create characteristics SAP menu: Logistics → Centralfunctions → Classification system →Master data → Characteristics2 Create class 2 Create classSAP menu: Logistics → Centralfunctions → Classification system →Master data → Classes 3 Set up release procedure withclassification3 Set up release procedure with classification 3.1 Create release group3.1 Create release group 3.2 Create release code3.2 Create release code 3.3 Create release indicators3.3 Create release indicators 3.4 Create release strategy 3.4 Create release strategyIMG: Materials Management →Purchasing → <Purchasing object> →Release Procedure for <Purchasing object> → Define Release Procedure for <Purchasing object>3.5 Assign release code torelease point * SAP Release 4.6B/CAs of SAP Release 4.6B, a check report is available in Customizing for Purchasing , with which you can test your Customizing settings for the release procedure. It enables you to check whether you have set up the release procedure for the relevant purchasing documents properly and completely.1 Create CharacteristicsClassification characteristics are the criteria for a release condition. If the criteria of a release condition are satisfied, the associated release strategy is assigned to the purchasing object in question (e.g. a requisition or purchase order).Release condition for release strategy BA:Characteristic Characteristic valueTotal value of purchase requisition Above $10,000If the total value of a purchase requisition exceeds $10,000, release strategy BA is assigned to the requisition.PrerequisitesIn the communication structure for purchase requisitions (CEBAN) and external purchasing documents (CEKKO), you will find all the fields that can be used as characteristics for a release condition (e.g. MATKL for the material group and GSWRT for the value of the item).Check which fields you wish to use as characteristics for your release strategy. To do so, choose Tools → ABAP Workbench → Development → Dictionary, enter CEBAN or CEKKO in the Database table field, and choose Display.Activities1. Create a characteristic for each field of the communication structure (CEBAN or CEKKO) that is toserve as a criterion for your release strategy. You have a free choice of names for thecharacteristic.2. Specify the table and field names on the tab page Additional data (e.g. table CEBAN for fieldGSWRT).Do not select any of the indicators in the Procedure for value assignment area on the tab page Additional data. Only if none of these indicators is selected can you assign a value or valueinterval to the characteristic when defining your release strategy.-If you create a characteristic for a currency-dependent field (e.g. GSWRT), a window appears, in which you have to enter the currency for this value. The system then translatesthe currency of the purchase requisition into this currency.3. Check the data for the chosen field on the tab page Basic data. If you wish to enter several valuesor value intervals for a characteristic, select the Multiple values indicator in the Value assignment area.Value intervals can only be specified for numeric values (e.g. an interval from $10,000 to 15,000 for the value of a requisition item).4. Check the texts for the field on the tab page Descriptions.5. You can maintain default values for a characteristic on the tab page Values. If you maintain valueshere, they will be displayed to you as input help under Create Procedure with Classification →Release Strategy → Classification. If you wish to use not only the values from the input help but also other values, you must select the Additional values indicator.You can also maintain ' ' as a default value (for the account assignment perhaps, e.g. ' ' for stock material, 'K' for cost center, and 'A' for asset).6. If you want to restrict the use of a characteristic to certain class types, enter the relevant types onthe tab page Restrictions (e.g. class type 032 for the release strategy).Customer ExitsThe following customer exits allow you to change the communication structure for determining the release strategy:requisition• Purchase-M06B0002 – for item-wise release-M06B0005 – for overall release•External purchasing documents-M06E00042 Create ClassYou group together those characteristics that are to constitute a release condition for a release strategy in a class. In the worksteps Set up Procedure with Classification and Define Release Procedure for <purchasing object>, you assign this class to the release procedure.Activities1. Create a class with the class type 032. You have a free choice of names for the new class (e.g.REL_PREQ for the release of requisitions.2. Assign a description for the new class on the tab page Basic data.3. You can display an error message if different characteristics with identical values have beenassigned to a class. To do so, select the Check with error message indicator in the Sameclassification area.4. If you wish, maintain search terms (enabling you to conduct searches for your class) on the tabpage Keywords.5. Assign your characteristics to the class on the tab page Characteristics.3 Define Release StrategyIn this step, you set up the release procedure with classification. You can also link the release procedure to workflow.Prerequisites•In the case of a release procedure with a link to workflow, you must have previously created the user names, positions, jobs, etc. that you assign to the release code at this point in theorganizational plan and have linked them to the relevant standard tasks in task-specificCustomizing (Basis → Business Management → Business Workflow → Perform Task-Specific Customizing).•You must assign the authorization M_EINK_FRG to the persons who are to participate in this release procedure (Authorization Management → Create Authorization Profiles and Assign to Users).ActivitiesHere the following worksteps are necessary:•Create release group•Create release codes•Create release indicators•Create release strategy•Workflow: Assign release code to release point3.1 Create Release GroupDefine a release group for your release procedure by:•Assigning the release group to either the overall or item-wise release method using the OverReqRel indicatorYou determine whether a requisition has to be released in total or item by item via the document type. If you have defined overall release for the document type "NB – purchase requisition” for example, a requisition of the document type "NB" cannot be released item by item. The release group for overall release, for example, is thus only valid for the document types subject to overall release.•Assigning a class, thereby assigning release conditions to the release procedureIn the case of purchase requisitions, you must assign the same class to all release groups with the same type of release (item-wise or overall release).You have assigned the class "PReq_overall" to the release group for overall release "01". If you also create the release group "02" for overall release, you must likewise assign the class"PReq_overall" to this group.3.2 Create Release CodesHere you create the release codes you need for your release strategy and assign the codes to your release group. If a release code is to be used in workflow, you indicate this in the Workflow field.The Workflow indicator also controls role resolution:•"1 – Role resolution with group, code, and plant (T16FW)"Here you use a role resolution that is supplied in the standard system. You must assign a release code to the release point in the section Workflow: Assign Release Code to Release Point (see below).•"9 – Role resolution via user exit"Here you use customer exit M06B0001 for requisitions and M06E0005 for external purchasing documents to define a role resolution of your own.3.3 Create Release IndicatorsA release indicator shows the release status of a purchasing object. In the standard system, you will find predefined indicators that you can use for your release strategy.Note:You need the following release indicators for every release procedure:•Release indicator for initial statusAs a rule, a purchasing object must first be released before it can undergo further processing(e.g. before an RFQ or a PO can be entered in respect of a purchase requisition). For this reason,a release indicator that blocks such further processing is assigned to a purchasing object at thetime the latter is created.On the detail screen for this indicator, you may not select:-The indicators denoting release for the issue of RFQs and POs (in the case of requisitions) Released indicator (in the case of external purchasing documents)- TheIn the standard system, the release indicator "x - Blocked" is already defined for the initial status of purchase requisitions.•Release indicator for released statusThis indicator is assigned to the purchasing object when it has been released.The following indicators must be selected for this release indicator:-In the case of requisitions, you must select the indicator denoting release for the issue of RFQs or POs. (At least one of the available indicators must be selected.)-In the case of POs, you must select the Released indicator.In the standard system, several release indicators have already been defined in this way for the released status of requisitions (e.g. quotations can be solicited for a requisition with the release indicator "1 - RFQ".If you need additional release indicators, you must maintain the following:•Release StatusIn the Details area, you specify the status a purchasing object with this release indicator is to have. In the standard system, for example, quotations can be solicited in respect of a requisition with the release indicator "1 - RFQ".•Field Selection KeyVia the field selection key, you specify which fields in a purchasing object may be changed or must be populated, for example, with this release indicator.•Changes After the Start of the Release ProcedureChangeability indicator, you specify how changes affect a purchasing object (e.g.- Withthethat a new release strategy has to be determined for a changed requisition).-Via the value change criterion, you can determine that the release procedure is re-started if a purchasing object is changed and the value of an item thereby increases by a certainpercentage (e.g. 10%). To achieve this, set the Changeability indicator to "4 – Changeable,new release in case of new strategy or change in value" and enter a percentage in the Value change field.3.4 Create Release StrategiesCreate a release strategy for your release group and assign your release codes.•Release PrerequisitesWith the release prerequisites, you specify the order in which the individual release points(release codes) may effect release (signify approval).The following table shows release prerequisites for a release strategy with four release codes:Release prerequisite01020304Release code01-02x-03x x-04x x x-In this release strategy, the release codes 01, 02, 03 and 04 must successively release therequisition.Read the table from left to right. The third line for release code 03, for example. Releaseprerequisite for code 03 is release with codes 01 and 02. In other words, the requisition must be released with codes 01 and 02 before it can be released with code 03.•Release StatusesHere you specify which status a purchasing object has after certain release points have effected release.Specify which release indicator a purchasing object is to have after being released by a certain release code.•ClassificationIn Classification, you maintain the values assigned to characteristics. Via the characteristics and their values, you specify the requisitions or external purchasing documents to which your release strategy is assigned.Maintain values (individual values or intervals) for your characteristics.Value intervals can only be specified for numeric values (e.g. an interval of $10,000 to $15,000 for the value of a requisition item.Two characteristics and their values have been maintained in classification for release strategy 'BA':-Document type'NB – Purchase requisition'$10,000- Totalvalue AboveAll requisitions with document type and a total value exceeding $10,000 are thus subject to a release procedure with the release strategy 'BA'.•Simulation of ReleaseUsing the release simulation function, you can check which status a purchasing object with a certain release strategy will achieve after a certain release point has effected release.Choose "Simulate release" and effect release by double-clicking on the release code. You then see which status the purchasing object has as a result.3.5 Workflow: Assign Release Code to Release PointYou only need to perform this step if you wish to link the release procedure to workflow and are not using the customer exits M06B0001 and M06E0005.Assign a processor ID to the workflow-relevant release codes. The processor (member of staff responsible for processing the document) will then automatically receive a work item when a purchasing object is awaiting release.You can assign a processor ID either directly or indirectly:•Direct processor assignment:Enter a user name.assignment:• IndirectprocessorEnter a job or a position, for example. At runtime, the system will then determine the person responsible for processing.If you are using the overall release approach for the requisition, you must create an entry for every combination of release group and workflow-relevant release code for which you do not specify a plant.This entry is necessary for the SAP System to be able to assign a requisition with overall release to a processor in the event that the items of this requisition relate to different plants.Group Code Plant Object type Processor ID0102User MillerCustomer ExitsWith the customer exits M06B0001 (for requisitions) and M06E0005 (for external purchasing documents), you can define your own role resolution to determine the person responsible for effecting release in workflow.Further InformationFor more information on how to set up a release procedure with a link to workflow, refer to the SAP Library under Basis → Business Management (BC-BMT) → SAP Business Workflow (BC-BMT-WFM)→ Reference Documentation → BC Workflow Application Scenarios → MM Materials Management: Workflow Scenarios.How Does the System Find the Right Release Strategy?This section describes how the system determines the release strategy for purchasing documents – in other words, how a release procedure with classification works – taking a purchase requisition as an example.PrerequisitesYou must have set up the release procedure for purchase requisitions or external purchasing documents.When you define your release procedure, you assign the characteristics of a class to a release strategy via the release group. You assign values or value intervals to these characteristics for each individual release strategy.Process FlowThe system carries out the following activities to find the release strategy for a purchase requisition: Filling the Communication StructureWhen you process a requisition, the system passes the data from the document on to the communication structure CEBAN. Certain fields of CEBAN are determined prior to such transfer from the data of the requisition (e.g. the total value of an item).•If you wish to use fields that are not contained in the communication structure CEBAN for the purposes of determining the strategy, you must include the relevant fields in the communication structure CEBANZZ.•Via the customer exits M06B0002 (item-wise release) and M06B0005 (overall release), you can then include data in the communication structure that is not included as standard.The relevant cost center manager is to be determined for a cost center in a purchase requisition.The data is read from the cost center master record, placed in the field USRC1, and passed on to the communication structure CEBAN.Object SearchOnce the data has been passed on to the communication structure, the system runs an object search: 1. The document type of the requisition determines whether the latter is released in total or item byitem.2. The system determines the relevant class via the type of release (overall or item-wise).Only one class is admissible per type of release. That is to say, you must assign the same class to all release groups that are to be valid for (say) overall release. When defining releaseprocedures for purchase requisitions, you must therefore create a maximum of two classes: one for overall release and one for item-wise release.3. The system assigns the values from the communication structure CEBAN to the characteristics ofthis class.4. With the aid of the object search function, the system then determines a release strategy whosecharacteristics correspond to the values from the communication structure or lie within thespecified interval.The following search results are possible:-Just one release strategy found.The system assigns this release strategy to the requisition.-Several release strategies found.The system assigns the first release strategy found to the requisition.-No release strategy found.The system does not assign a release strategy to the requisition. The requisition can beconverted into a follow-on document without having to be released.ExampleIn your enterprise, all requisitions with a total value in excess of $5,000 have to be approved prior to issue. Final release has to be effected by various persons, depending on the requisition value.•$5,000 to $10,000 by project manager•$10,000.01 to $15,000 by head of department•Above $15,000by cost center managerTherefore three release strategies have been defined in Customizing:Strategy '01'Strategy '02'Strategy '03' Characteristic Value Value ValueDocument type NB, GF NB, GF NB, GFTotal value$5,000-10,000$10,000.01-$15,000.01> $15,000.01 Process Flow1. The following purchase requisition of document type 'NB' is created in the SAP System:Item Material Quantity Price/pc Value of item 010Telephone350 pc$200$7,000 020Swivel chair300 pc$150$4,500 Total value of requisitionΣ $11,5002. The data from the requisition is passed on to the communication structure CEBAN. The data isalso aggregated, so that the total value of the requisition ($11,500) is also determined and passed on to the communication structure.3. The system checks the document type in Customizing: Overall release is specified for documenttype 'NB'.4. The system then searches the release procedure Customizing facility for release groups for whichoverall release has been defined. Release group '01' is valid for requisitions for which overall release has been defined via the document type. The class 'PReq_ove' is assigned to this group.5. The system assigns the values from communication structure CEBAN to the characteristics of theclass 'PReq_ove':- Document type: NB- Total value of requisition: $11,5006. The object search function is started and delivers the release strategy '02' as the result, since thecharacteristics of the requisition agree with the characteristics of the release strategy. The release strategy is assigned to the requisition.GlossaryRelease codeTwo-character identifier with which a person responsible for processing a document can release (approve) an item of a purchase requisition, a complete purchase requisition, or a complete external purchasing document, or cancel such release (that is, revoke a previously granted approval). If a link to SAP Business Workflow has been defined for the release code, the person involved can also refuse to effect release (withhold approval), thus rejecting the relevant item or document.•Organizational release codeIn this case, the user department specifies which user may work with which release code.•Workflow-relevant release codeIn this case, processors are assigned in Customizing for Purchasing. You can assign a processor either directly or indirectly:-Directly: The processor ID is a user name.-Indirectly: The processor ID is a job or position, for example. At runtime, the system then determines the responsible processor.Release indicatorShows the release (approval) status of a purchasing document. When you have released (approved) an internal or external purchasing document with your release code, a release indicator is assigned to this document. The release indicator determines how the document may be processed further. For example, it may show that a requisition can be converted into a purchase order, or that a subsequent release point (individual or department) must first signify approval.Release strategyDefines the release codes with which a purchase requisition item, a complete purchase requisition, or a complete external purchasing document must be released (that is, approved, or given the "green light") and in which sequence release must be effected using these codes.For example, you may specify a certain release strategy for all purchase requisitions whose value exceeds a certain figure.Release prerequisites/sequenceSpecifies the sequence in which the processors (members of staff responsible for processing a certain document) must approve an internal or external purchasing document with their respective release codes.The release (approval) procedure for purchase requisitions within an enterprise may provide that a department manager must approve a requisition item before the next-higher level of authority (for example, the cost center manager). In this case, approval by the department manager is the prerequisite for approval by the cost center manager.Purchasing objectGeneric term covering the following documents:•Purchase requisition (PReq)•Request for quotation (RFQ)(PO)• Purchaseorder• Contractagreement• Scheduling。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
ed2k://|file|徐火辉老师教育随笔——答网友文昌之问——邀网友共创作《超越哈佛》第三 版 .pdf|107076|8A95AC0D614B8D082BB2CCADEB40C604|h=ZYNF7INY6TZWDI2HMZW5C F2KRMUIS4IA|/ [ed2khr=【适用于“零起点英语”学生】【意大利黑猫出版社 Earlyreads 系列】共 5 个级别 29 本 全套下载] [ed2khr=下载地址 /topics/2778345/] ed2k://|file| 莱 辛 《 金 色 笔 记 》 完 整 本 .pdf|1909338|091E74996CB9D6D1CA8AF8F5712EA8D4|h=NGXDA4DX6GGKXNVSBJ2U ZOG4N7ECX6YQ|/ ed2k://|file| 《 金 色 笔 记 》 阅 读 提 示 与 背 景 材 料 .pdf|11393242|303570049670836A5BCE77CEBF41B96C|h=G2YKPXAKP7JUWC4HQ7EZO NQ5LKFIMTIR|/ [ed2khr=12 月 7 日更新] ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 为 什 么 现 代 人 很 无 知 ？ .pdf|189342|64449205A317BAAF3A65234AF680FEE1|h=F3XTJDBAXHBJFSQ5ZN5QU QRL2FXZECO7|/
华东工学院工作时曾担负国家科研课题。1990 年调入深圳后，未申请过公费科研课题。 发表学术论文 10 多篇，涉及信息科学、心理学、认知科学、语文教育、国际比较教育、哲 学等，其中约 50%具原创性。91 年及 96 年发表的两篇论文，通过多学科综合研究，首次系 统提出“认写分离，阅读主导，以读促认”的小学语文教学改革的指导与操作框架：（《深圳教 育学院学报》1991/2，《语文建设》1996/3），2000 年起被教育改革领先全国的上海市直接采 纳，构成上海基础教育二期课改（2000-2010）的指导框架（该市课程改革的领军学者将此 框架重表述为“识写分离，阅读识字”，但所有核心思想及中观方案均来自上述两篇论文）。 获国家“发明级”专利（专利的最高等级）三次（专利号：ZL 92112716.2，ZL 92108715.2， ZL95 121307.5）。
任 何 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
孟 燕 女 山东中学生 牛津大学
李 佳 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
徐 灏 女 深圳中学生 牛津大学
杨 暕 女 深圳中学生 牛津大学
杨 浩 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
马 琳 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
涂 琦 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
章 博 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
杨 汀 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
我指导学生时从来只重思想方法和学习方法，罕涉具体知识。同样，本书的内容重在 授人以渔而非授人以鱼。阅读本书并不需要很多英语基础知识。贯穿全书的不是具体英语知 识，而是外语学习的基本规律、正确原则和恰当方法。换言之，本书重在“道”而非“术”，它 把语言学、心理语言学、儿童心理学、认知心理学和教育学等多学科的理论综合运用到外语 学习中，深入浅出地向渎者阱解外讲学习的恰当方法，避免理论本身的玄奥和枯燥，并尽量 引导渎者突破传统外语教学的藩篱。
本书第二章介绍的“原典英语一体化训练法”是融合外语学习诸多规律和原则而具体 化集成化的学习方法和程序，既有很强的可操作性，更有显著的学习效果。追求立竿见影的 渎者可直接读该章，并可以相对忽略全书其他章节，包括本前言以下部分。追寻更广阔视野
《为什么现代人很无知（徐老师教育随笔） 徐火辉《超越哈佛》（徐老师原典
英语自学法）电子书免费下载》(Beyond Harvard (Homer Approach))(徐火辉 &
Mary Ann O'Donnell)第二版[PDF]
资源文件
[ed2khr=郑重声明：本电子书为学习用，严禁商用，一切卖此电子书的均为非法] ed2k://|file| 《 超 越 哈 佛 》（ 徐 老 师 原 典 英 语 自 学 法 ） 节 选 精 华 版 . 徐 火 辉 ， Mary.Ann.O'Donnell.pdf|2654478|432c91aef5402fa3d0adf6a422668be5|h=l36uckwz6i7lzx7qsnw eh3klp5qrrelv|/ ed2k://|file| 《 原 典 月 刊 》 特 刊 —— 原 典 英 语 实 践 成 果 . 徐 火 辉 ， Mary.Ann.O'Donnell.pdf|1433449|0c8485ea702cded82af03184ad5968a1|h=l2zjivlxoipezszcaqo7g yjhfwubucvz|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 被 “ 枪 毙 ” 了 的 序 言 . 徐 火 辉 ， Mary.Ann.O'Donnell.pdf|234559|3e25e15ce79b40e1f965636753e4ab3f|h=repn5cxk557isirzja7ihe dshr7wcmyz|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 向 各 位 青 年 教 师 和 大 学 生 推 荐 书 目 ？ . 徐 火 辉 ， Mary.Ann.O'Donnell.pdf|161534|2f9a39df3df264407562652d750bf1cf|h=pxzaobuaksiqgqabatlfqc iiiwe7bdk2|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 为 什 么 中 国 英 语 教 学 会 犯 方 向 性 错 误 .pdf|312036|945D7096E6AB6FE88F29822CAE4E3514|h=5EZOVHNSMLTBLVWT2NNBZT KDKEW2IYDU|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 苏 格 拉 底 VS 老 子 VS. 少 正 卯 .pdf|190221|A20946097DBF77F193A43AB52636B028|h=5UZ46ILHFQXVWQJAU3UCYPC NNOKGXFGN|/ ed2k://|file|徐火辉老师教育随笔——挑刺大翻译家.(.原典法网站上线后写给大学生一小 帖 .).pdf|145782|4D99562B3FBEAD0272C769EAE9094A73|h=LEWYQOY6KP7UBL4TYR5Q ONCX6UJUELS3|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 上 帝 之 音 ——“ 外 语 学 习 当 以 聆 听 为 纲 ” 系 列 .pdf|169803|DA6580221A7CC7395C67C5DA6CDBB0C9|h=FLWX7JC6QTYAEWUDNKAV 3N4STAJYSWLB|/ ed2k://|file| 徐 火 辉 老 师 教 育 随 笔 —— 推 荐 Twilight ？ .pdf|132172|C512D60728441ECE6EAE3509BE63E24F|h=PSMXG7UC3DZEZZSQE 7X263W53WW2LBKT|/ [ed2khr=2009.11.19 更新] ed2k://|file| 【 原 典 故 事 】 用 原 典 法 跟 奥 巴 马 学 演 讲.pdf|129146|7248ec73ac4fd6d76a79e00a06a72e30|/ [ed2khr=2009.11.26 更新]
简介:
[b]书中所提到的所有学习素材电驴完整下载地址 /topics/2765735/[/b]
[img]ed2k://|file|%E8%8E%B1%E8%BE%9B.jpg|15371|2ae928bcf6e733145136834d6eca6637|/[ /img]
章 彦 男 深圳中学生 美国芝加哥大学
木 璟 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
戴 镇 男 深圳中学生 牛津大学
章丽娜 女 深圳中学生 哈佛大学
李伦娜 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
郭聪阳 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
翟心蕙 女 深圳中学生 美国 Smith College
傅英子 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
刘瀛梓 女 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
剑桥大学 牛津大学
[b]内容提要 [/b]
本书是全球首部揭秘语言学习三大秘笈的著述。本书介绍了“原典英语自法”，为著者徐 火辉教授 20 年集哲学、语言学、教育学、认知心理学、心理语言学和社会语言学等多学科 交叉研究而成。
该英语自学法操作简单，高中生或大学生坚持使用该方法，多数人能达到雅思听力和阅 读 7 分以上的水平，对英语说与写的能力提升也有极大的帮助。原典英语一体化训练法，英 语自学者的圣经。
附：徐老师指导和帮助过的部分学生名单
李 虹 女 深圳中学生
剑桥大学
彭 超 男 深圳中学生 英国威灵顿学校
于 杨 男 深圳中学生
剑桥大学
袁艺轩 男 深圳中学生
剑桥大学
喻彦明 男 湖南中学生 剑桥大学
冯羽佳 女 深圳中学生
剑桥大学
林方进 男 北京中学生
剑桥大学
张 韬 男 深圳中学生 牛津大学
颜 煦 男 深圳中学生 剑桥大学
[b]作者简介[/b]
徐火辉，英语教育专家，国际比较教育专家，“原典英语自学法”发明人，著书包括《超 越哈佛——徐老师原典英语自学法》、《与剑桥、牛津学子同窗》、《与剑桥、哈佛学子同窗》 等。深圳大学国际考试中心 GRE / TOEFL 主考，世界名牌大学升学指导专家，深圳大学师 范学院剑桥 A Level 国际中心主任，深圳大学师范学院国际比较教育研究中心主任。 英国 傲哲教育公司(LIOZUT EDUCATION LTD)董事。曾创建全国第一家成功引进剑桥大学 A—LEVEL 课程体系的学院。现兼任山东临沂威灵顿外国语学校教育总监。
在深圳大学和英国私立名校 Wellington School 均设有个人命名的奖学金。